Advertising For 4G Technology With Sprint

Advertising for 4G Technology with Sprint
Introduction
One of the most heavily advertised areas of technology in the United States currently is 4G
technology. Every commercial and advertisement promises fast speeds, great coverage, and
exceptional service altogether. However, the competition proves to be extreme and unbalanced.
Since its introduction on Sprint's network, 4G, or fourth generation cellular technology, has
revolutionized both the telecommunication arena while spilling into other technological fields.
There is no end in sight for the relentless competition of expanding 4G technologies as coverage and
network speeds continue to increase. Currently, 4G technology is offered by all major
telecommunication carriers in the United States: Verizon, AT&T, T–Mobile, and Sprint. However,
the term "4G" has been loosely used. The best example of this can be associated with Sprint. The
initial 4G technology Sprint offered was based of WiMAX technology. WiMAX proved to be fast
technology, but lackluster in its performance and capabilities in regards to LTE. LTE has become the
primary 4G technology in the United States while development of WiMAX has ceased. In addition,
Sprint's 4G vision has switched to LTE. The question is raised "Why did LTE win over WiMAX?".
From many perspectives, LTE proved to be the superior technology.
The Power of Networking One can easily argue that one of the greatest things that developed in the
latter half of the twentieth century was the internet. By combining networks of networks
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

4g Wireless Mobile Communication Networks
ABSTRACT
4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and
computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air
interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile communication networks and
high speed wireless access system into different platforms.
The era of new wireless communication is evolving and it will soon penetrate into daily life and
change the way we live. The key concept is integrating the 4g capabilities with all of the existing
mobile technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different aspects of 4g
technology which include its features, proposed architecture and key technological enabler. 4G
technology will encompass all system from various network public to private operator driven
broadband to personal area and adhoc Networks. 4g technology system will be fully IP based
wireless internet. With 4G technology a range new services and model will be available, this
services and model need to be further examine for interface with the design of 4g technology
system. 4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery
and computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air
high speed wireless access system into different platforms. Based on different model, 4G wireless

Code Division Multiple Access
INTRODUCTION:
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a technology which is used for radio communication
purpose. Multiple access technique is a broad area for communication purpose , CDMA is an
example of multiple access technology, through which several number of transmitter can send
information in a single communication channel. In case of CDMA a particular bandwidth can shared
between several number of users. To permit this technique to achieve without undue interference
between users, spread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme are used by CDMA. In
modern era every people want to use things which is smaller in size, can have more functionality
and cost. This can only possible if we can integrate more and more functionality into a single chip
which helps achieve our objective and demand. To achieve this human wanting the scientists have
developed a new concept that is nanotechnology. Nano implies 10^(–9) which is very small . After
nano scale development, the scientists of the semiconductor had faced many challenges. The greater
challenge was how to combine the Intellectual properties(IP) from various sources quickly and
efficiently. These have been overcome by introducing system on chip technology which is very
grooming topic in modern technology. System on chip mostly called as SOC is a best solution of
combining a number on functionality into a single chip. System on chip is called as bus architecture
based technology. System on chip is

Advantages And Disadvantages Of FDMA (MAC)
FDMA, WDMA and CDMA can be categorized as a class of communication protocol known as
deterministic protocols in medium access control(MAC). The problem presented to us is how to
access a communication medium in such a way that transmissions from different users will not
interfere with each other or at least keep the interference, if any, to a minimum degree so that users
can reliably communicate with their intended destinations. The full name of the mentioned multiple
scheme are as follows:
FDMA – Frequency division multiple access
WDMA – Wavelength division multiple access
CDMA – Code division multiple access
In deterministic protocol, users know exactly when transmission is allowed in the shared channel as
some sort of a regulation or rule ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the reason that FDMA is still in use in modern age. The use of equalizer is not necessary.
Less vulnerable to near–far problem compared to other multiple access schemes. Require fewer bits
for overhead purposes such as synchronization and framing compared to TDMA.
Disadvantages: Assigned channel is unique to each user, thus no sharing can occur to increase
capacity. FDMA system have higher cell site system costs as compared to TDMA system. Require
duplexer in the system. FDMA requires tight RF filtering to minimize adjacent channel interference.
Noise Effect on FDMA, WDMA & CDMA
As the radio communication field expands, traffics have been piling up and problem of noise and
interference can no longer be ignored. Noise is unwanted signal that enters the system and causes
distortion to the desired signal, thus degrading the quality of the intended signal. Noise can be
categorized into external and internal noise whereby external noise is mostly generated from man–
made source while internal noise is usually contributed by the vibrating of atoms such as thermal
noise. In this session we will discuss how noises arises from different multiple access

Wimax
[pic]
Wimax: The Next Broadband Wireless Revolution
ABSTRACT:
WiMax is the next step on the road to a wireless world, extending broadband wireless access to new
locations and over longer distances. It will also significally reduces the cost of bringing broadband
to new areas.
[pic]
INTRODUCTION: WiMax (worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is the recently
approved IEEE 802.16 wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) standard for wireless access.
WiMax is the real wireless architecture by which the wireless access range can extended to 49.6Kms
compared with Wi–Fi 91mts and Bluetooth's 9mts. WiMax 802.16 has a single carrier modulation
scheme that operates between 10GHz and 66GHz ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[pic]
Cellular backhaul: The robust bandwidth of 802.16 technology makes it an excellent choice for
backhaul for the commercial enterprises, such as those providing 'hotspots',as well as for point –to–
point backhaul applications.
Broadband to underserved and remote areas: WiMax is a natural choice for under served rural and
outlying areas with a low population density.
Broadband on demand: It can help to accelerate the deployment of Wi–Fi hotspots especially in
those areas not served by cable, in areas where the local telephone company may have a long lead
time for providing a broadband service.
Best–connected wireless service: WiMax has nomadic capabilities, which allow users to connect to
WISP even when they roam outside their home or business, or go to another city that also has a
WISP.
[pic]
CHIP ADVANCES: The main obstacles to long distance wireless communications are limitations on
battery power and poor power efficiency. Regulation keeps the power levels low and the range of
Wi–Fi signals short, to avoid the overcrowding of airwaves. But advances in DSP chips mean that
weak signals can be deciphered, lengthening the distance that is practical for transmission, as well as
improving distance and speed potential. Battery improvement is vital to make a WiMax cell phone a

Wireless Networks And Network For Future Of Mobile...
Every day the wireless communication is getting more advanced comparing to what is was
yesterday. Every generation of mobile communication get advanced with a higher speed, frequency
band, better connectivity, security and high data rates in transmission. For all these reasons, it's clear
how the 4G is success more than the 3G networks, and the same thing will happen to the 4G after
lunching the 5G in the near future. In this paper, I will try to describe the 4G networks and 5G
networks in contest of future of mobile communications. What are their drawbacks and what are the
main differences between these different generations along with the issues that make the new
network take over that network.
2– Background:
A look back in the history, the first generation of telephony (1G) started in the early of 1980s. This
network was designed to carry analog voice data. The (1G) networks were based on these standard
TACS, NMT, C–Nets and AMPS. In the early of 1990s the (2G) networks came as a digital network
comparing to the analog in (1G). That was the first digital cellular network after the switches that
were supported digital calls by using actual 0s and 1s. The (2G) networks were supported by these
standards D–AMPS, Code Division Multiple Access One (CDMAOne) and Global System of
Mobile Communication (GSM). The second generation of telephony (2G) was offered a higher
capacity, improved security and improved the voice quality. The (2G) technology was offered a

4g Wireless Mobile Communication Networks
4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and
computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air
high speed wireless access system into different platforms.
The era of new wireless communication is evolving and it will soon penetrate into daily life and
change the way we live. The key concept is integrating the 4g capabilities with all of the existing
mobile technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different aspects of 4g
technology which include its features, proposed architecture and key technological enabler. 4G
technology will encompass all system from various network public to private operator driven
broadband to personal area and adhoc Networks. 4g technology system will be fully IP based
wireless internet. With 4G technology a range new services and model will be available, this
services and model need to be further examine for interface with the design of 4g technology
system. 4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery
and computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air
high speed wireless access system into different platforms. Based on different model, 4G wireless
mobile

The Revolution of Network Technology: 3G and 4G Wireless...
Introduction The revolution of network technology began several years ago, with fourth generation
(4G) network being the recently technological innovative of the internet world. Therefore, 4G
networks is the fourth generation wireless network, which set the stage for broadband mobile
communication that will succeed the third generation (3G) network which is currently in use in
some many countries around the globe. It also provides mobile ultra–broadband internet access with
USB wireless modem to laptops and even Smartphone ( HYPERLINK
"https://profiles.google.com/118388133610479779997" Sascha Segan, 2011). It's expected to
change the interaction of human with various technological devices when fully implemented. It
would enable HYPERLINK "http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/pervasive–
computing" pervasive computing, in which simultaneous connections to multiple high–speed
networks will provide seamless HYPERLINK
"http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/handoff" handoffs throughout a
geographical area. Besides, coverage enhancement technologies such as HYPERLINK
"http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/femtocell" femtocell and HYPERLINK
"http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/picocell.html" picocell are being developed to address the
needs of mobile users in homes, public buildings and offices, which will free up network resources
for mobile users who are HYPERLINK

Military Intelligence Systems Maintenance/Integration...
I possess the experience, skill sets, technical expertise, leadership experience, and drive to
successfully serve as a 353T Military Intelligence Systems Maintenance/Integration Technician.
Over the span of my career in the U.S. Army, I have attended and excelled in leadership and
technical courses that have helped develop my skills as a leader and technician in my field. I have
worked in multiple maintenance echelons that have expanded my knowledge as a maintainer. I was
chosen to participate in multiple echelon field exercises allowing me to see first hand the level of
planning and coordination that goes into such exercises and has afforded me the knowledge of how
to appropriately extrapolate intelligence requirements from Battalion, Brigade,

Mobile Telephone Call : A Mobile Device Essay
Mobile telephone call: A mobile device initiates a call by sending the number of the called device on
the preselected setup channel. In this process, the the mobile device firstly checks whether the setup
channel is idle by examining information that comes from the BS channel. If it finds that the setup
channel is idle, the mobile device may transmit the information of number to the BS. The BS then
sends the request to the MTSO.
Mobile device paging: The MTSO then tries to complete the connection to the called mobile device.
In this process, the MTSO sends a paging message to certain BSs by examining the mobile number.
Each BS sends the paging message on the setup channel, including the information of number.
Telephone Call connected: The called mobile device monitors the setup channel and finds its
number in the paging message. And then it responds to the BS, which transmits the response to the
MTSO. The MTSO sets up a connection between the calling and called BSs. And then the MTSO
tries to find an available traffic channel within each BS's cell. If the MTSO find available traffic
channel, it will notify each BS, which in turn notifies the mobile devices. The two mobile devices
tune to their respective assigned channels.
Call in connection: When the connection is maintained between two mobile devices, voice or data
signals are exchanged between the two mobile devices, through their corresponding BSs and the
MTSO.
Handover: If a mobile device moves out of the scope of one

Matlab Based Design For Resource Allocation Platform
UNDERGRADUATE TETHIS PROJECT PROPOSAL
Zhejiang university of technology
MATLAB BASED DESIGN FOR RESOURCE ALLOCATION PLATFORM
On my honor as a university student, on this assignment I have neither given nor received
unauthorized aid as defined by the honor guidelines for papers in SE course
Name : David kasonga wa kasonga
Supervisor: 吴远
March, 2017
Content
I. Abstract
II. Introduction
III. Research
 Dynamic resource allocation
IV. Objectives
V. Development plan
 Research
 Design
 Simulation & test
VI. Schedule
VII. references

Abstract orthogonal frequency modulation has successfully solved the Inter Symbol Interference
problem in frequency selective wireless environment. An interesting application of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In OFDM systems, only a one user can transmit on all of the subcarriers at any given time, and time
division multiple access (TDMA) or frequency division multiple access (FDMA) is used to support
multiple users. The major disadvantage of this static multiple access scheme is that the fact that the
different users perform differently in the same given wireless channel is not being taken in
consideration. OFDMA, on the other hand, allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously on the
different subcarriers per OFDM symbol at any given time. Since the users perform differently in the
channel probability that all users experience the same fade in a particular subcarrier is very low,
though it can be assured that the subcarriers are assigned to the users who sees good channel gains
on them.
While allowing simultaneous access to multiple users to the medium OFDMA has been shown to
reduce multi–path fading, within air interfaces in the IEEE 802.16 standard.
The main advantages of using this multicarrier technology are: higher data rates, longer transmission
distance, and better mobility support.
Due to the fact that OFDMA divides the available frequency spectrum into several orthogonal
subcarriers, inter–symbol and inter–carrier interference are minimized, or even eradicated. Also, the
assignment of these subcarriers to different users for transmission can be done dynamically, both in
frequency and time dimension. This flexibility provides a way of boosting

Nt1310 Unit 1 Individual Assignment
Jeremy D. Moore
IT190–1503B–01 Introduction to IT
Instructor William Nelson
Discussion Board 2
August 26, 2015
Information Systems Concepts
A Database Management System or (DBMS) is an essential tool for any organization or company in
today's modern world. A DBMS is "a group of programs that manipulate the database and provide
an interface between the database and its users and other application programs" (Stair & Reynolds,
2011, p. 189). So in choosing the right DBMS there are many factoring issues with choosing the
right one for the company or organization. When choosing a DBMS one has to think about how the
system will ultimately help the company or organization with day to day processes and the goals of
the company or organization. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A database administrator (DBA) according to dictionary.com (2015) is an IT professional
responsible for the installation, configuration, upgrading, administration, monitoring, maintenance,
and security of databases in an organization. These individuals within the company have total rights
to all systems because they are administrators. The users of the system are just that, they use the
system to complete task and work for the company or organization from their area. Now users can
ask the administrators to help or do certain task within the system. For example, the user needs a
certain spread sheet done for where it is a read open or for only certain people to be able to access
certain spread sheets.
Now since Lockheed Martin is such a huge company and has multiple sites around the world the
DBMS would have to be a larger multiple user system. Due to the fact that the company is so large
it will have to have a system that is scalable as needed for any all data upgrades. Factoring in the
Lockheed Martin has multiple divisions within one corporation and multiple users within one
division the company would have to be able to manipulate data from multiple users within a division
along with data transferred outside of that division for

Microstrip Antennas : An Analysis
The Microstrip patch antenna has a dielectric substrate with a radiating patch and the feed lines are
etched on one side and a ground plane on the other side. The shape of the patch is not constrained
(could be square, rectangular, circular, triangular or elliptical) and it is generally made of conducting
material such as copper or gold. These antennas are mostly used at microwave frequencies, the
fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground plane cause the microstrip patch antennas to
radiate. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal of various shapes on the
surface of a PCB, with a metal ground plane on the other side of the board. Most microstrip
antennas consist of multiple patches in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further the consideration of space domain either with space diversity, smart antennas, and
nowadays, MIMO systems has also pushed the evolution of propagation modeling toward more
complex spatio–temporal considerations [1]. The MIMO antenna for wireless communications is
required to have a multiple bandwidth to cover the GSM, and ISM bands. On the other hand, it is
said that about 70% of the user demands and mobile flow for high–speed data services occur in
indoor environments [2–3]. In modern antenna design multiple–input multiple–output are employed
so that the multipath effects is taken as advantage to transmit multiple data stream. Designing
MIMO antennas have their own challenges such as mutual coupling because of electromagnetic
interaction between antenna elements [4–5].
2.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA Microstrip patch antenna can be
used for Mobile and satellite communication, Global Positioning System, Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Radar,
Telemedicine, Rectenna and Medicinal. Mobile communication requires small, low profile and low–
cost antennas. Microstrip patch antennas are meet all requirements and various types of microstrip
antennas have been designed for use in mobile communication systems. In the case of satellite

Ptcl Internship Report
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited Internship Complementation Report Wireless
& Transmission FTRP Faisalabad Submitted by: ABDUL BASIT BSc Electrical Engineering
(2010–14) Registration No. 2010–GCUF–4180–522 Government College University Faisalabad
Submitted to: Mr. Muhammad Mehmood Manager, MSC Wireless FTRP Faisalabad Contents Topic
| Page No. | Background | 3 | Introduction | 3 | Wireless Communication General Process | 4 |
Fundamental of Cellular Communication | 4 | Speed affecting factors in Wireless communication | 6
| Multiple Access Schemes | 6 | Code Division Multiple Access Schemes | 6 | Wireless Local Loop |
9 | ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each user operates independently with no knowledge of the other users. Thus, not only all users in
the same cell share all the time–frequency degrees of freedom, so do the users in different cells.
Wireless Communication General Process Figure 1: General Process of Wireless Communication
Fundamentals of Cellular Communication The area served by Mobile phones is divided into small
areas known as cells. Each Cell contains a base station which communicates with the mobiles in the
cells. There are two types of transmission downstream and upstream. The transmission from the
base station to the mobile is called downs stream, forward link or downlinks. While the transmission
from the mobile to base station is referred to as upstream, reverse link or uplink. There are certain
terminologies associated with the Mobile Communication, which is given below with the Brief
description to understand how the communication is actually done. MS Mobile Station which can
originate or receive calls and can communicate with the concerned BTS. BTS The Base Transceiver
Station has the radio transceivers that defines a cell and handles the radio link protocol with the
Mobile Station. The BTS transmit and receive signals realizing the communication between radio
system and Mobile Station. BSC The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources of one or
more BTS. It controls the Call connection and disconnection. It deals with the mobility
management; it deals with the

Report On Cellular Systems And Computer Science
Report on Cellular Technology
Submitted by,
Ganesh Babu kavuri
Under the guidance,
Bijan Karimi Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Computer Science Tailgate School of
Engineering University of New Haven
Serial# Topics
1. Objective
2. Cellular Concepts and basics
3. Cellular system Architecture
4. Multiple Access schemes for cellular system
5. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
6. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
7. Single Carrier– Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC–FDMA)
8. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
9. TDMA Frame
10. TDMA Evolution
11. Global System for Mobile (GSM)
12. GSM Network Architecture
13. Interim Standard–136
14. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
15. TDD FDD Duplex Schemes
16. Cellular handoff
17. Summary
18. References
OBJECTIVE
Cellular systems are widely used today and cellular technology needs to offer very efficient use of
the available frequency spectrum. With billions of mobile phones in use around the globe today.
Cellular refers to a network technology that facilitates mobile device communication over areas
comprised of cells and transceivers, which are also known as base stations or cell sites. In a cellular
network, the most widely used mobile transceivers are mobile phones, or cell phones.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Downlink Multiplexing
Downlink Multiplexing The multiplexing chain in the downlink is largely comparable to that in the
uplink however there are also certain functions that are done in a different way. As like in the uplink,
the interleaving is executed in two components, covering both intra–frame and inter–frame
interleaving. In addition, the rate matching permits one to stabilise the necessary channel symbol
energy for various service qualities. The services can be mapped to more than one code additionally,
which is essential when the single code capability in either the terminal or base station is surpassed.
Downlink Shared Channel Transmitting data with elevated peak rate and small activity cycle in the
downlink rapidly causes the channelisation codes under a solitary scrambling code to start to come
to an end. In order to circumvent this complication, fundamentally two alternatives exist: exercise of
either supplementary scrambling codes. The supplementary scrambling code approach loses the
benefit of the transmissions being orthogonal from a single source, and consequently should be
avoided. Using a shared channel resource maintains this benefit and in the mean time lessens the
downlink code resource ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1.8 code trees with the four layers are taken into account. The highest capacity of the code
tree is 8R. In the code tree, two codes with SF is 4 and 8 are engaged. As a result, the capacity
employed for the OVSF code tree is 3R. The remaining capacity of the code tree is 8R–3R=5R.
When a new call with data rate 4R enters, code from the third layer is essential. The code tree is not
capable of offering code for the new call, since both the codes equivalent to 4R capacity are
obstructed. Accordingly, this is a condition where a new call capacity to manage it. This is known as
code (call) blocking and can be circumvented with the help of efficient assignment and reassignment

Data Processing And Processing Of Data
We will be talking about processing of data. So, depending on how the data are processed and the
inference is made, most signal processing methods fall into one of the two categories: Batch
processing and Adaptive processing.
The example that we will be taking in the field of wireless communications, will deal with Batch
processing method. In this method, emtire data block is recieved and gathered before it is to be
processed; and any inference about the transmitted data X is made only on the basis of the entire
block of data To understand the process of batch signal processing in a better way, we will take an
example in detail later.
MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
These techniques allow a large number of users to access information through the same channel in
wireless communication systems, also regarded as air–interface as mentioned previously. Thus, also
making effective use of allocated bandwidth. The following three techniques come under this
category:
FDMA – Frequency División Multiple Access TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access CDMA –
Coded Detection Multiple Access
For, FDMA, an allocated bandwidth over the channel is divided among the users connected over
that channel. In, TDMA, each of the users take turns to transmito r reciveve data over the same
frequency. While in CDMA, each user has a specific code according to which the original
information is modified so that it appears as noise to the other users connected over the same
channel and hence saves

Mobile Communication : An Overview Of 4g And Its Features,...
Mobile Communication from 1G to 4G Ajit Singh Grewal GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
Fairfax, Virginia, USAAbstract The evolution of mobile telephone system can be classified into
different generation based on the level of maturity in technology. This classification does not depend
on any standardized facts. The purpose of this paper is to provide the history of mobile
communication and provide an overview of 4G and its features, architecture, key technologies and
challenges. Introduction: From 1G (First Generation) to 3G (Third Generation) the way of mobile
communication has changed drastically. The new generation is giving users a new way to
communicate and access the services on the go. The ultimate aim of the latest generations is to
provide better services to its users. The growth of mobile users over last few decades has increased
significantly. From around 210 million users in 1995 to almost 1.6 million users in 2008 worldwide.
Figure1: Figure 1: Growth of mobile users from initial years till 2010. Initial advancement that were
taken during the launch of GPRS (2.5G) i.e. users can use data services (E.g. internet access, MMS–
Multimedia Message Service). As clearly shown in the figure1, the mobile internet subscribers also
increased from almost zero to almost 800 million in 2008. Now the ever growing need of high
mobile data services led to the new generation i.e. 4G (The Fourth Generation) of the mobile
communication that tends to support all these

Nokia Forms 3G Joint Venture in China Essay
Nokia and China Puritan have committed to forming a joint venture in China focused on 3G, or
more specifically, TD–SCDMA (time division–synchronous code division multiple access) and W–
CDMA.
The joint venture will focus on research and development, manufacturing and sales of 3G network
systems. The JV will begin offering its first TD–SCDMA and W–CDMA systems next year under
China Puritan's Potevio label.
The TD–SCDMA standard is being billed as a Chinese alternative to 3G.
In addition to 3G services, the venture also will offer network construction and optimization
services, Nokia says.
The companies intend to invest $107 million in the venture, in which Nokia will hold a 49 percent
interest. China Puritan will hold the rights ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In May, Nokia rival Ericsson announced it was teaming with ZTE to further TD–SCMDA in China.
At the time of the announcement, Ericsson committed to integrating ZTE's TD–SCDMA Node B
into its radio access network. The deal included both hardware and software.
Nokia and China Puritan have committed to forming a joint venture in China focused on 3G, or
more specifically, TD–SCDMA (time division–synchronous code division multiple access) and W–
CDMA.
The joint venture will focus on research and development, manufacturing and sales of 3G network
systems. The JV will begin offering its first TD–SCDMA and W–CDMA systems next year under
China Puritan's Potevio label.
The TD–SCDMA standard is being billed as a Chinese alternative to 3G.
In addition to 3G services, the venture also will offer network construction and optimization
services, Nokia says.
The companies intend to invest $107 million in the venture, in which Nokia will hold a 49 percent
interest. China Puritan will hold the rights to the remaining 51 percent.
Nokia will continue to offer W–CDMA products under its own brand around the world, including

China.
This is not the first 3G joint–venture deal China Puritan has announced this year. In January, the
Chinese company announced its plan to form a joint venture with Nortel. The companies said they
would cooperate on the research and development, manufacture and sale of 3G equipment and
services to the Chinese

Networking
1. List two advantages of wireless networking. User mobility in the workplace, and cost effective
networking media for use in areas that are difficult or too costly to wire.
2. What are the three areas defined for the IEEE 802.11 standard? Physical Layer (PHY): The
method of transmitting the data, which may be either RF or infrared (although infrared is rarely
used.)
Medium Access Control (MAC): The reliability of the data service, access control to the shared
wireless medium, protecting the privacy of the transmitted data.
MAC management protocols and services: Authentication, association, data delivery, and privacy.
3. What is an ad hoc network? In this network, the wireless clients (stations) communicate directly
with each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
23. What is the purpose of the paging procedure in Bluetooth? The paging procedure is used to
establish and synchronize a connection between two Bluetooth devices.
24. Define the term backscatter. It refers to the reflection of the radio waves striking the RFID tag
and reflecting back to the transmitter source with its stored unique identification information.
25. What are the three parameters that define an RFID system? Means of powering the tag,
frequency of operation, and communications protocol (also called the air interface protocol).
26. Explain how power is provided to a passive RFID tag. By rectifying the RF energy transmitted
from the reader which strikes the RF tag antenna.
27. Cite three advantages for using an active RFID tag. The power consumption of the G2C501 is
10μA in the sleep mode and uses two AA batteries with an expected lifetime of five years, it works
in the standard 915 MHz range, and it also has location capability.
28. What are the three frequency bands typically used for RFID tags? Low Frequency, High
Frequency, and Ultra–High Frequency.
29. What is the WiMax frequency standard for the United States? Unlicensed: 5.8GHz and licensed:
2.5 GHz spectrum.

30. Why was OFDM selected for WiMax? This signaling format was selected for the WiMAX
standard IEEE 802.16a standard because of its improved NLOS (non line–of–sight) characteristics
in

1. 2 IEEE 802. 15. 4 : Lab Analysis
2.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 is the mostly used IoT standard for MAC. It has Source &
Destination address for communicating. In a word it follows frame format. Its specific MAC
features can be: Slot frame Structure, Scheduling, Synchronization, Channel Hopping, Network
formation. 2.3.3 IEEE 802.11 AH IEEE 802.11ah is a light version. Its applicable for low–energy.
For Laptop, smart mobile, smart Television and other digital devices using IEEE 802.11.AH. The
basic 802.11ah MAC layer features include: Synchronization Frame, Efficient Bidirectional Packet
Exchange, Short Mac Frame, Null Data Packet, Increase Sleep Time.2.3. 2.3.4 WirelessHART
WirelessHART is a datalink protocol that operates on the top of IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and adopts ...
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HomePlug suite covers both PHY and MAC layers and has three versions: HomePlug–AV,
HomePlug–AV2, and HomePlugGP. [29] 2.3.10 G.9959 G.9959 is a MAC layer protocol from ITU,
designed for low bandwidth and cost, half–duplex reliable wireless communication. [30] 2.3.11
LTE–A Long–Term Evolution Advanced (LTE–A) is a set of standards designed to fit M2M
communication and IoT applications in cellular networks. LTE–A uses OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access) as a MAC layer access technology, which divides the
frequency into multiple bands and each one can be used separately. The architecture of LTE–A
consists of a core network (CN), a radio access network (RAN), and the mobile nodes. [31] Figure:
LTE–AArchitecture The CN is responsible for controlling mobile devices and to keep track of their
IPs. RAN is responsible for establishing the control and data planes and handling the wireless
connectivity and radio–access control. RAN and CN communicate using S1 link where RAN
consists of the eNB (E–UTRAN Node B)'s to which other mobile nodes are connected wirelessly.
2.3.12 LoRaWAN LoRaWAN is a newly arising wireless technology designed for low–power WAN
networks with low cost, mobility, security, and bi– directional communication for IoT applications.
[32] 2.3.13 Weightless Weightless is another wireless WAN technology for IoT applications
designed by the Weightless Special Interest Group (SIG) [33]

802. 11 Synthesis Essay
IEEE802.11n made numerous changes to the 802.11 wireless standards that greatly increased the
throughput as compared to earlier versions. 802.11n uses MIMO which is Multiple Input Multiple
Output (also known as Multiple Antennas). MIMO makes use of multiple antennae to create
multiple streams of communications between a transmitter and a receiver. The 802.11n amendment
also introduced changes in the physical as well as MAC layers to make marked changes in the
effectiveness of wireless networks. These changes included spatial–division multiplexing, space–
time block coding, and transmitter beamforming. Spatial–division multiplexing. This is the ability
for one transmitter to use multiple antennas to simultaneously send multiple ... Show more content
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So the transmitter can increase the output of the antennas in the direction of computers farther away
or where there are more computers to allow for better coverage or throughput and decrease the
output of the antennas in directions where there are obstacles. Other changes in 802.11n include: 1.
40 Mhz bandwidth (channel bonding) which can get data rates as high as 600Mpbs which is a ten–
fold increase as compared with 802.11 a thru g. 2. Frame aggregation – transmits multiple MAC
frames in a PHY packet. 3. Reverse–direction protocol – allows the ability to transfer control of an
air channel between stations. This is especially good if the receiver is moving and the transmitters
are trying to keep the best connection possible. 4. Support for Voice over WLAN and multimedia
streaming. This is especially important as more telephone calls go VOIP and more video/audio
content is available online. 5. The ability of access points to change between 20 MHz and 40 MHz.
This is good as the receivers for that access point changes. The access point can speed up or slow
down based on the receivers in its broadcast area. 6. Channel bonding – using two 20MHz channels.
This turns the two 20 MHz band into a 40MHz band even though the transmitter is not transmitting
at 40MHz. This is good to increase throughput for receivers that only communicate at the 20MHz

Optical Network Proposal
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW AND MOTIVATION
The great growth in user's demand for bandwidth due to today's network applications stir the
competition between network carriers. FSAN began studies to access needs in late 2010, they
concluded that there is a great gap between user needs and the bandwidth offered by the 10 gbps
capable Passive Optical Network (10G–PON known as XGPON) technologies. A system proposal
for Next Generation– Passive Optical Network (NG–PON2) stage 2 was commenced in 2011.
Among other solutions Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network
(TWDM–PON) technology was recommended at the April 2012 meeting as a primary solution to
design and implement NG–PON2 [1]. This network design achieves ... Show more content on
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Through the distribution fiber (DF), each output port of RN1 goes to a different remote node 2
(RN2) which includes a power splitter (PS), and then each output port of the PS is connected to a
different ONU by the last mile fiber (LMF). According to the RN1 configuration, we have three
variants of a TWDM–PON architecture: a) Wavelength Selected TWDM–PON with PSs at the RN1;
b) Wavelength Split TWDM–PON with arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) at the RN1; and c)
Wavelength Switched TWDM–PON with wavelength selective switches (WSSs) at the RN1. The
wavelength selected TWDM–PON is a fully flexible solution as the PS at RN1 broadcasts all
wavelengths to all users, but has a high insertion loss and poor security due to the use of only PSs.
The wavelength split TWDM–PON has a fixed wavelength allocation and thus will not be able to
serve flexibility advantages. However, paper [4] shows that the full flexibility is not always required
and a partial flexible solution can already give several advantages of flexibility. Overcoming the
drawbacks of both wavelength selected and wavelength split, paper [5] proposed such a partially
flexible solution with a WSS in RN1, which we refer as the wavelength switched TWDM–PON.
To address some of the challenges related to the future high capacity transport networks, a particular
communication system should mainly focus on three major areas (i.e., impact of traffic locality on
the network infrastructure, cost versus reliability of future

General Mcauliffe's Tactical Mission
Tactical Situation
1. Mission: General McAuliffe's mission was simple; hold the town of Bastogne at any cost to
prevent the German counter assault from breaking through the Allied line. The town was
strategically held to prevent high speed avenues of approach, as well as access to supply and
mobilization routes for the Axis forces. The roadways of St. Vith and Bastogne were paramount for
the Germans to advance north, and press on to the Meuse River, which was their objective. Also part
of his mission parameters were to destroy Axis fuel depots to limit maneuverability of the Panzer
division. This would limit the capabilities of the feared Panzer tanks. The town is located on the
western border of Luxembourg approximately halfway between Holland and France. The allies
advanced from Holland in the north, and France in the South, creating a choke point to round up the
German lines, and maintain all high speed avenues of approach west of Germany. This would mean
that German forces would be consolidated and fortified, making it a consolidated battle of attrition.
This was intended to be a battle of patience, and to wait until one force ran low enough on supplies
or manpower, that the other would be overtaken with ease. Or in the case of the Paratroopers, wait
until help arrives. In regards to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Equipment: American forces were limited to the 101st Airborne Division, three Artillery Battalions,
comprised of 12, 155mm Howitzers, four M18 Hellcat Tank Destroyers, and standardized infantry
load outs. The majority of the tanks provided by the 10th Armored Division were left in reserve to
the northeast. The Germans possessed the superior Panzer tank as well as four Infantry Divisions
coupled with multiple batteries of mobile, and railroad mobilized artillery. The Germans had better
tanks and superior numbers. Fortunately, they possessed limited resources, because allied forces
destroyed fuel dumps. This made the Panzer tanks limited in their

Wireless Access And The Transmission Bandwidth
Abstract– The demand for wireless access is permanently growing and the transmission bandwidth
is limited. Higher data rates and signal quality is always desired among the users; therefore a more
efficient use of the frequency resource is needed to fill the user capacity needs. Space Division
Multiple Access (SDMA) is used to increase the capacity given by regular multiple access
techniques (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA) using the user position information to provide access to the
best communication channel based on their spatial location. This paper presents Smart Antenna
techniques applied to SDMA systems as an efficient frequency usage technique.
Key Words – Base station, Beamforming, Code division multiple–access (CDMA), Dynamic
Channel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The spectrum is limited, but multiple access techniques allow a large number of mobile users to
share the same allocated spectrum efficiently and use the same bandwidth at the same time without
degrading the existing quality of service.
Sending and receiving simultaneously information to and from the base station is desirable among
wireless communication systems. Equipping these base stations with smart antenna arrays enable
beam steering in contrast to sectorized single antenna systems. This make possible to Base Stations
to send data to specific users on the down–link or to receive directed data on the up–link by reusing
channels within a cell for Mobile Stations (MS), spatially separated by smart antenna arrays.
Cellular system divides the area into cells where mobile units are located and aims to increase the
capacity of the channel with an efficient level of quality of service. Channel access can be achieved
through: Frequency division multiple–access (FDMA), Time division multiple–access (TDMA),
Code division multiple–access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple access (SDMA). In this paper
we will focus on SDMA systems.
SMART ANTENNAAND SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS HISTORY
Smart antennas were developed by the military but as the cellular phone users grew in the 1980s, the
commercial area became more interested in the field. SDMA idea was first introduced in 1947 by
Douglas H. Ring when he wrote about a new way to

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing or OFDM is a modulation format that is being used
for many of the latest wireless and telecommunications standards.
OFDM has been adopted in the Wi–Fi arena where the standards like 802.11a, 802.11n, 802.11ac
and more. It has also been chosen for the cellular telecommunications standard LTE / LTE–A, and in
addition to this it has been adopted by other standards such as WiMAX and many more.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing has also been adopted for a number of broadcast
standards from DAB Digital Radio to the Digital Video Broadcast standards, DVB. It has also been
adopted for other broadcast systems as well including Digital Radio Mondiale used for the long
medium and short wave bands. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting signal is integrated over the symbol period to regenerate the data from that carrier. The
same demodulator also demodulates the other carriers. As the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal
of the symbol period means that they will have a whole number of cycles in the symbol period and
their contribution will sum to zero – in other words there is no interference contribution.
The spectrum of an OFDM, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal
OFDM Spectrum
One requirement of the OFDM transmitting and receiving systems is that they must be linear. Any
non–linearity will cause interference between the carriers as a result of inter–modulation distortion.
This will introduce unwanted signals that would cause interference and impair the orthogonality of
the transmission.
In terms of the equipment to be used the high peak to average ratio of multi–carrier systems such as
OFDM requires the RF final amplifier on the output of the transmitter to be able to handle the peaks
whilst the average power is much lower and this leads to inefficiency. In some systems the peaks are
limited. Although this introduces distortion that results in a higher level of data errors, the system
can rely on the error correction to remove them.
Data on OFDM
The data to be transmitted on an OFDM signal is spread across the carriers of the signal, each carrier
taking part of the payload. This reduces the data rate taken by each carrier. The lower data rate has

The Importance Of Multicarrier Techniques For A Single...
Chapter 1 Multicarrier techniques
This section deals with the importance of multicarrier techniques.
1.1 Multi carrier techniques
In a single carrier system, single fade causes the whole data stream and undergo distortion i.e
frequency selective fading. The Single carrier systems also suffer with heavy Inter Symbol
Interference . In telecommunication Inter Symbol Interference was a form of distortion of signal in
which one symbol interferes with the subsequent symbol. Thus it causes an unwanted phenomena as
the previous symbols have similar effect as noise thus making communication less reliable . ISI
occurs when the signal bandwidth is less than the coherence bandwidth or when the delay spread is
greater than symbol duration. To combat the problem multicarrier techniques have been proposed
for high data rate transmission. Multicarrier techniques divide the whole bandwidth into large
number of narrow band orthogonal subcarriers [1, 2]. Thus the signal bandwidth becomes very less
compared with coherence bandwidth ensuring no ISI in time domain and flat fading in frequency
domain. Multicarrier systems such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and
Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC–CDMA) were considered to be the best
technologies for 4G wireless communication [1, 2]. Fig. explains the spectrum of multicarrier and
single carrier systems. In the single carrier system the information symbols are loaded into one of

Cdma Based Bus Arbitration System
CDMA BASED BUS ARBITRATION IN SoC Mayank Chakraverty(1) , Ritaban Chakravarty(2) ,
Sandeep Mandava(3) M.Tech Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology Division, School of Electronics
Engineering , VIT University, Vellore. may_ank2004@indiatimes.com(1) ,
ritaban.87@gmail.com(2) , sandeep1415@gmail.com(3) 09962265270(1), 09566810791(2) ,
09092517336(3) ABSTRACT Future SoC will be implemented with the latest arbitration scheme.
CDMA is the latest arbitration scheme for those SoC. CDMA arbiter has better channel isolation and
better channel continuity when compared to other arbitration schemes in SoC. CDMA arbiter for a
multimaster SoC system is proposed. This proposed CDMA arbiter overcomes various SoC
demands. This interconnect scheme meet the latency requirement when compared to the existing
CDMA based arbitration scheme. 1. INTRODUCTION Future SoC consists of many different
components. Main demand faced by this SoC is rapid transfer of data between these components.
Since it depends on rapid transfer of data latency becomes the main parameter. If the delay
associated with SoC increases it prohibits the scalability of a multimaster design. There is a
diminishing performance as more masters are interconnected. A high performance SoC should
handle numerous data transaction simultaneously. To achieve this high performance we go for
CDMA based arbitration scheme. CDMA based arbitration provides

Hardware and Sorftware: Major Techniques that Allocate...
Introduction
There are four major techniques that allocate capacity for wireless WAN communications. These
techniques are Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM). (Goleniewski, L. 2007) Each technique has pros and cons when compared
amongst each other. The following is a summary of why each technique has a need, and some of the
challenges that come with that technique.
Radio Frequency
Radio Frequency or RF is used in our everyday lives whether or not you realize it. Some of the
common uses of Radio Frequencies are:
AM radio – 535 kilohertz to 1.7 megahertz
FM radio – 88 megahertz to 108 megahertz
Short ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The classic RF structure has a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter creates electrical signals
that are called a carrier signal. The carrier signal frequency is determined by the wave length. The
carrier signal is modulated to carry voice by adding a contrast signal to the wave form. The receiver
gets the pair of sidebands and transforms them into speech or other sounds. RF in a wireless
environment can have dead spots due to line of sight issues.
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is a technique in which each user is assigned to a
different frequency; it is used in older analog cellular systems. (Goleniewski, L. 2007) This allows
everyone to speak at the same time, but it requires a different frequency band for each user. This
creates a limitation of the technique, as each cell can only support 60 users. With the digital
technology of today, FDMA is no longer a viable solution due to the limitation on users. It is also
expensive for the service provider since there needs to be a transceiver for each channel, and
because of the great amount of power that is consumed. FDMA does still serve a purpose today,
though. It is used to divide the allocated spectrum into individual channels, by which other channels
will then enable many users to use one channel. (Goleniewski, L. 2007)
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a technique that takes advantage of FDMA. The
frequency spectrum is first split into

Optical Ofdm For Passive Optical Network
1. Introduction
2. Optical OFDM for Passive optical networks
The high–speed broadband penetration and ongoing growth of the Internet traffic among customers
have been the key reasons that are driving the rapid emergence and deployment of optical access
networks as a basic bearer network that supports hybrids services for multiple customers while
bearing huge capacity. Passive optical network is the most interesting solution for the optical access
network to cope with the increasing bandwidth demand and to meet the cost effectiveness. PON can
be used for Point to point (P2P) or Point to multi–point (P2MP) configurations. The P2P structure
builds a dedicated fiber from a CO to each subscriber which constitutes an ultimate solution to
provide much–needed bandwidth to each ONU. In P2MP topologies, the feeder fiber is shared
between various customers and terminates at a central office in an Optical Line Terminal. Passive
splitters put between the OLT and the ONU are used to split the connection to multiple end points,
thus enormously reduces the maintaining cost. Two key technologies are used in passive optical
network: the first one known as TDM–PON uses Time Division Multiplexing to multiplex traffic
from/to multiple ONUs onto the upstream/downstream wavelength. It requires complex scheduling
algorithms and framing technology to support a variety of services. The second is Wavelength
division multiplexing passive optical network "WDM PON". This technology comes to extend the

Wimax vs. Long Term Evolution
Wimax vs. LTE:
LTE and Wimax are 4G technologies. LTE is Long Term Evolution project which is been proposed
by 3GPP (3rd generation partnership project) which is nothing but collaboration between various
telecommunication companies. So LTE has its background from the GSM technology. Wimax is
IEEE 802.16 standard and it's mainly roots in CDMA.
Frequency of operation: LTE operates at lower frequency as compared to wimax. Higher the
frequency of operation, higher the attenuation.
Both wimax and LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). OFDM uses
orthogonal frequencies as carrier frequencies so that there will be no interference between the
signals i.e. it uses the principle of orthogonality. This in turn improves the spectral efficiency.
Multiple Access: Both LTE and wimax uses MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), which a
Space Division Multiple Access technique. It is a smart technique in which the same signal is
transmitted in different streams to the receiver. The receiver choses the best of the transmitted signal
streams and decodes the signal. It is chosen such a way that, the best quality signal is obtained. So,
even the weaker signals are boosted up by this technique.
Infrastructure: Both LTE and wimax uses ip infrastructure. The flat structure of ip helps the mobile
as well as the base station.
Latency: Latency is less in LTE when compared to wimax.
Range: Theoretically LTE has better rang than wimax.
Speed: speed of LTE is way higher than

The People
1. Cost effective networking for areas that are difficult or too costly to wire, mobility in the
workplace. 2. Physical layer , the medium access control (MAC) and the MAC management
protocols and services 3. Another term used to describe independent networks. 4. To add additional
range to the wireless network 5. (DSSS), Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum , frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Infrared and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) 6.
Have 14 channels over apron. 90 MHz of RF spectrum in the 2.4 GHz ISM. Uses w/ Bluetooth ,
cordless phones and microwave ovens 7. It's the sequence appears to be random but in fact does
repeat typically after some lengthily period of time. FHSS requires ... Show more content on
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19. 2.4 GHz frequency band 20. three Power Class | Maximum Output Power | Operating Distance |
| 123 | 20 dBm4 dBm0 dBm | ~100 m~10 m~1 m | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
21. Piconet is an ad hoc network of up nto eight Bluetooth, and when an establishment of a
connection has been completed the Bluetooth will had to establishes it 22. To determine weather any
Bluetooth devices are available 23. To establish and synchronize a connection between two
Bluetooth devices. 24. The reflecting of the radio waves striking the RFID tad abd reflecting back to
the transmitter source 25. Means the power tag ,frequency, and communication protocol 26. Power
is provided to the tag by rectifying the RF energy, transmitted from the reader that strikes the RF tag
antenna. 27. Passive, semi–active, active. 28. Low frequency 125/134kHz, high–frequency 13.56
MHz, ultra–high frequency 860–960 MHz 29. Unlicensed 5.8GHz and the licensed 2.5 GHz
spectrum 30. Due to the improved NLOS characteristics in the 2 GHz to 11GHz frequency range 31.
WiMax is a broadband wireless system that has been developed for use as broadband wireless
access (bWA0 for fixed and mobile stations and can provide a wireless alternative for last mile
broadband access for fixed and mobile stations and can provide a

Channel Partitioning Essay
In data communication, they are always striving to increase throughput, this would include allowing
nodes to transmit information over a single broadcast link without interfering with each other. To
achieve this, multiple access protocols coordinate the transmission. There are three classes of
multiple access protocols, random access, taking–turns and channel partitioning. With random
access protocol, each node tries to randomly to access the complete broadcast link, without any
regard to the other nodes. Taking–turns protocol utilizes some type of turning mechanism, which
designates which node is allowed to transmit. Channel partitioning protocol divides the channel
(time slots, frequency, code) and assigns them evenly between all of ... Show more content on
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There are numerous of taking–turn protocols, two are polling protocol and token–passing protocol.
The polling protocol requires one of the node to be designated as a master node. The master polls
each of the nodes in a round–robin fashion. The master first sends a message to node 1, saying that it
can transmit. After node 1 transmits, the master sends a message to node 2 it can transmit The
master determines when a node has finished sending its frames by observing the lack of a signal on
the channel. The procedure continues in this manner, with the master polling each of the nodes in a
cyclic manner. (Kurose 459) An advantage of this type of protocol is it avoids collisions, since nodes
are only allowed to transmit when they are given access to the channel. Disadvantage to polling, are
delays, as transmitters have to wait for the poll and the centralization with the requirement for a
master to conduct the polling, if it fails the entire channel becomes inoperative. Token–passing
protocol there is no master node, instead special–purpose frame known as a token is exchanged
among the nodes in some order. When a node receives a token, it holds onto the token only if it has
some frames to transmit; otherwise, it immediately forwards the token to the next node. If a node
does have frames to transmit when it receives the token, it sends up to a maximum number of
frames and then forwards the token to the next node. (Kurose 459) Advantage of token–passing
protocol is it

Nt1310 Unit B Assignment
The second challenge is outlined in [3]. The described problem there is the bus connection between
the cores and the L2 cache. It is necessary to organize the access from the cores on the cache with a
bus arbitration protocol. In this case the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol is used.
This means that each core gets an exact time slot for the access. The assignment of the time slots is
handled in round robin [3, p. 3]. Depending on the access time on the bus, the core will either
immediately be granted to access the bus or must wait until his next time–slot. This happens if the
pre–estimated access duration is longer than the remaining slot time. Based on these facts, [3]
prepares an equation for the maximum delay: Dmax = ((nc 1)sl) + (z 1) ... Show more content on
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Having a good estimation on the access duration will obviously lead to a much better performance
of the program, because it determines if an access will be granted directly or not [3, p. 3]. Waiting
for the next time slot of a core can consume a lot of time in multi–core chips. In this topic also
timing anomalies exist and can complicate the WCET analysis [3, p. 9]. Thus it can occur that a
cache hit will lead to the worst–case behavior instead of a cache miss. After presenting the
challenges, the approaches for calculating the worst case execution time will be outlined. For each
approach, there will be also given the outcomes and limitations that are made from the authors
themselves. At first, the focus is on a better estimation of the behavior of the shared L2 caches in the
next chapter. Afterwards, a solution for a better estimation of the access times on the bus will be

Modeling And Delay Analysis Of Wireless Home
Modelling and Delay Analysis of Wireless Home Area Networks in a Smart Grid Abdulfattah
Noorwali, Raveendra Rao, and Abdallah Shami Innovation Centre for Information Engineering
(ICIE), Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of
Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada Email: fanoorwal,rrao,ashami2g@uwo.ca
Abstract–Smart grids are networks composed of several interconnected layers. The lowest layer
consists of the Home Area Network (HAN), in which a set of Electrical Devices (EDs) communicate
with a mesh client. This client then communicates with the mesh router of the wireless mesh
network. EDs generate critical information packets, and these must be passed to a control station
with minimal delay. In this paper, the modelling and delay of HANs is considered under several
architectures for the communication of critical information packets to mesh clients. Bounds on
achievable delay are derived as a function of the signal–to–noise ratio, number of electrical devices,
number of channels, and channel interference range. We find that transmitting critical reports under
a time division multiple access scheme suffers less delay than other schemes. I. INTRODUCTION
The main challenge in communication network architecture is to develop a model that can cope with
power grid issues. These issues include high consumer demand, economic balancing of power
generation technologies, and responding to devices that are remote from the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of 4g
In networking technology, wireless is the term used to describe any network where there is no
physical wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network by radio waves or
micro waves to maintain communications. The evolution of technology specially in mobile
technology is the most and fast developing, that era starts from 1G in 1980s and it is replaced by a
continuous emerging of next generations. To compensate the drawbacks of each previous generation
next generation with lot of new applications is introduced. Now it is fourth generation that is 4G,
beyond 4G now researches are going on about 5G and it will come into existence by 2020s. In the
near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are
increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet
these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture
and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and
meeting the demands of users. A detailed survey is included regarding all wireless generations
especially concentrated on 5G by research groups and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a hardware and software designed earlier. The hardware of 5G uses ultra wide band networks with
higher bandwidth at low energy levels and the bandwidth is of 4000Mbps, which is about 400 times
faster than existing generations. It uses the smart antenna system and CDMA for better performance.
The software which is the core for functioning the device is arranged in such a way that the 5G will
be single unified standard of different wireless networks including LAN technologies, LAN/WAN,
wwww, unified IP and seamless combination of broadband. Software defines radio, encryption,
flexibility, antivirus of the

Ism 324 Assignment 2 Essay
Assignment #2 ISM 324
ISM324 – Homework 2(Due on Feb 14th, 2017)
Answer the following questions. All citations must be appropriately documented.
1. Discuss the difference between twisted pair cables and fiber optics cables (6points)
Based off what I've learned from lecture twisted pair and fiber optics cables are very different. Both
are physical layer cabling apart of the layer 1 of the OSI model. Fiber optics transfer can data using
light unlike twisted pair cables which use electricity. In terms of distance, a fiber optics can carry a
signal up to thousands of miles; twisted pair cables have a limit of 100 meters.
Construction
Fiber: Core, Cladding, Protective Jacket
Twisted Cabling: STP or UTP
Cord, Protective Shielding, Terminals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It holds many systems and devices.
Horizontal Cabling
These extend from the TC and travel horizontally along walls, ceilings, or floors to the LAN work
area.
Work Area
Where all your electronics looking to connect to the LAN are located i.e computers, printers, patch
cables, computer adapter cables, and fiber jumpers.
3. What is an ad hoc network? (4 points)
A decentralized network that doesn't rely on a pre existing infrastructure.
4. Please explain frequency division multiple access (FDMA), and time division multiple access
(TDMA) multiple access methods. (8 points)
FDMA & TDMA are both methods of sending data to prevent interference/collision.
With FDMA the data messages are sent on different frequencies (840 – 860 MHz).
With TDMA the data messages are sent at different times to prevent interference.

5. Describe the frequency spectrum for the DSSS channels in 802.11b wireless networking (6
points).
The frequency for DSSS channels in 802.11b is the 2.4 GHz frequency range. It is largely shared by
many technologies (Bluetooth, cell phones, wireless LANS, etc).
Because it is shared with many technologies it is prone to RF interference of

History Of Wireless System
Wireless system was first appeared in late 1970 and established in 1980. There are different
generations of wireless technologies such as First Generation, Second Generation, Second plus
Generation, Third Generation, Fourth Generation and still boosting up till Fifth Generation. These
different generations have different features and each upcoming generation has provided best
services as compare to the previous generation as per demand of users.
First Generation Second Generation Second+ Generation Third Generation
Analog transmission Digital transmission Digital transmission Digital transmission
Used for talking Used for talking Used for talking For talking and video as well
Voice bands Data Digital data Boost digital data Mainly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another standard deployed by 2G was TDMA (time division multiplexing) which was developed
in– USA. It provides wide range of network services that included telephone services, short message
services and FAX. It supports 24.7 kbps data rate. And third is CDMA (code division multiple
access) that supports 14.4kbps data rate and was much compatible by AMPS system which was used
in first generation. GSM (Global system for mobile communication)
Global system for mobile communication was widely used by 2G and it was standardised in Europe
in 1992 but it is now used worldwide. In 1998 there were around 100 million subscribers of GSM
and it reached 500 million subscribers at the end of year 2002 and it's exceeding to 10 billion at the
end of year 2004. The GSM technology is based on the TDMA (Time division multiple access) and
FDMA (Frequency division multiple access) techniques. GSM works at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz
frequency bands in Europe and 1900 MHz frequency bands used in North America.
2.1.3 SECOND PLUS GENERATION
The second plus generation uses the GPRS (General packet radio system) which is results increased
the data capacity of GPS system and also helpful to remove some of its negative facts. GPRS
introduces packet switching capabilities in the existing GPS and TDMA system. As GSM used

4g Wireless System Pdf
4G Wireless System
VISHVESHWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELGAUM–10
S.D.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DHARWAD–02
A seminar report on
"4G WIRELESS SYSTEM "
Submitted by
SANGAMESHKUMAR.BANDI
2SD05CS066
8th semester
SDMCET,CSE Dept
Page 1
4G Wireless System
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
2009–10
SDMCET,CSE Dept
Page 2
4G Wireless System
VISHVESHWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELGAUM–10
S.D.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the seminar work entitled "4G WIRELESS SYSTEM" is a bonafide work presented
by SANGAMESHKUMAR.BANDI bearing USN NO:2SD05CS066 in a partial fulfillment for the
award of degree of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure
of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems.
Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the 1980s.
The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice
applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques.
These 2G systems provided circuit‐switched data communication services at a low speed. The
competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of different and
incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), TDMA (time division multiple
access); PDC (personal digital cellular) and CDMA (code division multiple access).These systems
operate nationwide or internationally and are todayʹs mainstream systems, although the data rate for
users in these system is very limited.
The 2.5G it is basically an enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased
capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data
service, up to 384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized
SDMCET,CSE Dept
Page 6
4G Wireless System
for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone,
PDA (personal digital assistant), or laptop.
During the 1990's

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