This document provides a table of contents and sections on Spanish grammar topics including: - Verb conjugations in the preterite and imperfect tenses - Uses of por and para - Forms of commands and object pronouns - Conjugations of the present subjunctive - Uses of the subjunctive with verbs of will and influence The document is a Spanish grammar reference book that covers fundamental topics such as verb tenses, prepositions, commands, and the subjunctive mood. It includes explanations, examples, and charts to illustrate key grammatical concepts and forms.

1. GRAMMAR BOOK
Agustin Mongold

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preterit (IYF)…………………………………………………………………………..3
Imperfect (IYF)……………………………………………………………………….4
Preterit vs Imperfect………………………………………………………………5
Constructions with Se…………………………………………………………….6
Adverbios………………………………………………………………………………..7
Por…………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Para…………………………………………………………………………………………9
Por vs. Para……………………………………………………………………….....10
Stressed Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns…………………........11
Commands……………………………………………………………………………..12
Object Pronoun Placement…………………………………………………….13
Present Subjunctive……………………………………………………………….14
Subjunctive with verbs of will and influence………………………..15

3. PRETERITE
-Ar Verbs -Er/Ir Verbs
Yo-é Yo-í
Tú-aste Tú-iste
Él, ella, ud.-ó Él, ella, ud.-ó
Nosotros-amos Nosotros-imos
Uds- aron Uds- ieron
Ayer-yesterday
Anoche- last
night
Después-
Afterwards
Anteayer- the
day before
yesterday
La semana
pasada- last
week
El mes
pasado- last
month
El año
pasado- last
year
El fin de
semana
pasado- last
weekend
• Has a definite time in the past
• Has a beginning or ending
• The most recent past
• Shows Interruption
• Perfected time

4. -que -camos
-caste Casteís
-có -caron
CAR-GAR-ZAR
--cé -zamos
-zaste -zasteís
-zó -zaron
-gue -gamos
-gaste -gasteís
-gó -garon
Spock Verbs
-Dar/Ver -Hacer -Ser/Ir
-í -hice -fuí
-iste -hiciste -fuiste
-ió -hizo -fue
-imos -hicimos -fuimos
-isteis -hicisteís -fuisteis
-ieron -hicieron -fueron

5. IMPERFECT
-ar -er -ir
Yo Aba Ía Ía
Tu Abas Ías Ías
Usted Aba Ía Ía
Nos Abamos Íamos Íamos
Vos Abais Íais Íais
Ustedes Aban Ían Ían
Todos los dias- every day
Cada dia- every day
Cada mes- everymonth
Siempre- always
Nunca- never
A veces- sometimes
Muchas Veces- many times
Frecuentemente- frequently
A muendo- often
Casi siempre- almost always
Todo el tiempo- all the time
Todos los lunes- every Monday
Irregular Ser Ver Ir
Yo Era Veía Iba
Tu Eras Veías Ibas
Usted Era Veía Iba
Nos Éramos Vivíamos Íbamos
Vos Erais Veíais Ibais
Ustedes eran Veían Iban

6. PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT
-Completed actions in the
past
-Have a defined beginning
and end
-Specific time
-Continuing actions
-Non-completed
-Outgoing
-Not a specific time
-Takes
place
in the
past

7. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH SE
Use “se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb
When using “se” the verb is always in the 3rd person
Can be used in all tenses
Ejemplos
Se vende fruta en el mercado
Se habla Ingles
Se hizo mucho

8. ADVERBIOS
Add –mente (in most cases) to the feminine singular form of an adjective
This ending corresponds to –ly in English

9. POR
Passing through something (PORtal)
General description rather than specific description Location (PORtugal)
How long something lasts (PORever)
The cause of something (PORpuse)
An exchange (imPORt or exPORt)
Doing something in place or instead of someone else (I can get that POR
you)
A means of transportation (transPORtation)

10. PARA
For whom something is done (Jack’s PARAty)
Destination (PARAguay)
Purpose for which something is done
Expresses an opinion (PARAdon me, but I like blue)
To compare or contrast (comPARAson)
Express an idea of deadline (PARAmedic)

11. POR VS. PARA
Por Para
Motion or a general location Destination Place
Duration of an action Destination Person
Reason or motive for an action Future time limit
Object of a search Purpose or goal
Means by which something is done Use or function
Exchange or substitution Comparisons
Unit of Measure Opinion

12. STRESSED POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES &
PRONOUNS
Masculino Feminino
Mío(s) Mía(s)
Tuyo(s) Tuya(s)
Suyo(s) Suya(s)
Nuestro(s) Nuestra(s)
Vuestro(s) Vuestra(s)
Suyo(s) Suya(s)
Stressed possessive adjectives are
placed after the nouns they
modify. Unstressed possessive
adjectives are placed before the
noun.
Must agree in gender
and number
Ellos son mis coches - =They
are my cars

13. MANDATAS FORMALES UD. + UDS.
1. Drop the final “o” in the yo form
2. AR Verbs (-e or –en) or ER/IR Verbs (-a or –an)
• Affirmative: Attach to command, add accent on third to last syllable, and
on the fourth to last if you add two (one pronoun or two)
• Negative: Place pronouns before command, and do not add accents

14. Affirmative:
1) Drop the ending of the verb
(habl)
2) Add a/e to the end (habla)
Ex. Habla tú más lentamente
Used to give someone a direct
command
TU COMMANDS
Negative:
1) Convert to yo form (hablo)
2) Drop O and add an as/es to the
end (opposite)(hables)
3) Add a no before the verb (no
hables)
Ex. No hables por el día

15. For Affirmative:
NOSOTROS COMMANDS
1) Convert verb to nosotros form (hablamos)
2) Drop the s at the end, and add the needed pronouns (hablamonos)
For Negative:
1) Convert to nosotros (hablamos)
2) Add a no then pronoun(s) before the verb (No nos hablamos)

16. ir- to go
Ser- to be
Saber – to know
Estar- to be
Dar- to give
Jugar- to play
Llegar- to get
Buscar- search for
Tocar- To touch
Empezar- To start
MANDATOS FORMALES IRREGULARES
Vaya(n)
Sea(n)
Sepa(n)
Esté(n)
Dé(n)
Juegue(n)
Llegue(n)
Busqie(n)
Toque(n)
Empiece(n)
T- Tener and Traer
V- Venir
D- Dar, Decir
I- Ir
S- Salir
H- Hacer, Haber
E- Estar
S- Ser
T- Tenga, Traiga
V- Venga
D- De, Dije
I- Vaya
S- Salga
H- Haga, Haya
E- Este
S- Sea

17. MÁS MANDATOS IRREGULARES
Tu Commands
Decir > di
Haver > haz
Ir > ve
Poner > pon
Salir > sal
Ser > sé
Tener > ten
Venir > ven

18. OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT
• For affirmative commands, the object pronouns are attached directly to
the end of the commanding form of the verb
• Compre + lo = Comprelo
• For negative commands, object pronouns come before the commanding
form of the verb
• No + compre + lo = No lo compre

19. 1. Start with yo form of present indicative (hablo)
2. Drop the –o ending (habl)
3. Add opposite endings depending on form (hable) (very similar to the
commands)
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

20. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF WILL
AND INFLUENCE
• Used to express desire, certainty, or objectivity
• Esperar que… > To wish that…
• Querer que… > to want that…
• Es necesario que… > It is necessary that…
• Creer que… > to believe that…
• No es dudoso que… > It is not doubtful that…