Connective tissues connect and support other tissues in the body. The main types are blood, bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, and blood. Blood transports nutrients and oxygen, removes waste, and has red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Bone provides structure, support and protection and contains collagen fibers and mineral salts. Cartilage contains collagen fibers and glycosaminoglycans to connect tissues and provide flexibility. Connective tissues come together to form the framework that holds the entire body together.

1. ANIMAL TISSUES
By
Dr Savita Deshmukh
Asst tr (CBZ)
Govt Jr College Nandagudi
Tq-Hoskote, Dist Bengaluru Rural

2. BODY TISSUES AND ORGANIZATION
Looking at the following arrange the order of organisation in
humans:
human organism  molecules  atoms  tissues 
organs  organ systems  cells

3. BODY TISSUES AND ORGANIZATION
Levels of assembly in human organization are as follows:
atoms  molecules  cells  tissues 
organs  organ systems  human organism

4. A tissue is a group of cells that have a common
embryonic origin and function together to carry out
specialized activities.
What is a tissue?

5. How do we go from Cells to Tissues?
As cells divide by mitosis during early human
development, 3 layers of cells are formed.
The cells in these layers change shape and function and
eventually form many types of tissues found in the human
body.
Germ layers

6. Types of tissues
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous tissue.

8. 1. Epithelial Tissue

9. 1. Epithelial Tissues
General features:
• Lining tissues
• single or multi-layered
• apical surface and basal surface
• avascular
• nerve supply
• highly mitotic

10. Look at the picture and identify the types of epithelium
based on their shapes

11. Flat - Squamous epithelium Cube shaped- Cuboidal epithelium
Elogated like columns - Columnar epithelium

12. Identify the types of Epithelium Based on number of layers

13. Classification of Epithelial Tissues
1. Simple epithelial tissue –
Having single layer of cells
– squamous
– cuboidal
– Columnar
2. Stratified epithelial tissue
at least two layers of cells
– sqamous
– cuboidal
– Columnar
3. Glandular

14. • Single layer of thin and flat
cells
• Location:lining of blood
vessels, air sacs of lungs,
Bowman’s capsule of kidneys
• Function: diffusion,
secretion, filtration
1 a. Simple squamous epithelium

15. •consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells. It is adapted for
secretion and absorption.
1b. Simple cuboidal epithelium

16. 1. Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium - a single
layer of nonciliated rectangular cells. Also
functions in secretion and absorption. Specialized
cells containing microvilli perform absorption.
Goblet cells secrete mucus
2. Ciliated simple columnar epithelium consists of a
single layer of ciliated rectangular cells. Aids in
movement.
1c. Simple columnar epithelium

17. Stratified Epithelial Tissue
2 a Stratified squamous epithelium
2 a Stratified squamous epithelium – several layers of cells in which the top
layer is flat, bottom layers vary from cuboidal to columnar. Its function is
protection (against abrasion). Basal layers continually replicate.
a) Nonkeratinized variety lines the mouth, vagina and anus; remains moist
b) Keratinized variety forms contains protein keratin - outer layer of skin.
waterproof, resistant to friction, helps repel bacteria.

18. Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of several layers of cells
in which the top layer is cube-shaped. Fairly rare. Function is
mainly protective.
2 b Stratified cuboidal epithelium

19. Stratified columnar epithelium consists of several layers of cells
in which the top layer is rectangular. Also uncommon. Usually
basal layers are shortened, irregular polyhedral cells. It protects
and secretes.
2 b Stratified columnar epithelium

20. 3. Glandular Epithelium
• A gland is a single cell or a mass of epithelial
cells adapted for secretion.
• There are two types depending on how the
cells release the substances they produce:
Exocrine glands and endocrine glands

21. 1) Exocrine glands - secrete into ducts or
directly onto a free surface. Their secretions
include mucus, sweat, oil, ear wax and
digestive enzymes.
Structural classification of exocrine glands :
a). multicellular glands - most glands,
have a distinctive appearance.
Communicates with the surface
b). unicellular glands - single celled. goblet
cells. No ducts.

23. 2. Endocrine glands - called “ductless glands”
discharge their secretions into the
intracellular fluid, where it diffuses into the
blood stream. These secretions are
hormones, or chemical messengers, which
regulate many bodily functions.

24. Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Protection Epithelial cells from the skin protect underlying tissue from mechanical
injury, harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and from excessive loss of water.
Sensation Sensory stimuli penetrate specialised epithelial cells. Specialised epithelial
tissue containing sensory nerve endings is found in the skin, eyes, ears, nose and on
the tongue.
Secretion In glands, epithelial tissue is specialised to secrete specific chemical
substances such as enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids.
Absorption Certain epithelial cells lining the small intestine absorb nutrients from the
digestion of food.
Excretion Epithelial tissues in the kidney excrete waste products from the body and
reabsorb needed materials from the urine. Sweat is also excreted from the body by
epithelial cells in the sweat glands.
Diffusion Simple epithelium promotes the diffusion of gases, liquids and nutrients.
Because they form such a thin lining, they are ideal for the diffusion of gases (eg. walls
of capillaries and lungs).
Cleaning Ciliated epithelium assists in removing dust particles and foreign bodies which
have entered the air passages.
Reduces Friction The smooth, tightly-interlocking, epithelial cells that line the entire
circulatory system reduce friction between the blood and the walls of the blood vessels.

25. 2. Muscle Tissue

27. Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac (heart)
Found in legs, hands,
Attached to bones
Esophagus, lining of stomach, diaphragm,
contraction and relaxation of blood vessels,
trachea, bladder, uterus, male and female
reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract,
respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of
the eye, glomeruli of the kidneys.
Show rhythmic
contraction and
relaxation
Write the differences based on the above figures and data

28. Skeletal
(striped/striated/vol
untary/)
Smooth
(unstriped/unstriate
d/involuntary/)
Cardiac
(heart)
1. voluntary 1. involuntary 1. involuntary
2. cells are long 2. short, spindle-
shaped
2. branched
3. many nuclei 3. single nucleus 3. single nucleus
4. striated 4. nonstriated 4, striated
Differences between 3 muscles

29. 3. Nervous Tissue

30. 1. Neurons : Neurons are the basic structural and
functional units of nerve tissue. They perform the
major function of transmitting nerves impulses.
2. Neuroglia : protective and supporting cells
Nervous tissue

31. Neuroglia
• Neuroglia or glial cells are protective and supportive structures of nervous
tissue.
• They are found in bunches surrounding the neurons and have the ability to
regenerate in case of injury.
• Neuroglia provide nutrition and immune protection to the neurons. In
addition, they are responsible for the formation of myelin sheath and
maintaining homeostasis inside the neurons.
• Some of the forms of neuroglia are astrocytes (provide metabolic support
to nervous tissue) and oligodendrocytes (support axons), microglia (repair
the damage of neurons).
Video- click here

32. 1. Are these muscular, epithelial and
nervous tissue connected with each
other?
2. If yes, can you tell which tissue
connects or has contact with these
tissues?

33. You are right it is the Blood. But blood
is only type one of the connective
tissue

34. 4. Connective Tissue
That connects all other tissues

35. Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue is the most abundant and
widely distributed tissue in the body .
• All connective tissues have the same
embryonic origin- from mesodermal cells
called mesenchyme.

37. Types of Connective
Tissue
Blood
Liquid matrix – Plasma,
proteins, salts, hormones,
undigested food,
3 types- RBC, WBC, Platelets
Bone
Solid matrix – of CaPO4
Gives framework to body,
supports muscles, strongest
tissue
Cartilage
Solid matrix – of yellow &
white fibres with protein &
sugar. Found in ear pinna,
nose septum, trachea
Ligament - Joins 2
different bones, more
elastic,
Tendons- joins
muscles to bones
Aereolar tissue
Below skin, between muscles, nerves,
blood vessels and bone marrow. Fills
spaces between organs.Provides
framework & helps in healing of tissue
Adipose tissue –
below skin & between
organs fat tissue
controls body temp

38. 1) Consists of Ground substance
matrix
2) Does not occur on free surfaces
such as linings, except for the joint
cavities which are lined by areolar
connective tissue.
3) Except for cartilage, it has a
nerve supply.
4) Usually highly vascular, except
for cartilage (avascular) and
tendons which have a small blood
supply.
5) Matrix may be fluid, semifluid,
gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified.
It is usually secreted by the
connective tissue cells (except for
blood) and adjacent cells, and
determines the qualities of the
tissue. (hard, rubbery, fluid, etc.)
6) Cells can usually dividing
General Features of Connective Tissues.

40. Types of Fibers:
Collagen fibers made of collagen.
Collagen fibers are tough and only
slightly elastic. They often occur in
bundles with the fibers parallel to one
another, which gives great tensile
strength. Collagen is found in most
connective tissues, esp. bone,
tendons, and ligaments.
Elastic fibers are composed of a
protein called elastin and glycoprotein
framework. They are very stretchy and
branch and join to form a network.
They provide strength to tissues, but
allows the tissue to be flexible and
stretchy. They are found in skin, blood
vessels, and lungs

41. Specialized Connective Tissues:
Tissue type Cell name Function
Adipose tissue Adipocytes store triglycerides (fat).
Insulate and cushion
Bone Tissue Osteocytes (osteoblasts) Provides skeletal framework
and generate RBCs
Cartilage Chondrocytes
(chondroblasts
Supporting tissue
Red Blood Cells
(RBC)
Erythrocytes
(hemocytoblast)
Transport CO2, O2 and
glucose to every cell
White Blood Cells
(WBC)
Leukocytes Fights against invading
microbes

42. adipose tissue- cells are adipocytes, and specialize in storing fat. Adipocytes are
tightly packed, and very little matrix .
They accumulate under the skin and yellow marrow of long bones. Functions in
energy reserves, insulation, protection, and support.
adipose tissue

43. Cartilage has a dense network of collagen fibers,
which gives strength, and elastic fibers. The
matrix contains chondroitin sulfate, which is
rubbery and gives cartilage resilience. Cells are
chondrocytes, and are found in lacuanae.
Surface of cartilage is surrounded by
perichondrium, where blood vessels are located.
No blood supply in the cartilage itself.

44. Bone (osseous tissue) consists of collagen fibers (flexibility) , mineral salts (that
contribute to the hardness of bone) and cells called osteocytes.
It is covered by the periosteum and lined by the endosteum. It can be compact
or spongy depending on how the matrix and the cells are organized.
The basic unit of compact bone is the osteon or Haversian system. It supports,
protects, helps provide movement, stores minerals, and houses blood-forming
tissue.
Video – click here

45. Blood (vascular tissue) consists of plasma and formed
elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets).
Functionally, its cells transport oxygen and carbon
dioxide, carry on phagocytosis, participate in allergic
reactions, provide immunity, and bring about blood
clotting.
Video- Click here
Blood (vascular tissue)

47. The functions of connective tissue:
1. Binding, attachment and support (bones,
tendons and ligaments, organs)
2. Protection- bones and adipose tissue
3. Insulation - adipose tissue
4. Storage - of energy and fat soluble
substances
5. Transportation - blood

48. Questions?