1. Two Main Layers Of Skin
Katherine Pina
The human body has two main layers of skin. The first layer is the epidermis which is above the second layer, the
dermis. These two are separated by the basement membrane. This first layer is the most superficial layer of skin, which
means that it is visible to the human eye without an injury. The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and is thinner than
the dermis. However, these do not stop the epidermis from taking care, and protecting the body. There is a good number
of layers of cells within the epidermis, they are split up into regions, also known as strata. These layers are named,
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granuiosum, stratum lucidum, and lastly the most superficial layer, the stratum
corneum. These laers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is what connects the epidermis to the basement membrane, by means of hemidesmosomes, this also anchors the
basement membrane to the dermis. Every 19 days keratinocytes are undergoing mitotic divison. These keratinocytes are
held in place by desmosomes, and use keratin fibers to supple strength. The stratum spinosum is the next layer up, as
each layer goes up, it becomes more superficial. These layers are between 8–10 many–sided cells. In this layer the
desmosomes are broken apart and create news ones, before this the cells push to the surface as they flatten. While being
seen through a microscope the cells appear to be spiny, which the name is referenced to. Inside the keratinocytes lamellar
are formed from keratin fibers. Mitosis doesn't take place in this layer. The stratum granulosum is two to five somewhat
flatten layers, of diamond shaped cells. This layer produces keratin fibers which are used in the all the layers. Nonprotein
membrane bound granules called keratohyalin, migrate to the cytoplasm. A release of lipids causes the nucleus to
degenerate and die. However, the keratin fibers and keratinohylain
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2.
3. What Is Cellular Specialisation
Cellular specialisation is very important
Tissues are groups of similar cells carrying out specific functions.
In the human body we have four main tissues, Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous.
Epithelial tissues line all body surface. The epithelial tissue can have one or more layers. Epithelial tissues is related with
protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. For example, the epidermis has epithelial cells that protect our body.
There two groups of epithelia: when the cells are grouped in one layer are called simple, if the cells are grouped in two
or more layer is called stratified.
Cubical – these are cube shaped with a spherical nuclei, they are often found in the kidney tubes, sweat ducts and glands
like the thyroid gland and breast tissue. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theyre also positioned close together in random patterns, simple squamous epithelium is found on the walls of the lung
aveoli and the blood capileries.
Compound being,
* To protect deeper structures, this can be found in the vagina, mouth, tongue and the oesophagus this is lined by
stratified epithelia (simple) which then consist of layers being squamous, cuboidal or columnar cells which eventually
become flattened due to pressure from below as the rech the surface.
Secondly, Muscle is an excitable tissue because it's capable of responding to stimuli, the three different types of muscle
tissue are, striated, non–striated and cardiac.
* Striated – also known as voluntary, skeletal or striped muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton although some
facial muscles are attached to skin.
Non–striated – also known as involuntary, smooth or plain muscle contains protein filaments.
Cardiac – this muscle is only found in the four chambers (atria and ventricles) of the heart. It is capable of rhythmically
contracting without receiving any nervous
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4.
5. Kidney And Corne Aquaporin Analysis
Aquaporin: Structure and Role in Kidney and Cornea
The isolation of aquaporin helped many scientists to determine the nature of aquaporin as a water channel protein and
work out how water transport occurs across membrane.
Structure of Aquaporin
Aquaporin consists of a tetramer (Verkman et al, 2014) and each monomer has a single aqueous pore that allows water
transportation and prevents proton transfer (Agre et al, 2002). There is an extracellular and cytoplasmic vestibule in each
monomer which connects to a central amphipatic pore region that has a hydrophilic (α–carbonyl groups) and
hydrophobic surface that helps preventing permeation of larger molecules (Verkman et at, 2014). There are six
membrane domains in each aquaporin that then form ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cornea is part of the ocular surface system and is of vital importance to maintain its slightly dehydrated state
(Gipson, 2007). The cornea consists of layered structures as shown in Figure 3. Corneal epithelium consists of three
layers of superficial, wing and basal cells and is the main refractive site of the eye and is constantly bathed by water
(tears) secreted from lacrimal glands (Schey et al, 2014). Keratocytes are scattered among a network of collagen fibrils
which are spaced in the stroma is important in maintaining the transparency of the cornea (ibid). The endothelium layer
is immersed in an aqueous humor and gives access to fluid and nutrients for the cornea (ibid). Changes in the corneal
water volume will change the length and spacing of stromal collagen fibrils which later affects the transparency of the
cornea (ibid). Both AQP5 and AQP1 are the major channels for water transport across the corneal epithelium and
endothelium (ibid). AQP5 is responsible for water transport across the corneal epithelium onto the ocular surface due to
the high osmotic pressure of the tear film (ibid). AQP1 facilitates water transport across the corneal endothelium and
together with epithelial AQP5, maintains the slightly dehydrated and transparent stromal layer of the eye
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6.
7. Essay about Basic anatomy and Physiology
Exam one Study Guide: Basic Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy– the study of structure Subdivisions: –Gross
(macroscopic) – visible to the naked eye, such as surface area, regional areas or anatomy systems –Microscopic –
extremely small areas that usually need a microscope to be seen such as cytology (the study of the shape and function of
plant or animal cells) or histology ( the study of the microscopic structure of tissue) –Developmental– compared to the
evolutional study of something such as embryology ( the study of the development of an embryo) Physiology– the study
of function at many different levels I.E. Such as the organ systems Subdivisions: –Is based on where an organ is placed
within the body ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
wrist muscle in forearm) – Also some people have extra pieces in their body (i.e. nerves) – May be asymptomatic (no
problems) or symptomatic (problems) one being people having nerve problems Body Cavities: –Dorsal: Protects nervous
system –Subdivisions: Cranial (brain) & Vertebral (Spinal Cord) –Ventral: Holds internal organs –Subdivisions: Thoracic
(ribcage) & Abdominopelvic (Abdomen and pelvis) Serous Membrane: – Double layered membrane that is separated by
fluid – Parietal: lines body walls –Visceral: lines internal organs Regions: Nine Regions: – Right Hypochondriac Region:
Organs found in this region are
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8.
9. Outline the Structure of the Main Tissues of the Body.
P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body.
In this assignment I'm going to talk about the structure of the main tissues which are found within the body as well as
what their role is in the terms of two named organs of the body. Tissues are a collection of similar cells that group
together to carry out a specific function within the body. There are four different types of tissue found in the human body
which include; epithelial tissue; connective tissue; muscle tissue and nerve tissue.
The first type of tissue found in the human body is epithelial tissue. These types of tissue are found covering the whole
surface of the body, lining of cavities, hollow organs and tubes. The cells a very closely packed and are arranged in one
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Transitional epithelium is also composed of several layers but is constructive of pear shaped cells instead. This type of
tissue is stretchy, meaning it can contract and expand. It is usually found lining the urinary bladder as it allows for
stretching as the bladder fills up.
The second type of tissue found in the body is connective tissue. They lie beneath the epithelial tissue helping to connect
different part of the internal structure, the cells are more widely separated from each other then in epithelial tissue. The
intercellular substance known as the matrix is found in considerably large amounts. Within the matrix there are usually
fibres which may be a jelly like consistency or dense and rigid depending on the type, function and positioning of the
tissue. Theses fibres form a supporting system for cells to attach to. The major functions of connective tissue are to
transport materials, give structural support and protection. The types of connective tissue that will be explained are
blood, bone, cartilage, bone, areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
Blood is made up of straw coloured plasma, the matrix, in which various types of blood are carried. Plasma is mainly
water where substances are carried such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, salts,
enzymes and hormones. Also there is a combination of important proteins which help with blood clotting, transport,
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10.
11. Essay On Systemic Enteric Fever
Generalized systemic enteric fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, enlarged spleen, and constipation followed by more
severe abdominal symptoms; rose spots on trunk in 25% of Caucasian patients; complications include ulceration of
Peyer's patches in ileum, can produce hemorrhage or perforation; Common enterocolitis may result without enteric fever;
characterized by headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration may result; case fatality of 16%
reduced to 1% with antibiotic therapy; mild and atypical infections occur ("Salmonella typhi | MSDSonline", 2017)
Gastrointestinal contaminations are overwhelmingly connected with those serotypes which happen broadly in people.
They can go in seriousness from asymptomatic carriage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Systemic Disease
Host–adapted serotypes are more invasive and tend to cause systemic disease in their hosts; a feature which is linked to
their resistance to phagocytic killing. In humans, this applies to the typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli, S. Typhi, and S.
Paratyphi A, B, and C, which cause the septicemia diseases, enteric fever. Typhoid fever has an incubation period of
anything from 3 to 56 days, though it is usually between 10 and 20 days. Invasive salmonellas penetrate the intestinal
epithelium and are then carried by the lymphatics to the mesenteric lymph nodes. After multiplication in the
macrophages, they are released to drain into the bloodstream and are then disseminated around the body. They are
removed from the blood by macrophages but continue to multiply within them. This eventually kills the macrophages
which then release large numbers of bacteria into the blood stream causing a septicemia. In this, the first phase of the
illness, the organism may be cultured from the blood. There is a slow onset of symptoms including fever, headache,
abdominal tenderness and constipation and the appearance of the body of rose red spots which fade on pressure. During
the second stage of the illness, the organism reaches the gall bladder where it multiplies in the bile. The flow of infected
bile infects the small intestine causing inflammation and ulceration. The fever persists but with
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12.
13. Hiscology Of Bladder: Histology Of Gall Transgender
HISTOLOGY OF BILIARY SYSTEM
Histology of Gall bladder:
Figure (9): Histology of GB 1. Mucous membrane. 2. Mucosal folds. 3. Muscle coat. 4. Serous layer (Krause, 2005).
(GB= Gallbladder)
The wall of the GB consists of mucosa, which is composed of simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria, a layer of
smooth muscles, well–developed per–muscular connective tissue layer and serous membrane. The mucosa has abundant
folds that are particularly evident in the empty GB. The epithelial cells are rich in mitochondria and have their nuclei in
their basal third; all these cells are capable of secreting small amounts of mucous. Microvilli are frequent at the apical
surface. Near the CD, the epithelium invaginates into the lamina propria forming tubuloacinar glands with wide lumens.
Cells of these glands have characteristics of mucous secreting cells and are responsible for the production of most of the
mucous present in the bile (Singh, 2011).
The muscular layer is thin, with most of the smooth muscle cells arranged around the circumference of the GB. A thick
connective tissue layer binds the superior surface of the GB to the liver. The opposite surface is covered by a serous layer
and the peritoneum (Singh, 2011).
Histology of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of them have a common structure. They have a mucosa surrounded by a wall made up of connective tissue, in which
some smooth muscle may be present. The mucosa is lined by a tall columnar epithelium with a striated border. At its
lower end the bile duct is joined by the main pancreatic duct, the two usually forming a common hepato–pancreatic duct
(or ampulla) that opens into the duodenum at the summit of the major duodenal papilla. The mucosa of the hepato–
pancreatic duct is highly folded. These folds are believed to constitute a valvular mechanism that prevents duodenal
contents from entering the bile and pancreatic ducts (Krause,
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14.
15. The Hooves Of Horses Are Particularly Prone
The hooves of horses are especially prone to infection, due to their constant exposure to bacteria and sensitivity of the
hoof wall to environmental changes. Abscesses within the hoof may vary in degree, ranging from mild to life
threatening. Typically, abscesses occur when bacteria are introduced into the epithelium of the hoof, where the body
responds and produces purulent fluid that effectively forms a pocket. This pocket will become enlarged with pus and due
to the inability of the hoof to expand, pressure will begin to build up and cause pain. Severe lameness and resistance to
bearing weight on the painful hoof is therefore the first sign of an abscess. Normally, the thick outer wall and sole of the
hoof protects the more sensitive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stratum basale and stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum (forms the hoof capsule) are subdivisions of the
epidermis. The five regions of the hoof include the coronary band, the hoof wall, the sole, the frog, and the heel bulbs.
Highly specialized subcutaneous tissues within the hoof include the perioplic tissue, coronary tissue, lamellar tissue,
solar tissue, and cuneate tissue.
The outer hoof wall consists of keratinized laminar epithelium that is constantly being regenerated. Regeneration of the
hoof wall takes place at the coronary band where there are basal epithelial cells that produce keratinocytes. Just below
the outer hoof wall sits the lamina, connecting the interior wall to the distal phalanx, and acts to secure the bone in place.
The lamellae layers consist of the stratum externum, stratum medium, and stratum internum (see Figure 1). The laminar
layer surrounds the distal phalanx (P3) and makes up the statum internum (lamellatum) of the laminar corium, consisting
of keritanized primary laminae, and non–keratinized secondary laminae. The strong bond between the hoof wall and
pedal bone is a result of interdigitating of the primary and secondary laminae as shown in figure 2 (Ownby, 2002),
(Anatomy of the Hoof Capsule, n.d.).
The band of soft tissue that acts as the junction between the epithelium of the pastern and the coronary band is the
periople, which produces the outer layer of the hoof wall
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16.
17. Bronchogenic Cysts Research Paper
INTRODUCTION: Bronchogenic cysts are formed due to abnormal budding of bronchial tree. They are lined by
respiratory epithelium. They are not air filled as they do not commonly communicate with the bronchial tree. They are
filled with fluid containing proteins, blood products and calcium oxalate.
One third are located in the lung parenchyma and two third are located in the mediastinum. 40 to 50% of all congenital
cysts in the thorax are bronchogenic cysts. On CT scans they appear as round mass with attenuation similar to soft tissue
or water.
Symptoms arise only when the cyst compresses surrounding structures. Most cysts are asymptomatic.
We present a case of a young lady who presented with an incidentally detected cavitory lesion on routine ... Show more
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The age of the patient, non‑smoker status, absence of emphysema or abnormality suggesting a previous tuberculosis
insult lessens the possibility of a bulla. Cystic bronchiectasis is unlikely considering the solitary nature, lower lobe
location and lack of recurrent lung infections.
Treatment for both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients is surgical resection. Surgical resection is the treatment of
choice in all patients including those who are asymptomatic considering the risk of recurrent infections. If CCAM is
detected antenatally or at birth, surgical resection is done between 1 and 6 months of age as the scope for compensatory
lung growth after resection is much better in infants compared to adults.
The standard therapy has been a posterolateral thoracotomy or median–sternotomy with intrapulmonary cysts requiring
segmental or lobar resection.
Histopathological Examination in this patient revealed hyalinised collagen tissue devoid of any lining epithelium except
a localized area having squamous epithelium and syncytium with multiple nuclei.
The underlying lung parenchyma showed dilated bronchioles, normal alveolar spaces and focal lymphocytic
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18.
19. Mucus Essay
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in the gastrointestinal tract
Mucus is a thick secretion made up of water, electrolytes, and a mixture of several glycoproteins. The Glycoproteins are
made up of large polysaccharides which are bound with much smaller quantities of protein.
Mucus is slightly different in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It has numerous important characteristics
applicable everywhere that make it both a superb lubricant and a protectant for the wall of the gut. These are as follows:
1. It has adherent qualities – it adheres tightly to the food or other particles to spread as a thin film over the surfaces.
2. It has sufficient body – the wall of the gut is coated by the mucus and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It causes fecal particles to adhere to one another to form the fecal masses that are excreted during a bowel movement.
5. It can't be easily digested by the gastrointestinal enzymes (very strong resistance).
6. The glycoproteins of mucus have amphoteric properties (they are capable of buffering small amounts of either acids or
alkalies) and mucus regularly contains moderate amounts of bicarbonate ions, which particularly neutralise acids.
Mucus allows easy slippage of food along the gastrointestinal tract and to prevent abrasive or chemical damage to the
epithelium. When the salivary glands does not secrete saliva you very quickly become aware of the lubricating qualities
of mucus, as it is then difficult to swallow solid food even when it is eaten while drinking large amounts of water.
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in other parts of the body
The mucus secreted by the epithelial cells within the linings of the respiratory and upper gastrointestinal tracts also
contains antimicrobial chemicals. As mucus is sticky, particles that stick to it are prevented from entering the blood. In
the upper respiratory tract they are swept by ciliary action up into the pharynx and then swallowed, or are phagocytosed
by macrophages in the various
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20.
21. Oral Mucosa At The Macroscopic Level
The oral mucosa is a specialized tissue lining the oral cavity and consists of the following components: (1) the
masticatory mucosa, which lines the gingiva and the hard palate; (2) the specialized mucosa covering the dorsum of the
tongue; and (3) the lining mucosa which covers the reminder of the oral cavity [201, 202]. The gingiva is considered an
adaptation of the oral masticatory mucosa covering the alveolar bone and surrounding the cervical portions of teeth. The
gingiva protects the roots of teeth, and underlying alveolar bone from mechanical trauma and serves as the first line of
defence against bacteria by preventing it from reaching the deeper structures [201, 203]. The gingiva can be demarcated
into several zones at the macroscopic (as perceived by the unaided eye) and the microscopic levels according to anatomy
or/ and function.
2.3.1.2.1 Oral mucosa at the macroscopic level
The normal healthy appearance of the gingiva is coral pink with a scalloped coronal border known as the free gingival
margin. The free gingival margin is approximately located 1.5 to 2 mm coronal to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) in
healthy fully erupted teeth [204]. On the other end, the gingiva becomes continuous with the loose, red lining mucosa
known as "the alveolar mucosa". The alveolar mucosa differs in colour since it has a thin non–keratinized epithelium and
loose connective tissues that contain numerous blood vessels but no rete pegs. Typically, the gingiva can be easily
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22.
23. Level 3 Health and Social Care, Unit 5 P2
Unit 5 P2 Explain what they are, their functions and where they are found. Then go into detail about two organs, with
their functions, what tissues they are made of and where they are found in the body. Tissues: Tissues are groups of
similar cells that have specific functions. In this piece of work I'll talk about these types of cells: Epithelial Tissues:
Epithelial are the lining of internal and external surfaces and body cavities, including tubes/channels (ducts) carrying
secretions from glands. Epithelial tissues can be made of several layers of cells (called compound epithelia), or a single
layer known as simple epithelia. The lowest layer of cells is attached to the basement membrane for support and
connection. Part of the basement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The matrix of a tissue can be secreted by the connective tissues within the body. The functions of connective tissues are
to transport materials around the body to give support to the weak areas to protect and support the body. Body Organs:
The body has different organs that work together and they make up a system such as the Respiratory system, the
cardiovascular system, the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system. These are the main systems within the body
and are made up of individual organs that then work together. For instance, the respiratory system is made of the nose,
lungs, heart and this lets us breathe. Blood: Blood is a bodily fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells within
the body. Blood has plasma that lets the different types of blood travel round the body. Plasma contains proteins that
have different functions for the blood– clotting, transporting and defence organisms and osmotic organisations. The
plasma carries the red blood cell which has a elastic membrane so it can fit through the small capillaries within the body.
Red blood cells can be also known as erythrocytes they don't have a nucleus when they are matured which gives a bigger
space for oxygen, although as there is no nuclei the red blood cells can't divide so they only live for around 120 days.
Red blood cells gain their colour from haemoglobin, oxygenated blood which is known as arterial blood which flows
through the arteries coming from the heart and
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24.
25. Epidemiological Studies On Erds
Epidemiological data
The annual incidence of ARDS is 13–23 people per 100,000 in the general population and it is higher in the
mechanically ventilated population in intensive care units which represents 16.1% percent in ventilated. Pneumonia and
sepsis are considered as leading trigger of ARDS as pneumonia represent in up to 60% of patients and may be either
causes or complications of ARDS and according to literature approximately 30% of patients with severe sepsis may
develop ARDS or ALI. Other triggers include aspiration, circulatory shock, mechanical ventilation, smoke inhalation,
trauma especially pulmonary contusion major surgery, massive blood transfusions, drug reaction or overdose, fat emboli
and reperfusion pulmonary edema after lung transplantation or pulmonary embolectomy. Alcohol excess appears to
increase the risk of ARDS. Until the 1990s, majority of studies reported a 40–70% mortality rate for ARDS. However, 2
reports in the 1990s, one from a large county hospital in Seattle and one from the United Kingdom, suggested much
lower mortality rates, in the range of 30–40%. Possible explanations for the improved survival rates may be better
understanding and treatment of sepsis, recent changes in the mechanical ventilation, and better overall supportive care of
critically ill patients. (Koh et al, 2012)
We noticed that most deaths in ARDS are related to sepsis or multiorgan failure rather than to a primary pulmonary
cause, although the recent success of mechanical
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26.
27. The Basic Types Of Tissue
Tissue
In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:
1. Connective tissue
2. Muscle tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue & subtypes
The epithelial tissue covers inner and outer layer/surface of the body, e.g. the stomach, or blood lines, vessels and the
lung.
The epithelium consists of closely packed, flattened cells that make up the inside/ outside lining of body areas. Epithelial
tissues that cover/line surfaces are classified by cell shape and by the number of cell layers, the image on the left is the
subtypes of epithelial tissue;
Squamous – flattened cells, fried egg shape in appearance. The nucleus is flattened and centrally located. Because of
their thin membrane and large surface area, it allows passage of small molecules e.g. air diffusion in the lungs. The
function of simple squamous tissue is absorption & excretion of gases lungs. And the function of stratified squamous is
protection due to its many layers and is located in the outer layer of skin, oral cavity lining, esophagus, vaginal & anal
canal.
Cuboidal– cubed or squarish shaped, has a single nucleus located in the middle. The simple cuboidal tissue can be found
in the lines of kidney tubules and glands it's function is absorption, secretion and protection. The stratified cuboidal
tissue is found in the lines ducts of sweat glands, it's job is to secrete water & ions.
Columnar– has the shape of a column. The simple columnar tissue is a single row of tall, closely
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28.
29. Factors Contributing From Changes After Pars Plana
Factors Contributing To Pachymetry Changes After Pars Plana Vitrectomy Samir Mohamed Elbahha, MD,* Amir
Ramadan Gomaa, MD,** Mahmoud Alaa Abouhussein, FRCO Glasgow–MD** * Professor of Ophthalmology, Faculty
of medicine, Alexandria University **Lecturer of Ophthalmology, Faculty of medicine, Alexandria University Purpose:
to evaluate factors contributing to pachymetry changes after vitrectomy. Methods: Central corneal thickness was
measured by ultrasonic pachymetry preoperatively and immediately post–operatively in 42 eyes of patients who
underwent 20 or 23 gauge pars plana vitrectomy with or without scleral buckling for indications including epiretinal
membrane, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment and with
injection of silicone oil, sulfur hexafluoride gas, air or saline. Results: Central corneal thickness was significantly
increased at the end of the surgery by 3.4%(0.017 mm). The mean duration of surgery was 27.8 ± 11.06 minutes. Longer
operative time and more cryotherapy applications were associated with more corneal edema. More operative time and
more corneal edema occurred in younger patients, non diabetics, phakic eyes, cases of 20gauge vitrectomy and circulage,
eyes with RRD, the use of Ringer 's solution and the use of gas. Cases of 20 gauge vitrectomy and 23 gauge vitrectomy
did not show significant difference in corneal edema or operative duration. Conclusions: The longer duration vitrectomy,
reflected in
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30.
31. Classification of Tissues Essays
R E V I E W
NAME____________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
S H E E T
EXERCISE
6A
Print Form
Classification of Tissues
Tissue Structure and Function–General Review
A group of cells similar in structure and function. 1. Define tissue.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Use the key choices to identify the major tissue types described below. Key: a. b c c, d a b d c b a a a d connective
tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue
1. lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface 2. pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are three general characteristics of connective tissues?
__________________________________________________ . large amount of noncellular material called matrix
between the cells.
12. What functions are performed by connective tissue? Protection, support, and the binding of other tissues of the body.
13. How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure? The large amount of extracellular matrix
provides strength to protect the body.
14. Using the key, choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. c a c f i b h d h i a 1.
attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones 2. acts as a storage depot for fat 3. the dermis of the skin 4. makes up the
intervertebral discs 5. forms the hip bone 6. composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike
matrix 7. forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton 8. provides a flexible framework
for the external ear 9. firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth 10.
matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on 11. insulates against heat loss
15. Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single
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32.
33. Esophagus Research Paper
1– Mucosa or mucosal membrane; the type of mucosal membrane varies depend on the location within the GI tract. For
example, the mucosa of the oesophagus is composed of tough and stratified epithelium. The mucosa of the rest of the
tract is a delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium.
2– Submucosa; is a connective tissue layer that lies just bellow the mucosa. It contains many blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels and nerves.
3– Muscularis; two or three layers of smooth muscle tissue make the muscularis layer. These muscle layers have an
important role in the GI tract motility.
4– Serosa; is the outermost covering of the digestive tube. In the abdominal cavity the serosal covering is called visceral
peritoneum. It attaches the digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity forming folds called mesenteries. ...
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Discuss the esophagus and its function. Page 502
The esophagus is a collapsible, muscular mucous lined tube about 25 cm long and extend from the pharynx to the
stomach. It is the first segment of the digestive tube and its muscular wall make it a dynamic passageway able to push
food toward the stomach. Each end of the esophagus is guarded by a muscular sphincter. The upper sphincter helps to
prevent air from entering the tube during respiration, and the lower sphincter normally prevents backflow of the acidic
stomach content.
11. Describe the stomach and how it functions. Page
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34.
35. How Internalisation Of Subgingival Bacteria By Epithelial...
DENT262C Oral Microbiology
Does internalisation of subgingival bacteria by epithelial cells represent invasion by the bacteria or a defensive strategy
of the host?
I.D. 58962
Word Count:1828
Summary
Residence within host gingival epithelia cells provides bacteria with a nutrient–rich, generally reducing environment that
is partially protected from the host immune system. Accessing this secure environment isvital in the early stages of
sulcus colonization by periodontal bacteria, as low numbers of bacteria are susceptible to clearance by immune
mechanisms. While this does not immediately contribute to disease, invasive bacteria use the intracellular location to
safely persist and replicate. The main bacteria focused in this essay isP. gingivalis. It is a gram–negative anaerobic
bacteria that is associated with more severe forms of the periodontal disease.P. gingivalisuses many mechanisms for
adhesion and internalisation into host cells such a frimbriae, gingipains, and proteolytic enzymes. These and other
processes cause induction of host's immune–inflammatory activity, which affects the structures supporting the teeth. This
may also lead to the destruction of the surrounding bone and connective tissue, and ultimately tooth loss.
Adhesion
Initial interactions with epithelial cells require adhesion. The adhesion in the human oral cavity is essential for the
microbial survival, as microbes have to attach themselves to a host surface before being able to
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36.
37. Epidermis Layers
The skin has two principal layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the epithelial tissue layer of the skin.
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands are found in this layer. The epithelial layer is primarily used for
protection. This layer consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It is tough, relatively impermeable, and
self–replacing. The epidermis is made up of several layers. Stratum corneum are cells of the cornified layer are dead,
protective keratinized that are eventually sloughed off. Stratum granulosum cells are in the granule–cell layer, and they
accumulate keratohyalin or darkly stained granules. Stratum spinosum cells are the prickle–layer, and are attached to one
another. These cells gradually
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38.
39. Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care...
Btec Level: 3 in Health and Social Care
Unit 5: Anatomy and physiology for Health and Social Care
Assessor: F. Mansell
Task2: The main tissue types of the body and the role these play in two named organs of the body.
P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body
There are many different types of cells in the human body. These cells would not be able to function on their own, they
are all part of a large organism that is called – you.
The two named organs that I have chosen for this assignment are the intestines and the heart.
Tissues
All cells group together within the body to form tissue, a collection of similar cells group together to perform a
specialized function. There are four primary tissue types in the human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is made up of either liquid, solid, or connective tissue, within the matrix there are many types of connecting fibres,
such as collagen and elastic fibres.
The function of the connective tissue is to support, bind, cover, protect and give structure to the body.
Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue.
Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, areolar, adipose bone
and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of
connective tissue.
Cartilage tissue is a smooth, firm substance that protects ends of the bones from friction during movement and they can
be found at the end of our bones in mobile joints, the front ends of the ribs, also in parts of our nose and ears.
Our bone tissues are made of a much harder substance than the cartilage, but they can be worn away by friction. They
are tough on the outside, but on the inside they have a sponge–like design that helps to reduce the weight while retaining
strength. They are designed to maintain the body's structure and support the body's movement and are used to protect
weaker tissues, such as the brain, lungs and heart.
Btec Level: 3 in Health and Social Care
Unit 5: Anatomy and physiology for Health and Social Care
Assessor: F. Mansell
P2: Outline the structure of
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40.
41. The Five Key Functions Of The Respiratory System
I have chosen the respiratory system as my body system. It removes the carbon dioxide from the body whilst providing
the body with the oxygen that it needs. There are 5 main key processes that the respiratory system control.
They are:
Breathing
– moving air through the nasal cavity to the lungs and back out. It is also called ventilation.
External respiration
– gases within the air and in the blood exchange between each other.
Gas transport by blood
– the cells of the body receive oxygen and transport it around the body and expel the CO2.
Internal respiration
– gases within the blood and the cells in the body exchange.
Cellular respiration
– the cells use up the oxygen to perform their duties and the production of CO2.
(http://hyperphysics.phy–astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/respir.html)
The organs that make up the respiratory system are; nose and nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm and lungs.
Nose and nasal cavity Main and first opening of the respiratory system. It is made up of three sections filled with hairs
and mucus membranes
Mouth Also known as the oral cavity. Another opening of the respiratory system and can also take air in and out
Pharynx Also known as the throat. It is as opening surrounded by muscle that leads on to the larynx
Larynx Also known as the voice box. It lies underneath the throat and allows us to talk.
Trachea Also known as the wind pipe. It is a long pipe formed of cartilage rings.
Bronchi
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42.
43. Using One Cell Necessary For Life And Discusses Its...
A cell is the smallest unit of life for any living organism and considered the essential component of life. Every living
thing including humans, animals, and plants comprise of one or more cells in their body that perform different functions
essential for living. There are different cells in the human body, in plants and animal functioning. This essay aims at
using one cell necessary for life and discusses its properties of life, the core chemical terminology, its molecules, and
compounds. Specifically, the assignment will describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the cell, how the cell
respiration, photosynthesis, and reproduction occur in a concise manner. The paper will also discuss Mendel's Laws as
well as the DNA structure and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The epithelial cell consists of the keratinocyte cell that makes its monolayer. After getting nutrients, the growth factors of
the epithelial cell enables it to grow and separate from the keratinocyte. The keratinocytes get support from fibroblasts as
shown by keratinocyte lines. The keratinoctes depend on finite life enabled by soluble products highly structured by the
fibroblasts. The properties of life of the epithelial cell demonstrate that it is not an independent type of cell and requires
fibroblast support for its sustainability (McLaughlin & Seaquist, 2008). Cell anatomy and physiology
Anatomy can be described as the branch of biology that studies the structures and parts of organisms. Physiology is the
branch of biology that examines the normal functioning and parts of living things. Regarding the anatomy of the
epithelial cell, it is lined in all the surfaces of the body including the body cavities, intestine, skin, and lungs among other
parts.
The physiology of the epithelial cell is that it forms the functional elements of the inner surface and line of blood,
secretory glands, and the lymphatic vessels. It performs different functions including excretion, absorption, protection,
secretion and gas exchange among others. The skin performs the protection function. The absorption function is through
the intestines, secretion through the glands, gas exchange through the blood and lung vessels and excretion through the
kidney.
So as
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44.
45. Phosphatidylcholine
I. Overall Lung Function and Organization The human lung is a series of blind end tubes, hollow tubes that that allow for
the conduction of air. The conduction of air starts from the nasal cavity or oral cavity, continues to flow through the
trachea and bronchus and finally reaches the bronchioles that lead into the alveolus that allows for gas exchange to occur
(Phalen et al. 1983). This system can be broken down into two different region; a conducting region and a region of gas
exchange. The conduction portion of the respiratory system begins in the nasal cavity and the oral cavity and continues
to the bronchioles. The transition from the bronchioles to the alveolar duct results in the transition from the conducting
region of the respiratory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
De novo synthesis of surfactant phospholipids are dependent on the amount of fatty acids available in circulation. During
fetal development, the type II alveolar cells use intracellular stores of glycerol–3–phosphate for lipid synthesis. Type II
Alveolar cells in the postpartum lung need to synthesize lipids and proteins to establish the reduction in surface tension
needed to maintain a proper liquid–air barrier(Ridsdale et al. 2004). Glycogen appears to be the main source of carbons
needed to develop the glycerol backbone within surfactant lipids. Ridsdale et al. (2004) states the metabolic demands
required of type II alveolar cells during close term requires a build up of glycogen which could play the role of an energy
source in surfactant lipid synthesis. Lamellar bodies contain Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER), and
mitochondria that is necessary for the production of the lipids and protein components of surfactant. The build up of
glycogen changes the orientation of the type II alveolar cell organelles. In the presence of the glycogen, the golgi
appartus, ER, and mitochondria are surround the glycogen. However glycogen region is where the lamellar bodies are
present. Risdale et al. illustrates with Figure 2– C,D and E labeled with arrows pointing to the ER, the mitochondria
labeled
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46.
47. The Oropharynx : The Area Behind The Oral Cavity
Oropharynx: the oropharynx occupies the area behind the oral cavity, which extends from the uvula to the level of the
hyoid bone. Its boundaries are: anteriorly, the mouth through the isthmus faucium, laterally, is the palatine tonsil,
between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch. The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and
the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars; the superior
wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula1'2. Groups of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the
pharynx surround the entrance of the throat in a ring–like positioning, known as Waldeyer 's Ring. They are three groups:
–1– Palatine tonsils, the most protruding groups in the ring and form recognizable masses, (also known as the tonsils), –
2– Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as the "adenoids"), and the –3– Lingual tonsils2'3. Histologically, there are three
characteristic features distinguish the tonsils from each other: their position, type of the epithelium and the number of
crypts3.
Tonsil Position Type of epithelium Crypts
Palatine In the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. Stratified squamous non–keratinising. 10–20 in number.
Pharyngeal In the midline on the roof of the nasopharynx. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, as well as some
patches of stratified squamous epithelium. Numerous folds of pharyngeal epithelium, not real crypts.
Lingual At
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48.
49. Medical Devices And Medical Applications
2.1. Percutaneous medical devices Percutaneous medical devices are increasingly used in several medical applications
and are indispensable in the medical field [1]. Percutaneous devices are defined as foreign bodies crossing the epithelial
barrier connecting external systems to the internal structure of the body(fig). Table 1 summarizes the list of percutaneous
medical devices. These percutaneous medical devices breach the epithelial barrier in a temporarily or permanent manner;
therefore, breaking the seal that protects the body from the outer environment. Pucket Modes and causes of Percutaneous
Devices Failures Several factors determine whether a percutaneous device might get infected. These include improper
surgical technique, an existing infection at the implantation site, the introduction of microorganism during the surgical
procedure, patients with conditions that compromise healing, improper cleaning of the device after implantation, or
misuse of the device. Table from reference of all the devices With the current advances in medical treatment and
increased patients need, there is a steady growth in the number of patients where an epithelial–implant interface will be
present. Transcutaneous devices can be categorized into two classes: (1) non–implanted devices including catheters and
drains and (2) implanted devices including soft–tissue anchored implants such as ventricular assist devices,
transcutaneous port systems (e.g., small bowel stomas) and catheters
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50.
51. Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
AMD is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population, which was estimated to affect around 200 million
people worldwide in 2020[1] and places vast socioeconomic burden. Degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
is believed to play central roles in AMD pathogenesis. RPE is a monolayer of highly pigmented cuboidal cells residing
between the photoreceptors (PRs) and Bruch's membrane. One RPE cell serves around thirty photoreceptors in terms of
supporting the visual cycle and phagocytosis of outer segments[2]. As a layer of epithelium, RPE cells selectively
transport substances across the blood–retinal–barrier (BRB). In addition, RPE secrete growth factors such as FGFs,
PEDF, and VEGF to support the retina and choriocapillaris. Owing to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
85% of the AMD cases are classified as the dry from, yet wet AMD accounts for 90% of the total cases of legal blindness
in AMD. In wet AMD, abnormal neovascular tissue, which was originated from the choriocapillaris, grow underneath
the RPE monolayer or into the subretinal space. The newly immature blood vessels can leak fluid into the retina and
cause degeneration of the RPE and retinal cells. If left untreated, the degenerated area will continue to enlarge. The end
stage of wet AMD is marked by the formation of fibrotic disciform scars on the fovea, which will lead to a permanent
central vision loss [3]. Identification of RPE–derived fibrotic cells in surgically excised fibrotic disciform scars from wet
AMD patients[4] suggests that RPE cells undergo proliferation and an epithelium–to–mesenchymal transition (EMT) as
a part of the wound healing response. Currently the use of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy can
ameliorate the condition; however, this treatment can not prevent the formation of scar tissues and can not restore the
loss of RPE
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52.
53. Chlamydia Trachomatis : The Most Widespread Bacterial...
Pathophysiology of Chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most widespread bacterial agent of STD all over the world. Genital serovars infection
results to the complications including infertility as well as pelvic inflammatory disease. It should be noted that the
Chlamydia trachomatis comprises the trachoma serovars which are the primary cause of avoidable blindness globally.
Studies indicate that Chlamydia pneumoniae results in the airway disease, and it has been found in some situation of
atherosclerosis (Barber, 2013).
Though there is a good establishment of the pathologic outcome of Chlamydia, the mechanisms of Chlamydia–
stimulated tissues damage has not been fully identified. Traditional examination of the samples of tissue from women ...
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Numerous mediators of inflammation are present during the process of infection, comprising interleukin–1β (IL–1β) as
well as tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF–α). Mucosal cells tissues infected by Chlamydia include the dendritic cells, the
epithelial cells, fibroblast, as well as the macrophages. Toll–like receptors are expressed by these cells that identify the
particular pathogen–connected molecular patterns, comprising, bacterial wall mechanisms, the bacterial DNA, the
peptidoglycan, as well as double–stranded RNA. It is noted that the Toll–like receptors' engagement by the products of
microbial, result to the production of the biologically–dynamic mediators, comprising the chemokines and antimicrobial
peptides that participate in the inflammatory reaction (Barber, 2013).
Chlamydiae have many cell walls as well as components of the outer membrane that are recognized by the Toll–like
receptors. It is vital to note that the Toll–like receptors, as well as the chlamydial heat shock proteins, have been found to
be the primary ligands for both Toll–like 1 and Toll–like 2 receptors. Though the interaction of Chlamydia with the Toll–
like receptors plays a key role regarding the start of the pro–inflammatory cytokine as well as the production of the
chemokine, the cell lysis mode at the end of the infectious phase is expected to have a great outcome on the response of
the host (Herieka, 2005).
There have been numerous studies on the epithelial cells as a
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54.
55. Comparing Cardiac Muscle And Brain Tissue
1) Comparing and contrasting cardiac Muscle tissue (figure a) and brain tissue (figure d)
Commonalities in the structures and functions of muscle tissue and brain tissue
In cardiac muscle, a single nucleus is located in the middle of each fibre. The brain tissue also has a nucleus which is
located in the middle of cell body. The cardiac muscle and brain tissue don't have the exact same function. The cardiac
muscle and the brain tissue don't work together because the cardiac muscle doesn't takes any instructions from the brain
tissue (Neurones). This means that the cardiac muscle contracts automatically.
Differences in the structures, functions and location of muscle tissue and brain tissue
The cardiac muscle consists of long branched fibres. Whereas, the brain tissue has spider web like structure. The cardiac
muscle cell are made up of fibres. The function of cardiac muscle is to help the heart to pump blood. The function of
brain tissue is to send messages to and from the brain. The cardiac muscle is present inside the heart. However, the brain
tissue is located inside brain.
2) Comparing and contrasting loose Connective tissue (figure c) and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue (figure b)
Commonalities in the structures and functions of loose connective tissue and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
The cells in simple cuboidal epithelium have a nucleus. The cells in loose connective tissue also have nuclei. Although
the loose connective tissue and simple cuboidal
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56.
57. Simple Anonymous Essay
The Study of Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Transitional, Stratified Squamous, Adipose,
Hyaline Cartilage, Areolar, Bone, Smooth Muscle,
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle and
Neuron Tissues
Table of Contents
Epithelial Tissue
1. Simple squamous
2. Simple cuboidal
3. Transitional
4. Stratified squamous
Connective Tissue
5. Adipose
6. Hyaline cartilage
7. Areolar
8. Bone
Muscle Tissue
9. Smooth muscle
10. Skeletal muscle
11. Cardiac muscle
Nervous
12. Neuron
Simple Squamous
Simple squamous epithelial cells are flattened horizontally and their cytoplasm is thin. The simple squamous cells allow
passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in places where protection is not important. Because the cells are flat and
have thin cytoplasm, it allows for easy passage of materials. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The functions are support and reinforcement. These functions are achieved through support provided by the fibers.
Areolar
Areolar tissue is made up of a gel–like material, called the matrix, with all of the fiber types; cells: fibroblasts,
macrophages, mast cells, and several white blood cells. The key function of the areolar tissue is to cushion the organs.
The gel–like matrix helps the function of cushioning the organs become possible.
Bone
Bone tissue is hard and has a calcified matrix (where the pores are filled with calcium) containing collagen fibers;
osteocytes (mature bone cells) lie in the lacunae (cavity containing bone cells). The key functions of bone tissues are:
58. support and protect the body structure and provide cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells. Because the
matrix of bone tissue is hard and rigid, the tissue is able to provide support and protection to the
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59.
60. Yess
Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation
In order to function properly, the cells and tissues have to maintain a steady state (homeostasis)– the cells must
constantly adapt cellular adaptation– is the state between a normal unstressed cell and the overstressed injured cell –by
definition – an adaptative process is reversible –within defined limits, all the cells are capable of adapting to a variety of
stimuli which may upset normality
NORMAL CELL GROWTH –Normal tissue growth depends on a balance between the number of cells actively dividing
and the number of the cells dying –the cells of the body can be divided into 3 groups on the basis of their regenerative
capacity– they respond differently to stress and injury ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Atrophy – is a decrease in the size of tissue or organ resulting from decrease either in the size of individual cells or in the
number of cells composing the tissue atrophy– decrease in size of normally developed organ. It is different from
agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia which are abnormalities of organ development. atrophy– decrease in the size of the cell
results from the loss or reduction of cell substances, reduction of the number of cytoplasmic organelles associated with
diminished cell function
Atrophy represents a reduction of cell structural components –less mitochondria –less endoplasmic reticulum –fewer
myofilaments metabolic rate is reduced –less amino acid uptake –less oxygen consumption –less protein synthesis
Degenerating organelles are taken up in lysosomal vacuoles for enzymatic digestion, process is represented by –marked
increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles –many autophagic vacuoles may resist digestion–residual bodies some of
them contain lipofuscin granules–brown atrophy
–atrophy may progress to cell injury and death, a decrease in cell number results from cell death due to irreversible cell
injury –when sufficient number of cells is involved–the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size= becomes atrophic –
connective tissue or adipose tissue fills
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61.
62. Columnar Connective Tissue
Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function. There are four main tissues in the body which are
epithelium, muscle, connective tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelium functions are It protects us from the outside world.
For example, the skin, absorbs the stomach and gut, filters the kidney, and forms glands traits. It closely attached to each
other forming a protective barrier, has no blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood vessels in connective tissue
underneath, can have lots of nerves in it, very good at regenerating for example fixing a sunburn or skinned knee. There
are different types of epithelium by shape and cell. The shapes are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. By cell there is
simple and stratified epithelium. Connective tissue functions are it wraps around and cushions and protects organs, stores
nutrients, internal support for organs, as tendon and ligaments protects joints and attached muscles to bone and each
other, and runs through organ capsules and in deep layers of skin giving strength. The three elements of connective tissue
are ground substance, fibers, cells. There are two kinds of Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue which has
Areolar Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, and Reticular Connective Tissue. And there is Dense Connective Tissue:
which has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three types of Muscle Tissue are Smooth Muscle – organ walls and blood vessel walls, involuntary, spindle–shaped
cells for pushing things through organs, Skeletal Muscle, and Cardiac Muscle. Cardiac muscle is so named because it is
found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow the synchronization of the heartbeat.
Skeletal muscle, which is attached to bones by tendons, is controlled by the peripheral nervous system and associated
with the body's voluntary
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63.
64. The Basic Types Of Tissue
Tissue
In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue & subtypes
The epithelial tissue covers inner and outer layer/surface of the body, e.g. the stomach, or blood lines, vessels and the
lung.
The epithelium consists of closely packed, flattened cells that make up the inside/ outside lining of body areas. Epithelial
tissues that cover/line surfaces are classified by cell shape and by the number of cell layers, the image on the left is the
subtypes of epithelial tissue;
Squamous – flattened cells, fried egg shape in appearance. The nucleus is flattened and centrally located. Because of
their thin membrane and large surface area, it allows passage of small molecules e.g. air diffusion in the lungs. The
function of simple squamous tissue is absorption & excretion of gases lungs. And the function of stratified squamous is
protection due to its many layers and is located in the outer layer of skin, oral cavity lining, esophagus, vaginal & anal
canal.
Cuboidal– cubed or squarish shaped, has a single nucleus located in the middle. The simple cuboidal tissue can be found
in the lines of kidney tubules and glands it's function is absorption, secretion and protection. The stratified cuboidal
tissue is found in the lines ducts of sweat glands, it's job is to secrete water & ions.
Columnar– has the shape of a column. The simple columnar tissue is a single row of tall, closely packed
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65.
66. Is Cancer A Genetic Disease?
Introduction Cancer is one of the oldest genetic diseases known to man. Since the evolution of mitosis as a means for
cell division and the development of multicellular eukaryotes – like humans and their biological progenitors – mutations
in normal cell maturation and proliferation have resulted in various types of cancers, some benign but many of which
exhibit great malignancy (Hajdu, 2011). Cancer, and one of its more common forms carcinoma, is characterized as a
genetic disease where by mutations – often caused by environmental stressors such as chemical or radiation exposure –
in the development of epithelial cells lead to abnormal growth, either in terms of size or abundance. This abnormal
uncontrolled growth is known as neoplasia (Rock & Hogan, 2011). Carcinoma cells can develop by other methods
however, anaplasia for example is the process by which normally mature differentiated cells begin to lose their form and
resemble immature cells lacking proper function, becoming irresponsive to normal stimuli (Scatena, 2011). Dysplasia is
similar in that it consists of a proliferation of immature often undifferentiated cells, eventually outnumbering the number
of mature cells as they 're removed by the process of apoptosis – programmed cell death (Wang, 2010). Eventually the
neoplasm, or anaplastic cells, can replace normal tissue; as apoptosis of cancer cells is non–functioning, the development
of a large tumour can inhibit the functionality of healthy organs and their
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67.
68. Histo Practice Exam 1
1. Fixation
2. formaldehyde
3. glutaraldehyde
4. Dehydration
5. clearing
6. epoxy resins, paraffin
7. microtome
8. glass slide, wire grid
9. Hematoxylin, Eosin
10. Eosin
11. Hematoxylin
12. cationic/ + charged
13. acidophilia
14. anionic/ – charged
15. basophilia
16. RNA
17. pink, purple
18. False, it differs
19. insoluble molecules
20. small, organic solvents
21. Shrinkage
22. artificial spaces, molecules
23. artifacts
24. chemical composition
25. enzymes
26. antibodies
27. RNA, DNA
28. radioactive
29. resolution/resolving power
30. 0.2
31. true
32. non–membrane bound
33. membrane
34. Mitochondria
35. fluorescent tags.
36. rhodamine 123
37. False, this is not a self sufficient replication system
38. EM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Loose (areolar), Dense
80. embryonic mesenchyme
81. skull
82. formation of bone from mesenchyme
83. Loose
84. Dense CT
71. Understanding Development Of Emphysema Through Imaging
Understanding Development of Emphysema through Imaging Started in 2012 when I was accepted to the University of
Maine, in the school of Biology and Ecology. I had envisioned myself as a medical professional or conducting some type
of research that could have an impact on modern society. Taking course after course, learning basic biology, to medical
physiology, and eventually applying those concepts into my own research. Mouse lung tissue is the starting point of my
research. By creating a histological slide of this lung tissue, I was able to have a control for a healthy mouse lung.
Identifying major structures such as, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. My intent for this research is to apply my findings,
and compare them to other imaging techniques used on mouse lungs. With the prime focus on the effects of smoking
with the leading of emphysema. Emphysema is common, yet serious condition that is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. It is so serious because it can enlarge and eventually destroy air spaces within the lungs. This disease
effects millions of people in the United States, and is the third leading cause in the United States. Smoking is the leading
cause of this condition. Understanding how COPD works, it helps to know how the lungs work as well. When you inhale
air, that air is sent down your windpipe, or trachea, into tubes called bronchi. These bronchial tubes then branch into the
lungs by getting smaller, thinner and by the thousands, these are
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72.
73. Recent Advancement Of Periodontal Treatment
Recent advancement in periodontal regeneration
Periodontology .
St. Moath Riad Saifi .
Introduction :
Regenerative periodontal treatment involves systems which are especially intended to reestablish those parts of the
tooth–supporting structures which have been lost because of periodontitis or gingival injury. The expression "recovery"
is characterized as a recreation of lost or harmed tissues in a manner that both the first structures and their capacity are
totally reestablished. Strategies went for reestablishing lost periodontal tissues support the making of new connection,
including the development another periodontal tendon with its filaments embeddings in recently framed cementum and
alveolar bone.
Profound infra–hard imperfections connected with periodontal pockets are the great sign for periodontal regenerative
treatment. Furthermore, distinctive degrees of furcation association in molars and upper first premolars are a further sign
for regenerative methodologies as the furcation range stays hard to keep up through instrumentation and oral cleanliness.
A third gathering of signs for regenerative periodontal treatment are confined gingival subsidences and root presentation
since they may bring about a noteworthy tasteful sympathy toward the patient. The stripping of a root surface with
resultant root affectability speaks to a further sign to apply regenerative periodontal treatment keeping in mind the end
goal to accomplish both the decrease of root
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74.
75. Pdl Lab Report
PDL cells that induce coronally the periodontal regeneration coming from flap. It was said that they came from
progenitor cells from within.
In a study, a tooth was made with slits inside the chamber and was implanted into 5 mm tissue with the dentinal wall
remaining and an implant was insurted in to the root and collagen barrier was added. The histological specimen after 3
months showed formation of cementum and PDL was formed between the dentinal wall and implant.
So, projenitor cells in PDL are strongly associated in the regeneration of periodontal apparatus.
Role of epithelium in periodontal wound healing: It seems that as the tooth is merged into the mucosa the epithelial
lining is continuous apically inhibiting the periodontal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an experiment, a Widman flap was made and after each two consecutive month professional cleaning was made it was
noticed that we have new bone formation either 2 walled or 3 walled but it was said it's due to the new CT attachment.
Grafting procedure:
In multiple experiments where bone grafts or implant bone substitutes where made with either:
1. Autogeneous graft: from same person
2. Allogenic graft: frozen red bone marrow and calcellous bone from genetic dissimilar members
3. Xenograft: from another species
4. Alloplastic graft: synthetic material with bone substitute
These contained:
1. Osteo–induction: Bone inducing substances
2. Osteo–genesis Bone forming cells
3. Osteo–conduction: Scaffold for bone formation
It has showed promising results but the documentation varried due different:
1. Attachment levels
2. Location
3. Xrays
4. Re–entery procedure.
A new cementum was made and collagen fibers bonded to it making new periodontal attachment.
3. Nonresorbable membranes:
Usage of membranes as cellulose acetate filters and EPTFE (EXPANDED polytetraflouro ethylene) as GRT barriers as
they has these properties: a– Manageable clinically b– Make space for tissue healing c– Allow tissue integration d–
Biocompatible e– Cellular barrier
With the use of ePTFE, THE THICK KERATINIZED attached gingiva must be
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76.
77. Histology Chapter 5 Summary
Chapter 5 deals with histology, the study of tissues. Types of tissue include epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous
and muscular tissue. Cell junctions, glands and tissue growth, development, repair and degeneration are discussed.
Histology is also called microscopic anatomy because a microscope is needed to view the structures of tissues.
Tissues are prepared for study thinly slicing the tissue, preserving them with a fixative and staining them to produce
greater detail. Tissue samples can be sliced longitudinally, by cross sections or by oblique sections. Liquid tissues, like
blood are smeared on a slide for microscopic study. Epithelial tissue covers the body and internal organs. It protects the
body from injury and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two types of osseous tissue are spongy bone and compact bone. Blood is the liquid connective tissue. It is made of a
ground substance called plasma and other formed elements. The formed elements are erythrocytes (red blood cells),
leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets that aid in clotting.
Nervous tissue is made of neurons, and neuroglia (glial cells). The neurons have a pronounced cell body called the
neurosoma. Dendrites are extensions that branch from the neurosoma to receive messages and communicate those
messages to the neurosoma. Neurosoma also have an axon (nerve fiber) that extends from the cell body that sends out
signals to other cells. Glial cells transmit messages only short distances. They provide protection and support to the
nervous system.
Muscular tissue is built to contract and relax for movement, circulation and digestion. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth
muscle are the 3 types of muscular tissue. Skeletal muscle is usually attached to bone, but there are exception like the
tongue and some muscles of the face. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated. Cardiac muscle is only found in the
heart. It is involuntary muscle tissue but is also striated. Smooth muscle is neither striated nor voluntary. It can be found
in the digestive tract, respiratory tract and urinary
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78.
79. The Anatomical Structure Of Different Organelles
Analyze the anatomical structure of ten different organelles in the cell and their respective functions.
The cell's nonmembranous organelles include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and proteasomes.
Membranous organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and
mitochondria.
Organelle Location and function
Cytoskeleton Serves as the cell 's skeleton. It is an interior protein system that gives the cytoplasm quality and
adaptability. The cytoskeleton of all cells is made of microfilaments, halfway fibers, and microtubules. Muscle cells
contain these cytoskeletal parts in addition to thick fibers. The fibers and microtubules of the cytoskeleton frame a
dynamic system whose ceaseless rearrangement influences cell shape and capacity.
Microvilli Numerous cells have little, finger–formed projections of the plasma film on their uncovered surfaces. These
projections, called microvilli (solitary, microvillus), significantly increment the surface territory of the phone presented
to the extracellular environment. Likewise, they cover the surfaces of cells that are effectively engrossing materials from
the extracellular liquid, for example, the cells coating the stomach related tract. Microvilli have broad associations with
the cytoskeleton. A center of small scale fibers hardens each microvillus and grapples it to the cytoskeleton at the
terminal web.
Centrioles Matched, tube shaped bodies that lie at right edges
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