SP3H Grammar book

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preterit (IYF)…………………………………………………………………………..3
Imperfect (IYF)……………………………………………………………………….4
Preterit vs Imperfect………………………………………………………………5
Constructions with Se…………………………………………………………….6
Adverbios………………………………………………………………………………..7
Por…………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Para…………………………………………………………………………………………9
Por vs. Para……………………………………………………………………….....10
Stressed Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns…………………........11
Commands……………………………………………………………………………..12
Object Pronoun Placement…………………………………………………….13
Present Subjunctive……………………………………………………………….14
Subjunctive with verbs of will and influence………………………..20
Semester Two Table of Contents…………………………………………21

3. PRETERITE
-Ar Verbs -Er/Ir Verbs
Yo-é Yo-í
Tú-aste Tú-iste
Él, ella, ud.-ó Él, ella, ud.-ó
Nosotros-amos Nosotros-imos
Uds- aron Uds- ieron
Ayer-
yesterday
Anoche- last
night
Después-
Afterwards
Anteayer-
the day
before
yesterday
La semana
pasada- last
week
El mes
pasado- last
month
El año
pasado- last
year
El fin de
semana
pasado- last
weekend
• Has a definite time in the past
• Has a beginning or ending
• The most recent past
• Shows Interruption
• Perfected time

4. CAR-GAR-ZAR
-que -camos
-caste Casteís
-có -caron
--cé -zamos
-zaste -zasteís
-zó -zaron
-gue -gamos
-gaste -gasteís
-gó -garon
Spock Verbs
-Dar/Ver -Hacer -Ser/Ir
-í -hice -fuí
-iste -hiciste -fuiste
-ió -hizo -fue
-imos -hicimos -fuimos
-isteis -hicisteís -fuisteis
-ieron -hicieron -fueron

5. IMPERFECT
-ar -er -ir
Yo Aba Ía Ía
Tu Abas Ías Ías
Usted Aba Ía Ía
Nos Abamos Íamos Íamos
Vos Abais Íais Íais
Ustedes Aban Ían Ían
Todos los dias- every day
Cada dia- every day
Cada mes- everymonth
Siempre- always
Nunca- never
A veces- sometimes
Muchas Veces- many times
Frecuentemente- frequently
A muendo- often
Casi siempre- almost always
Todo el tiempo- all the time
Todos los lunes- every
Monday
Irregular Ser Ver Ir
Yo Era Veía Iba
Tu Eras Veías Ibas
Usted Era Veía Iba
Nos Éramos Vivíamos Íbamos
Vos Erais Veíais Ibais
Ustedes eran Veían Iban

6. PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT
-Completed actions in
the past
-Have a defined
beginning and end
-Specific time
-Continuing actions
-Non-completed
-Outgoing
-Not a specific time
-
Takes
place
in the
past

7. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH SE
Use “se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb
When using “se” the verb is always in the 3rd person
Can be used in all tenses
▪ Ejemplos
▪ Se vende fruta en el mercado
▪ Se habla Ingles
▪ Se hizo mucho

8. ADVERBIOS
Add –mente (in most cases) to the feminine singular form of an adjective
This ending corresponds to –ly in English

9. POR
Passing through something (PORtal)
General description rather than specific description Location (PORtugal)
How long something lasts (PORever)
The cause of something (PORpuse)
An exchange (imPORt or exPORt)
Doing something in place or instead of someone else (I can get that POR
you)
A means of transportation (transPORtation)

10. PARA
For whom something is done (Jack’s PARAty)
Destination (PARAguay)
Purpose for which something is done
Expresses an opinion (PARAdon me, but I like blue)
To compare or contrast (comPARAson)
Express an idea of deadline (PARAmedic)

11. POR VS. PARA
Por Para
Motion or a general location Destination Place
Duration of an action Destination Person
Reason or motive for an action Future time limit
Object of a search Purpose or goal
Means by which something is done Use or function
Exchange or substitution Comparisons
Unit of Measure Opinion

12. STRESSED POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES &
PRONOUNS
Masculin
o
Feminino
Mío(s) Mía(s)
Tuyo(s) Tuya(s)
Suyo(s) Suya(s)
Nuestro(s) Nuestra(s)
Vuestro(s) Vuestra(s)
Suyo(s) Suya(s)
Stressed possessive
adjectives are placed after the
nouns they modify.
Unstressed possessive
adjectives are placed before
the noun.
Must agree in
gender and number
Ellos son mis coches -
=They are my cars

13. MANDATAS FORMALES UD. + UDS.
1. Drop the final “o” in the yo form
2. AR Verbs (-e or –en) or ER/IR Verbs (-a or –an)
• Affirmative: Attach to command, add accent on third to last syllable,
and on the fourth to last if you add two (one pronoun or two)
• Negative: Place pronouns before command, and do not add accents

14. TU COMMANDS
Affirmative:
1) Drop the ending of the verb (habl)
2) Add a/e to the end (habla)
Ex. Habla tú más lentamente
Used to give someone a direct
command
Negative:
1) Convert to yo form (hablo)
2) Drop O and add an as/es to
the end (opposite)(hables)
3) Add a no before the verb
(no hables)
Ex. No hables por el día

15. NOSOTROS COMMANDS
For Affirmative:
1) Convert verb to nosotros form (hablamos)
2) Drop the s at the end, and add the needed pronouns (hablamonos)
For Negative:
1) Convert to nosotros (hablamos)
2) Add a no then pronoun(s) before the verb (No nos hablamos)

16. MANDATOS FORMALES IRREGULARES
ir- to go
Ser- to be
Saber – to know
Estar- to be
Dar- to give
Jugar- to play
Llegar- to get
Buscar- search for
Tocar- To touch
Empezar- To start
Vaya(n)
Sea(n)
Sepa(n)
Esté(n)
Dé(n)
Juegue(n)
Llegue(n)
Busqie(n)
Toque(n)
Empiece(n)
T- Tener and Traer
V- Venir
D- Dar, Decir
I- Ir
S- Salir
H- Hacer, Haber
E- Estar
S- Ser
T- Tenga,
Traiga
V- Venga
D- De, Dije
I- Vaya
S- Salga
H- Haga,
Haya
E- Este
S- Sea

17. MÁS MANDATOS IRREGULARES
Tu Commands
Decir > di
Haver > haz
Ir > ve
Poner > pon
Salir > sal
Ser > sé
Tener > ten
Venir > ven

18. OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT
• For affirmative commands, the object pronouns are attached directly
to the end of the commanding form of the verb
• Compre + lo = Comprelo
• For negative commands, object pronouns come before the
commanding form of the verb
• No + compre + lo = No lo compre

19. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
1. Start with yo form of present indicative (hablo)
2. Drop the –o ending (habl)
3. Add opposite endings depending on form (hable) (very similar to the
commands)

20. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF WILL AND
INFLUENCE
• Used to express desire, certainty, or objectivity
• Esperar que… > To wish that…
• Querer que… > to want that…
• Es necesario que… > It is necessary that…
• Creer que… > to believe that…
• No es dudoso que… > It is not doubtful that…

21. TABLE OF CONTENTS - SEMESTER 2
Present Subjunctive
Subjuntive with verbs of will and influence
Subujunctive w/emotions
subjunctive w/doubt + certainty
Subjunctive w/conjunctions
Subjunctive w/adverbial clauses
IYF (in your face) command page including nosotros commands.
past participles used as adjectives
present perfect
past perfect
acabar de + infinitive AND ya
future
conditional
past subjunctive

22. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
Used to express actions that are uncertain or hypothetical
Same conjugation as formal commands but also includes nosotros/yo
Trigger Words: Que
Ejemplos: Hablar (Hable, Hables, Hable, Hablemos, Habléis, Hablen)
-Reverse –ar endings to –er and vice versa after converting to yo form

23. SUBJUNTIVE WITH
VERBS OF WILL AND
INFLUENCEAconsejar – To advise
Importar – To be important; to matter
Insistir (en) – To insist (on)
Mandar – To order
Prohibir – To prohibit
Recomendar (e-ie) –To recommend
Rogar (o-ue) – To beg; To plead
Sugerir (e-ie) – To suggest

24. SUBJUNCTIVE W/EMOTIONS
Use the infinitive after an expression of emotion when there is no change of
subject
Ojala is always followed by a subjunctive. Que is optional

25. SUBJUNCTIVE W/DOUBT + CERTAINTY
Perhaps= Doubt
Used when there is a change in subject and the main clause implies
negation or uncertainty
Use the indicative when there is no doubt or uncertainty

26. SUBJUNCTIVE W/CONJUNCTIONS
To clauses that are separated by a conjunction
Use the subjunctive in the subordinate clause if the main clause expresses
future action or command
Use indicative if the verb in the main clause expresses an action that
habitually happens or happened in the past
Use the infinitive after “antes de”, “para”, or “sin” when there is no subject
change
Ejemplos: Antes de (que), a menos (que), para (que)

27. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Adverbs indicate such things as why, where, when, and how. Typical
adverbs in English are words like “soon”, “here” and “quickly”;
adverbial phrases are groups of words used in the same way, such as
“on Sunday” or “with compassion”. Likewise, an entire clause —
remember that a clause has a subject and predicate— may have an
adverbial function
Adverbial clauses are introduced by conjunctions, such as para que (so
that), antes de que (before), and hasta que (until). The indicative or
subjunctive mood may be required in the adverbial clause in Spanish,
or an adverbial phrase (preposition plus infinitive) may be used

28. NOSOTROS COMMANDS
Nosotros commands are used
when the speaker is included,
and are used to express the idea
"let's + verb." To form these
commands, use the nosotros
form of the present subjunctive
To form the negative command,
place the word no before the same
verb form (present subjunctive)
The only exception is the verb
ir(se), which uses the present
indicative for the affirmative
command only.
As with other commands, a
written accent is often required
when pronouns are added. With
affirmative commands, the final
"s" of the verb form is dropped
before adding the pronouns
"nos" or "se.“
"Vamos a + infinitive" can also
be used to convey the
meaning
Positive: Abramos
Negative: No abramos

29. PAST PARTICIPLES USED AS ADJECTIVES
The past participle will be important in future lessons covering the perfect
tenses. To form the past participle, simply drop the infinitive ending (-
ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).
hablar - ar + ado = hablado
comer - er + ido = comido
vivir - ir + ido = vivido

30. PAST PARTICIPLES USED AS ADJECTIVES
IRREGULARS
abrir (to open) - abierto (open)
cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)
decir (to say) - dicho (said)
escribir (to write) - escrito (written)
freír (to fry) - frito (fried)
hacer (to do) - hecho (done)
morir (to die) - muerto (dead)
poner (to put) - puesto (put)
resolver (to resolve) - resuelto (resolved)
romper (to break) - roto (broken)
ver (to see) - visto (seen)
volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)
Compound Irregulars
componer – compuesto
describir – descrito
devolver - devuelto

31. PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past
participle.
Because the present perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and
the auxiliary verb.
The present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with
the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:
He
Has
Ha
Hemos
Habéis
han

32. PAST PERFECT
The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle
Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the
auxiliary verb
The past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber"
with the past participle
● Había vivido
● Habías vivido
● Había vivido
● Habíamos vivido
● Habíais vivido
● Habían vivido

33. Acabar de + infinitive AND ya
The first verb is conjugated, while the second verb remains in the infinitive form
Yo voy a viajar a España
Tú acabas de comer.
One expression combines the verb acabar (conjugated) with an infinitive
Acabo de llevar a mi hermana a su casa
Cristina acaba de conversar con mi mamá
Adding “ya” to the expression means it already happened
Ellos ya acaban nadar en el mar

34. FUTURE
● The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen
● But, the future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something
● The future tense is also used to express wonder or probability in the present state
● For actions that will occur in the near future, the present tense is more commonly used.
● Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb:
○ -é
○ -ás
○ -á
○ -emos
○ -éis
○ -án

35. Future Irregulars
Caber (Cabré)
Poner (Pondré)
Decir (diré)
Haber (habré)
Salir (saldré)
Hacer (haré)
Poder (podré)
Tener (tendré)
Querer (querré)
Valer (valdrè)
Saber (sabrè)
Venir (vendrè)

36. CONDITIONAL
Frequently, the conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture,
and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably
when "would" is used in the sense of a repeated action in the past, the imperfect is used
To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, add appropriate verb ending in
the table
-ar -ìamos
-ìas -ìais
-ìa -ìan

37. Conditional Irregulars
Caber (Cabría)
Poner (Pondría)
Decir (diría)
Haber (habría)
Salir (saldría)
Hacer (haría)
Poder (podría)
Tener (tendría)
Querer (querría)
Valer (valdría)
Saber (sabría)
Venir (vendría)

38. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
1) Put in third person preterite
2) Drop -ron
3) Add appropriate verb for table on the
left
-ra -ramos
-ras
-ra -ran
Used in the same context as present
subjunctive, but in the past.
Verb in main clause is usually preterite or
imperfect