1. Grammer Book By: Bella Kviten

2. preterite, trigger words car/gar/zar spock verbs snake verbs and snakey verbs cucaracha irregulars imperfect trigger words Irregulars preterite vs. imperfect ser vs. estar verbs like gustar comparatives and superlatives transition words future irregulars trigger words por para conditional + irregulars perfect tenses present present perfect irregulars past subjunctive perfect tanto y tan impersonal ‘se’ saber vs. Conocer los mandatos Informal Formal nosotroscommand subjunctive + irregulars impersonal expressions expressions of emotion conjunctions of time demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

4. ayer

5. anteayer

6. el añopasado

7. la semanapasada

9. ir/ser fuí fuiste fue fuemos fuisteís fueron dar/ver -í -iste -ió -imos -isteís -ieron dar ver ser ir hacer hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteís hicieron Spock Verbs hacer

11. Pedir, preferir, competir, repetir, ser, vir, sentir, venir

12. o>u

13. Dormir, morir

14. i>y

15. oir

16. e>y

20. Siempre

21. A veces

22. De vez en cuando

23. Mientras

24. Muchasveces

25. Los lunes

26. Cadadia

28. vs.

29. Ser vs. Estar Ser D-description O-origins C-characteristics T-time O-occupation R-relationship P-possesion E-event D-date Estar H-health E-emotions L-location P-present conditon I- N- G- ING-ando, iendo

32. indicates that one thing is the –best, worst, most, or least of all. Bueno > Mejor Malo > Peor Viejo > Mayor Joven > Menor Mas de… Menos que… Tan…como

34. anunque – even though

35. mientras – while

36. pero – but

37. por lo tanto – therefore

38. sin embargo/no obstante – nevertheless

40. infinitive + ending

41. é

42. ás

43. á

44. emos

45. éis

47. El Futuro Trigger Words el proximo… (horas…) mañana en (dos, tres...) (horas…)

49. location (Portugal)

50. passing through (portal)

51. an exchange (import, export)

52. cause of something (porpuse)

53. how long something lasts (porever)

54. means pf transportation (transportation)

56. for whom something is done (surprise paraty)

57. purpose for which something is done (parasites)

58. to express an opinion (paradon me,)

59. to express idea of deadline (paramedic)

61. A compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle (-ar – ado, -er – ido, -ir– ido) of the other verb. For something that was true in the past and is still true in the present. For an action completed recently. To tell what you have or have not done. Present Perfect Conjugation of Haber

62. Present Perfect Irregulars Abrir– abierto Cubrir – cubierto Decir – dicho Escribir – escrito Hacer – hecho Morir – murto Poner – puesto Resolver – resuelto Resolver – resuelto Ver – visto Volver – vuelto Ir – ido

63. Used when you have or had done something in the past Drop -er or -ir and add -ido Drop -ar and add -ado Past Perfect + verb

64. Subjunctive Participle Used in same type of clauses as present subjunctive Normally used to indicate action as completed with verbs in present or future tense Use present subjunctive conjugation of verb habe and the past participle + participle

65. Tan Tan…como As…as Used with adjectives and adverbs Rita es tan alta como María Tanto Tanto…como As much/as many…as Used with nouns and verbs Tengo tanto dinero como Juan. Tan y Tanto

66. Use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person Verb always in third person Can be used in every tense Se hableEspanol. Se come pizzay fruita. Impersonal ‘Se’

67. Saber Used when stating factual information Él no sabenadar. Yo no sé. Conocer Saber vsConocer Used for knowledge of people, places or literature. Conozcoa Marley. Conozco Atlanta.

68. How to form Conjugate to usted form Drop ending Add opposite ending and ‘s’ Add DOP/IOP to end of verb If negative, add before verb, after no Irregulars Di Has Ve Pon Sal Se Ten Ven Informal Commands

69. How to form Conjugate to yo form Add opposite ending Add ‘n’ is plural Add DOP/IOP to end if affirmitive If negative, add before verb, after no Irregulars Dar (dé, den) Estar (esté, estén) Ir (vaya, vayan) Ser (sea, sean) Saber( sepa, sepan) Formal Commands

70. How to form Conjugate to nosotros form Add opposite ending Can add se or nos to the verb Mono Verbs When making reflexive for nos, drop the ‘s’ Not hablemosnos But hablemonos Nosotros Commands

71. Subjunctive Express attitudes, uncertantity, doubt Irregulares: TVDISHES

72. Impersonal Expressions

73. Expressions of emotion Alegrarse (de) – to be happy Esperar – to hope, to wish Sentir (e:ie)- to be sorry, to regret Soprender – surprise Temer- to be afraid ; to fear Es triste – it’s sad Ojalá (que) I hope (that), I wish (that) Main clause ( hope fear joy pity surprise) Sientoquetu no puedasvenirmanana. No change in subject – infinitive Change in subject – subjunctive

74. Conjunctions of time Use the subjunctive after the subordinate clause to show habits or something in the past Asi que Despues de que En cuanto Hasta que Luego que Tan pronto como

75. Demonstrative Adjectives este(this) ese (that) aquel (that) estos(these) esos (those) aquellos (those) esta(these) esa (that) aquella (that) estas(those) esas (that) aquellas (those) adjectives whose function is to point at something three sets of demonstrative adjectives vary by number and gender, 12 in all When used as a pronoun, just add an accent