The tissue- Cells are grouped together form tissue.

1. BY- NIHARIKA VERMA

2.  Cells are the body’s smallest functional units they
are grouped together formed tissue.
 Each of which has specialized function.
 Example- blood, muscle- cardiac muscle,
smooth muscle, skeletal muscle.
 Cell Tissue Organ Organ System
 Tissues are grouped together to form organs.
Examples- Heart, stomach, brain.
 Organs are grouped together to form system.
Example- Digestive system, circulatory system,
integumentary system, excretory system.

3. 1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
 Location : found in covering the body and lining cavities.
Outer and inner lining of most of the body organs such
as gastro intestinal trait, urinary trait, blood vessels,
uterus.
- Found on the entire exposed surface of the body such as
skin.
- Also found in glands (endocrine gland, exocrine glands).
 Functions
- Absorb digested food in intestine (small intestine)
- Removes waste as sweat in skin (sweat glands)
- Protect the body organs.
- Secret gastric juice in stomach.

4. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
(a) Simple epithelium tissue- it consists of a single
layer of identical cell.
- Found on absorption surface.
- Divided into 3 main types-
i. Simple Squamous- single layer of flat cells contact
with basement membrane.
ii. simple cuboidal- cell are large and spherical shape
and has nucleus in center. Found in wall of renal
tube (kidney), part of the eye, thyroid and surface
of ovaries.
iii. Simple columnar- most organ of the digestive
system including uterus, stomach, large and small
intestine.

5. (b) Stratified Epithelium Tissue- it consist of several
layers of cells of various shapes.
- Continual cell division in the lowers layers pushes
cells above nearer and nearer to the surface where
they are shed.
- Main functions is to protect under-lying structures
from mechanical wear and tear.
- Divided into 2 types
i. Keratinized epithelium- Found on dry surfaces
subjected to wear and tear. It consist of dead
epithelial cells that have lost their nuclei and
contain the protein keratin. Skin, hair and nails.
ii. Non Keratinized epithelium- Protect moist surface
and prevents them from drying out. Eyes, lining of
the mouth and vagina.

6. 2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE :
 It is most abundant tissue in the body. Made up
of cells like fat cells, fibroblast they are large
cells with irregular processes manufacture
collagen and elastic fibers and a matrix of extra
cellular material functions active in tissue repair,
mast cells and leukocytes (WBC).
 Functions –
- Provide support
- Protection
- Insulation
- Store energy
- Transport materials from one place to another.

7. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(a) Aerolar or loose connective tissue- It is found
between many organs where it acts both to absorb
shock and bind tissue together. It allows water,
salts, and various nutrients to diffuse through to
adjacent or imbedded cells and tissues.
(b) Adipose Tissue- consists of fat cells (adiposities),
containing large fat molecules in a matrix.
Types of adipose tissue
- White adipose tissue- More present in obesity and
less in underweight people.
Sites/location- Deeper layer of skin, breast and around
kidney.
- Brown adipose tissue- produce less energy and
more heat for the maintenance of body
temperature.
Sites/location- present in the new born baby.

8. (c) Reticular Tissue- contains reticular cell and
white blood cells (WBC). Found in all lymph
nodes and all organs of lymphatic system.
(d) Dense Connective Tissue- These contains
more collagen fibers and fewer cells than
loose connective tissue.
1. Fibrous Tissue- madeup of mainly of closely
packed bundle of collagen fibers and found
in ligament (muscle to muscle), tendons
(muscle to bone).
2. Elastic Tissue- Consists of masses and of
elastic fibers which is secreted by
fibroblasts.
Sites/location- trachea and bronchi, lungs and
large blood vessels.

9. (e) Cartilage- They lie in embedded attached matrix reinforced by collagen
and elastic fibers.
Types of Cartilage- 1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibro cartilage
3. Elastic fibro cartilage
(f) Bone- They are rigid organ that form a part of endoskeleton of
vertebrates. They come in variety of shapes.
Structure- The outer surface of bone is called periosteum. It is dense
membrane that contains nerves and blood vessels that nourish the bone.
The next layer is made up of the compact bone.
This part is smooth and very hard.
Within the compact bone, this part smooth and very hard.
Within the compact bone are many layers of cancellous bone.
In many bones, the cancellous bone protect the inner most part of the
bone, the bone marrow.
Types of bone: - Long Bones
- Short Bones
_ Flat Bones
- Irregular Bone
- Sesamoid Bone

10. (g) Fluid Connective Tissue-
Blood – Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells), transports oxygen and
some carbon dioxide.
- Leukocytes (white blood cells), are potentially harmful
microorganisms or molecules.
- Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
- Nutrients, salts and waste are dissolved in the liquid
matrix called plasma and transported through the
body.
Lymph- It transport a watery clear fluid.
- Lymphatic system involves 2 systems that is
circulatory system and immune system.
- The lymphatic system contains immune cells called
leukocytes which protect the body against infections.

11. 3. MUSCULAR TISSUE:
Cover our organs or protection.
(a) Mucous membrane - Also known as a mucosa, is a layer of cells
that surrounds body organs.
- Mucous membrane can contain or secrete mucus, which is a
thick fluid that contain protein ‘mucin’ that protects the inside
of the body from dirt and pathogens such as viruses and
bacteria. Many different mucous membrane exist, such as
mucous membrane in the respiratory system, digestive system,
and reproductive system.
(Globlet cell) – Globlet cells are modified epithelial cell that secrets
mucous on the surface of mucous membrane of organ.
Particularly those of the lower digestive tract and airways.
Globlet cells mostly found in respiratory tract and intestinal
tract which secrets the main component of mucous.
(b) Synovial membrane- it is the soft tissue found between the
articular capsule (joint capsule) and the joint cavity of synovial
joints. The synovial membrane (or synovium) is connective
tissue which lines the inner surface of the capsule of a synovial
a lubricating function, allowing joint surfaces to smoothly
move across each other.

12. Articular cartilage- it is a highly specialized
connective tissue which provides a smooth
movements and also absorb shock and provide
on smooth surface to make movement easier.
(d) Serous membrane- 2 layers of tissue [viseral
organ, parietal layer (in between these two layers
fluid is present called serous fluid)].
Placement: specific serous membrane
–peritoneum
- Abdominal cavity
 Pluera- around the lungs
 Pericardium- around the heart

13. (e) Nervous Tissue- The nervous tissue is made up of nerve cells
(or neurons). The nerve cells are specialized cells that receive
and transmit nerve impulses or action potentials from one nerve
cell to the next.
Neuron is the functional unit of nervous system.
Structure of Neuron
1. Cell body- it contains nucleus (also called the soma).
2. Dendrites- the branching structure of a neuron that receive
messages (attached to cell body).
3. Axon- the long extension of a neuron that carries nerve
impulses away from the body of the cell.
4. Axon terminals- the hair like ends of the axon
5. Myelin shealth- the fatty substances that surrounds and
protects some nerve fibers.
6. Node of ranvier- one of the many gaps in the myelin shealth –
this is where the action potential occur during saltatory
conduction along the axon.
7. Nucleus – the organelle in the cell body of the neuron that
contains the genetic material of the cell.
8. Schwann’s cell- cells that produce myelin. They are located
within the myelin shealth.