CPR involves maintaining circulation and respiration through chest compressions and rescue breathing. It is performed when someone experiences cardiac arrest and their heart stops beating. The key steps of CPR are compressing the chest at a rate of 100-120 times per minute and providing two rescue breaths after every 30 compressions. Regular practice of CPR and immediate response in emergencies can help sustain vital organ function until advanced medical help arrives.

7. C = Cardio (heart)
P = Pulmonary (lungs)
R = Resuscitation (recover)
Oxygen is the basic requirement for breathing and every
Living cell in the body
The function of the epiglottis is to guard the entrance to
trachea

8. A. As basic life support – to maintain a viable (living) victim
for advanced life support. (EMS)
› EMS stands for Emergency Medical Service
B. To minimize the occurrence of panic during times of
emergency.
C. For early diagnosis and detection of the symptoms of heart
attack.
› Be able to recognize the signs of a heart attack.
› The greatest risk of death from heart attack is in the
initial two hours after the onset of the symptoms
› 60% of all victims die before they reach the hospital.
(paramedics now stabilize the victim at the site before
transporting.)

9.  Heart attack
 Electrocution
 Drug overdose
 Accidents
 Stroke
 Heat Exhaustion
 Choking
 Poisoning
 Smoke Inhalation
 Epilepsy
 Suffocation
 Drowning

10.  Coronary Heart Disease – the blood supply
to a part of the heart is blocked; that part of
the heart not receiving oxygen begins to die.
 Respiratory Arrest – breathing stops
 Cardiac Arrest – the heart has stopped
 Stroke – the blood supply to a part of the brain
is blocked; those brain cells not receiving
oxygen begin to die.
 Clinical Death – means the heart and
breathing have stopped.
 Heart attack – A sudden severe instance of
abnormal heart function.

11.  In late 2010, the American Heart Association or AHA
modified its recommendations on Cardio Pulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) procedures to improve survival
rates of adult and pediatric victims. These
recommendations were based upon empirical studies
that indicated improved survival.
 They include:
 •Changes to the “Chain of Survival”
 •Changes to the CPR sequence.

12.  Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and
activation of the emergency response system
 Early CPR emphasizing chest compressions
 Rapid defibrillation
 Effective advanced life support
 Integrated post-cardiac care
 Successful resuscitation following cardiac arrest
requires several key actions also know as the
Chain of Survival.

13.  Supporting CIRCULATION
 Maintaining an AIRWAY
 Supporting BREATHING
Without the use of EQUIPMENT.

15.  The new AHA 2010 guidelines recommend a
fundamental change in CPR sequence from
A-B-C to C-A-B
C-A-B
 Compressions: Push hard and fast on the
center of the victim’s chest.
 Airway: Tilt the victim’s head back and lift
the chin to open the airway.
 Breathing: Give mouth-to-mouth or
bag/mask rescue breathing.

16. Ensure safetyof
rescuerand victim.

17. Assess
Activate
CABD.

18.  Cardiac arrest in adults is usually sudden, and
the primary cause is cardiac related. Therefore
circulation produced by chest compressions is
crucial.
 Cardiac arrest in children is mostly asphyxial
which requires both compressions and
ventilations.
 Rescue breathing may be more important for
children than adults in cardiac arrest.

19.  Check the victim
and see if he
responds:
 Gently shake his
shoulders and ask
loudly: "Are you all
right?"

20.  If he responds by answering or moving:
 Leave him in the position in which you find
him
 Reassess him regularly
 You can also put him in the recovery position

25.  Adults / Adolescents Basic Life Support (BLS) for
Healthcare Providers
 The rescuer recognizes that the patient is unresponsive
–no breathing or no normal breathing.
 Activate the emergency response system and get
AED/defibrillator –if second rescuer is available send
her or him to do this.
 Check the pulse –if definite pulse within 10 seconds
give 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds and re-check carotid
pulse every 2 minutes.

26.  Location of emergency.
 Telephone number from
which calling.
 What happened?
 Number of persons
injured.
 Condition of victims.
 What is being done
 Any other information
requested.

27.  Assess the victim
for signs of a
circulation:
 Check the carotid
pulse
 Take 5 seconds to
do this

28.  Studies have shown that healthcare providers and
lay rescuers have difficulty detecting pulses.
 To avoid delay in CPR, healthcare providers should
take no more than 10 seconds to check for a pulse.
 If a pulse is not detected within 5-10 seconds then
compressions should be started.

31.  Intertwine your
fingers.
 Lock your elbows
 Depress sternum
atleast 2 inches.
 Release pressure.
 Ratio of 30 : 2

32. Chest compressions should be
performedon the lower

35. For each compression it is important to push down
far enough and to be sure the chest is completely
released after each compression. This will allow
the heart to fill with blood after each compression.

36.  Use heel of hand to
transfer force.
 Intertwine fingers.
 Lock elbows.
 Use upper body
weight for chest
compressions.
 Use hips as a
fulcrum.
 Sternum
compression is
atleast 2 inches.
 Rate 100 / min.
 2 breaths and 30
compressions.

37.  Adults Rescuers should focus on delivery of
high quality CPR –Push Hard and Push Fast
 Provide chest compressions at an adequate rate (at least
100/min)
 •Provide Chest compressions to adequate depth
 Adults: Compression depth of at least 2 inches (5cm)
 Allow complete chest recoil after each compression
 Minimize interruptions in compressions
 Avoid excessive ventilations
 If multiple rescuers are available, they should rotate the
task of compressions every 2 minutes

38. Head Tilt – Chin Lift.

39. Jaw Thrust. (suspected C spine injury )

41.  The 2010 AHA Guidelines recommend the
initiation of compressions before ventilations.
 Once compressions have been started, a
trained rescuer should deliver rescue
breaths by mouth-to-mouth or bag/mask.

43.  Rescue breaths should be delivered over 1
second.
 Give sufficient tidal volume to produce visible
chest rise.
 Use compression to ventilation ratio of 30
compressions to 2 ventilations.
 If there is a pulse give 1 breath every 5-6
seconds.

48.  Continue resuscitation until:
 Qualified help arrives
 The victim shows signs of life;
 You become exhausted

49.  The victim DOESNOT responds.
 The victim collapses.
 A doctor pronounces the victim dead.
 Someone with equal or more training
takes over.

50.  In a two person rescue situation,
rescuers should rotate between
compressions and breathing every 2
minutes to avoid fatigue.
 Ideally, the rescuers should switch
positions within 5 seconds so the
victim is not left unattended for too
long.

51.  Law that protects rescuers from prosecution or
civil law suits, unless their actions constitute
willful misconduct and negligence.
The Rescuer MUST comply with proper
emergency first aid and CPR guidelines; acting in
good faith by being prudent and responsible in
their rescue efforts.