Borrellia Burgdorferi Case Study

Borrellia Burgdorferi Case Study
Lyme disease is caused by the bacteria Borrellia burgdorferi, and it is the most common vector
borne illness in the United States (CDC, 2014). Lyme disease is transmitted by the blacklegged ticks
and they live on animals like dogs and cats, around stone walls and wood piles. These ticks also live
in wooded and bushy areas with high grass and leaf litter. These ticks hold onto leaves and grasses
by their lower legs, where they get picked up by a passing host and that is one of the ways through
which they make their way to the human body. The mode of transmission is the transfer of the
pathogen from the vector to hosts. It could be person to person through touching, kissing, sex, vector
borne through mosquitoes, ticks or indirect contact with fomites. These ticks are capable of
attaching themselves to any body parts like the armpits, groin and scalp. In this case, the mode of
transmission is through an infected vector known as the tick which attaches to its host for 36 to 48
hours (Amanda, 2016), and through its bite is able to transmit the bacteria–causing disease Borellia
burgdorferi. This disease manifests its signs and symptoms in three different stages. The early signs
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kids most especially should avoid playing in the grass, leaning against tree trunks. Pets are
reservoirs for this pathogen, so it is important to carefully examine them, as they can attach to a
person and cause infection. Use repellants such as DEET or permethrin on exposed skin. Put on
long–sleeve shirt, long–pants, socks and shoes. It is important to bathe or shower immediately after
coming indoors. Wash ticks infested clothes with hot water and tumble dry on high for 10mins.
Prevent ticks at home, by keeping lawns mowed, tall grass and bush should be removed. Finally
remove stone walls and wood piles as they are potential breeding grounds for
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Black Legged Tick Research Paper
Species Profile of the Black Legged Tick (Ixodes scapularis)
Introduction One of the more common pests located in the Northeastern United States is the Black
Legged Tick (Ixodes scapularis). More commonly known as the "Deer Tick" this animal primarily
inhabits wooded areas populated by warm–blooded wildlife. Specifically the temperate Pine Barrens
in Southern New Jersey, which hosts the 2nd largest tick population in the country (CDC, 2010), the
black legged tick is a common pest that spreads lyme disease. This disease is a bacterial infection
caused by the tick latching onto a host and feeding for an extended period of time. These ticks attach
to most warm blooded woodland creatures and any human beings unfortunate enough to get close
enough. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(CDC, 2015) Female ticks will die in the spring when her eggs burst from her body. These eggs will
litter the forest floor and eventually hatch into 6 legged larvae in the summer. These larva then
attach to much smaller mammals, such as field mice or small birds. Ticks spend as long as it takes,
usually a few days at most, finding the perfect spot to latch on and begin feeding. The larva feed for
a few days or until they are full and eventually drop off the host. With their appetite sated, larval
ticks will now prepare for their next stage of life. This occurs over the course of the fall and winter
time period as ticks burrow underground to retain warmth. They emerge in the spring, this time as 8
legged nymphs and the feeding cycle begins anew. This is also the period where lyme disease
becomes an issue. While feeding on smaller animals, ticks contract the disease and they become
carriers. They will transmit the disease as nymphs. Like the larvae, a nymph attaches to a larger
mammal ranging from squirrels to human beings. Over the course of a few days, the nymph finds a
spot to attach and feed. This happens over Spring and Summer. If they wait too long, the nymph will
die of starvation. When sated once again, the nymph falls to the forest floor and prepares one more
to proceed to the next stage of life. By Autumn, nymphs will have grown into adults. This is one of
the more important stages simply because reproduction can now occur. Females will find a host in
order to feed. Males find a host and a suitable mate. The male, once a mate is found, will fertilize as
many females as it possibly can before dying. The females will continue to feed until they are full
and eventually drop off. Once she is ready to lay eggs in the spring, her body will burst and the eggs
distribute along the forest floor as the cycle begins

Ehrlichiosis Research Papers
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are diseases caused by bacteria and carried by ticks. Other names for
these infections are:
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME).
Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis (HGA).
CAUSES
These diseases are caused by a bite from an infected adult tick.
RISK FACTORS
These diseases are more likely to occur between late spring and early fall. This is when ticks are
active.
SYMPTOMS
Many infected people have no symptoms. For those with symptoms, HME and HGA cause similar
illnesses. Symptoms typically begin one week or more after a tick bite and may include:
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is based on a physical exam, medical history, and blood tests. Your health care provider
may suspect HME or HGA:
If you have recently been bitten by a tick.
If you have been in areas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Be aware that most ticks live in shrubs, low tree branches, and grassy areas. A tick can climb onto
your body when you make contact with leaves or grass where the tick is waiting. Take these steps to
avoid tick bites when you are outdoors:
Wear protective clothing. Long sleeves and long pants are best.
Wear white clothes so you can see ticks more easily.
Tuck your pant legs into your socks.
Put insect repellent on all exposed skin and on your clothes.
Use tick prevention products on your pets, such as shampoos or tick collars.
If you go walking on a trail, stay in the middle of the trail to avoid brushing against bushes.
Avoid walking through areas that have long grass.
Check clothing, hair, and skin repeatedly and before going inside.
Check family members and pets for ticks.

Brush off any ticks that are not attached.
Take a shower or a bath as soon as possible after you have been outdoors. Check your skin for ticks.
The most common places on the body where ticks attach themselves are the scalp, neck, armpits,
waist, and

Tick Bornee Disease Research Paper
Signs and symptoms of tick–borne disease
Tick borne diseases affect humans and other animals are caused by infected agents that are
transmitted by tick bites. These agents are very harmful as they carry various infections as a single
tick can carry more than one disease causing agent. Proper diagnosis is not available for tick borne
diseases. Ticks are more active during warmer months. Area surrounded by woods, bushes, high
grass, or leaf litter are likely to have more ticks. Wearing light clothing, using insect repellent,
checking for ticks frequently, washing and drying clothes, etc. Another form of control is keeping a
guinea–fowl that consumes large amounts of ticks. Major tick–borne disease are Relapsing fever,
Typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Tick–borne ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For a person to get a tick–borne disease they must get bitten by a tick that feeds for a sufficient time.
One must keep a constant check on pets as they might carry these ticks. Rashes and aches are caused
due to tick bites which may cause tremendous amounts of discomfort. Regularly bathing and
cleanliness is a must. Keeping your home and its surroundings clean is another useful way of
avoiding ticks. A crawling tick does not transmit anything, it is only when it bites for a period of
time, is when there is a possibility of a disease being transmitted. If we find a tick on clothing, pets,
children, we must use a narrow tipped tweezers and grasp it as close to the skin as possible, then
slowly and steadily pull upwards. If the mouth is still attached to the skin, we must try to remove it.
Most tick–borne diseases are caused by bacteria and can be treated with antibiotics but it is
important to diagnose the problem early, to avoid any complications. There are various types of ticks
such as Blacklegged ticks or Deer ticks, American Dog ticks, Lone Star ticks, Gulf Coast Tick,
Rocky Mountain Wood ticks, Rocky Mountain Wood ticks, Pacific Coast Tick,

Ticks In Oklahoma
In Oklahoma many residents spend time in heavily populated areas with
ticks. Almost all the land in Oklahoma is owned by private individuals such as farmers, ranchers and
average citizens. This means that more Oklahoman's are at risk of coming in contact with ticks.
Prevention through education is the key to ensure less people become infected every year. With this
in mind knowing the source of the disease, how its transmitted, early detection, treatment and
prevention steps will decrease the number of cases each year. Since we are at a higher risk its our
responsibility to inform locals of the potential hazards that lurk in our back yards.
Lyme Disease comes from a line of bacteria called Borrelia Burgdorferi which originated during the
ice age in Europe. Lyme disease cases are mainly reported in the northeastern states. This blood
borne pathogen can only survive inside a host such as a tick. The Ixodes tick commonly known as
the black legged tick or deer ticks become infected transmitting Lyme Disease through their bite.
Unexpected hosts such as deer, fox, possum, raccoons, horses, cattle, small rodents, pets and even
humans can be easy targets for ticks. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the host is walking a tick is able to detect the carbon dioxide being
expelled, body heat, vibrations and prepare itself for questing. Questing is the term used for catching
a ride on an unsuspecting host. Once
contact is made, it latches on using a sword shaped mouth that resembles a catfish
barb called a hypostome. In order to become infected the tick must feed longer
than 24 hours to transmit Lyme Disease.
While it can take up to 30 days before you see any symptoms of infection,
others notice as early as 3 days. The main indication of infection is a circular rash
that looks like a bull's–eye. However, flu like symptoms and joint pain can also

Descriptive Essay About Field Day
FIELD DAY
Everything started to look dim, then I was out. I was at school and I was thrilled for the day to start.
The reason why was because today was field day. So I got to my homeroom and my teacher Mrs.
Martin (my second grade teacher) started explaining what was going to happen today. I couldn't
make out everything from the fact that I was thinking about what was going to happen today. We
started heading outside carrying all the materials we will need for the day.
So if you were not sure what field day is I'll give you a summary of what it's about, so field day is a
day when you hang outside playing games with competition against other classes.
So anyways, my class got to the fields along with the other classes and we started the games. When
the first second of the first game started, I felt nervous. I was very competitive about things and I
wanted to win. I watched as the games went by and I had to because I was the captain and I had to
keep track of the score. We were losing badly and making me think of all of the scores made me
woozy.
When it was finally my game to play I started to feel light headed, but I headed over to my station
anyway. My teammates were Gabe, Laney and some other people. Gabe was behind me and Laney
was in front. The game I was in was the sled pull. I felt like I wanted to drop to the ground. Finally it
was my turn then Gabe tapped my shoulder. "You have a tick behind your ear," Gabe yelped.
I didn't hear him and whispered, " What."

Lyme Disease Research Paper
A well–known disease in the United States is Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a bacterial infection
transmitted by deer ticks that are infected with the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. In the early 1970s a
group of children and adults in Lyme, Connecticut, and the surrounding areas were suffering from
some puzzling and debilitating health issues. Finally, by the mid–70s, researchers began describing
the signs and symptoms of this new disease. They called it Lyme, but they still didn't know what
caused it (History of Lyme Disease | Bay Area Lyme Foundation. n.d.). In the 1980's, it was
discovered that the bacteria came from deer ticks. Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention
estimate that 300,000 people are diagnosed with Lyme disease in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The disease can affect a human's skin, joint, neurologic and/or cardiac manifestations. Early Lyme is
2 to 30 days prior to the tick bite, which includes fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle and joint
aches, and swollen nodes. Late Lyme would be weeks to years after the tick bite, which include
episodes of dizziness or shortness of breath and problems with short–term memory. Early Lyme can
be treated with antibiotics and late Lyme can be treated with IV antibiotics. In the absence of
neurologic or cardiac symptoms, treatment recommendations for adults would be a 14–day course of
oral antibiotics. Doxycyline 100 mg twice daily is the preferred treatment; alternatively, amoxicillin
500 mg three times daily or cefuroxime axetil 500 mg twice daily may be prescribed (History of
Lyme Disease | Bay Area Lyme Foundation. n.d.). The most common diagnostic tests for Lyme
disease are indirect ones. Two–tiered testing uses two tests. The first is a screening test that should
detect anyone who might have the disease. Tests that do this well have are regarded as having high
sensitivity. This test is followed by a second test that is intended to make sure that only people with
the disease are diagnosed. Tests that do this well have high specificity (Lyme disease is a clinical
diagnosis, based on your medical history, symptoms and exposure to ticks. n.d.). Diagnose of Lyme
can be difficult to detect because

Lyme Disease Research Papers
Although most people don't realize it, one of the world's most debilitating diseases can often be
found in their very own backyard. Lurking in the tall grass or dangling from the end of a branch, just
waiting for you to walk by. Barley bigger than a poppy seed, they're almost impossible to notice. But
these tiny black–legged ticks are no joke and if you've been bitten, you're at risk. These nasty little
ticks pack a big punch, carrying a very serious life altering disease. This disease, which can change
a life forever is known as Lyme disease.
All diseases have a causative agent, a biological pathogen that causes the disease. In Lyme disease,
the causative agent is a harmful bacteria called Borrelia burgdoferi. That being said, every disease is
transmitted in one way or the other. In this case, Lyme disease is transmitted through a vector. That
vector being a deer tick or in the Western United States, a black–legged tick. In order to contract
Lyme disease, the tick must imbed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It shows no mercy and can affect multiple parts or organs simultaneously. The disease can damage
the joints, leading to Lyme Arthritis. Lyme disease is known to cause serious neurological problems,
which could lead to unannounced mental disturbances. Facial paralysis is another one of the
devastating effects. More seriously, Lyme disease can damage the liver and eventually will lead to
liver disease. It can cause encephalitis, which is inflammation of the brain. Most importantly, the
disease can cause severe heart complications. Such as, heart palpitations or an irregular heartbeat.
Keep in mind, I have only listed a few of the horrible effects that Lyme disease has on the body. The
effects of the disease on so many body systems, and the debilitating impact on the life of the
infected patient, have triggered a crisis that has far–reaching implications for public health and

Tick Insect Repellents
Ticks and fleas are a very common annoyance when trying to enjoy the outside. For seniors it can be
very complicated to see them and recognize that the tiny insect has attached itself to their skin. The
best thing for seniors to do is to learn how to protect their skin from ticks and fleas. Ticks have a
single body with eight legs. They will embed themselves into a person's skin and become attached.
If you are bitten by a tick and it has the appearance of a bull's–eye, even if you do not have any
other symptoms; it is imperative to get to a health care provider as soon as possible.
Use Insect Repellent
Individuals can purchase a tick insect repellent. Many of the repellents are color and odorless. Ticks
carry diseases so, it is important

Infectious disease information table – ASHLEY THAPA
Name of infectious disease
Lyme disease
First discovered or described (name of person and date)
First discovered or described (name of person and date)
Lyme disease is an infection caused by a bacteria known as Borrelia. In the early 1970s, a group of
children and adults were suffering from some puzzling health issues. Though they were unsure of
the cause. Finally, in mid–1970, researchers found out it was the Lyme disease but still was unsure
of what caused it. In 1981 scientist, Willy Burgdorfer found a connection between the deer tick and
the Lyme disease. He discovered that spirochete was causing Lyme. Later on, 1982, the medical
community honored Dr. Burgdorfer's discovery and named the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. In ...
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The pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi is the spirochete that causes Lyme disease.
The exact mechanisms for its pathology are still trying to be understood. Although according to the
Center for Disease Control, Lyme disease caused by B. burgdorferi has become the most common
bacterial disease in the world.
Bacterium Borrelia Burgdorferi is a highly specialized, motile, two–membrane, spiral–shaped
bacterium that lives primarily as an extracellular pathogen. The bacteria is 0.2 to 0.3 micrometers
wide, though the cell length may exceed 15 to 20 micrometers.
Mode(s) of transmission
The Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, is spread through the bite of infected ticks. Ticks
can attach to any part of the human body but are often found in hard–to–see areas (eg. the groin,
armpits, and scalp). The tick has to be attached for 36 to 48+ hours before the Lyme disease
bacterium can be transmitted. Most humans are infected through the bites of immature ticks called
nymphs. Nymphs are tiny and difficult to see, and spring and summer is the time they

What You Know About Ticks Case Study
What You Can Do Know About Ticks
By Jim Doyle, Hartney Greymont, a Davey company
Ticks and tick–borne diseases are continually rising in the United States. In fact, the Center for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) just found that tick–borne diseases have more than doubled
in the last 13 years.
Unfortunately for us in Massachusetts, those numbers hold true. The number of confirmed Lyme
disease cases rose 65 percent from 2005 to 2009, according to the Massachusetts Department of
Public Health.
Each year, there are there are more Lyme cases than the year before! This untreatable disease
accounts for 82 percent of all tick–borne diseases, according to the CDC.
As someone who works outside (and loves to be outdoors even when I'm not at ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this stage in their life, they're only the size of a poppy seed, which makes them easy to miss.
Plus, the CDC says most humans are infected through the bites of these immature ticks. Right now,
they inhabit our lawns and gardens–and love hiding along the edges of stone walls or in shady, moist
spots on the ground.
But there are simple solutions to minimize the tick population surrounding your home.
Solutions and Treatment
Hartney Greymont arborists like me recommend the following steps to help reduce your tick
population. Remember: no natural, vegetated area can be considered free of ticks. Instead, the goal
is to give ticks fewer places to hide.
Here are a few ways to do that!
1. Take away the places ticks love. Ticks prefer damp, humid locations and are extremely
susceptible to dehydration. When done correctly, this reduces your property's humidity by
improving light and air circulation.
2. Clean it up! Get rid of brush piles or areas with lots of green debris. If you see any other
overgrown areas of your garden, cut those back.

3. Deter deer. Add a physical barrier, like a fence, to keep deer and other tick–carrying animals out
of your yard. Deer repellant spray may also be ap¬plied onto the plantings around your home to
keep deer

Persuasive Essay On Ticks
Introduction
Ticks are insects that draw blood for food. Most ticks live in shrubs and grassy areas. They climb
onto people and animals that brush against the leaves and grasses they rest on. Then they bite,
attaching themselves to the skin.
Most ticks are harmless, but some carry germs that can spread to a person through a bite and cause
disease. To reduce your risk of getting a disease from a tick bite, it is important to take steps to
prevent tick bites. It is also important to check for ticks after being outdoors and, if you find one, to
watch for symptoms of disease.
How can I prevent tick bites?
Take these steps to help prevent tick bites when you are outdoors in an area where ticks are found:
Put insect repellent on any parts of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To remove a tick that is crawling on your skin but has not bitten, go outdoors and brush the tick off.
To remove a tick that is attached to your skin:
Wash your hands.
If you have latex gloves, put them on.
Using tweezers, curved forceps, or a tick–removal tool to gently grasp the tick as close to your skin
and the tick 's head as possible.
Gently pull with steady, upward pressure until the tick lets go. When removing the tick:
Take care to keep the tick 's head attached to its body.
Do not twist or jerk the tick. This can make the tick 's head or mouth break off.
Do not squeeze or crush the tick 's body. This could force disease–carrying fluids from the tick into
your body.
Do not try to remove a tick with heat, alcohol, petroleum jelly, or fingernail polish. Using these
methods can cause the tick to salivate and regurgitate into your bloodstream, increasing your risk of
getting a disease.
What should I do after removing a tick?
Clean wash the bite area with soap and water, rubbing alcohol, or an iodine scrub.
If an antiseptic cream or ointment is available, apply a small amount to the bite site.
Wash and disinfect any instruments you used to remove the tick.
How should I dispose of a tick?
To dispose of a live tick, use one of these methods:
Place the tick in rubbing alcohol.
Place in sealed bag or container.
Wrap it tightly in tape.
Flush it down the toilet.

Contact a health care provider if:
You are not able to remove a tick.
A

Texas Tick Fever Research Paper
What became known as Texas tick fever probably arrived in North America sometime in the
seventeenth century carried by cattle brought by Spanish colonists from the West Indies. It was
transmitted by the cattle tick which required 200 or more frost free days per year for survival.
Therefore, its spatial extent was the southern states. Initially, southerners were not terribly
concerned about the disease since cattle was rarely a primary economic investment in the southern
United States. Antebellum Texas was an exception since it dominated the national cattle industry. By
the 1850s farmers in states such as Missouri were turning back cattle drives from Texas for fear of
infecting their herds. In some instances there were violent confrontations, assaulting and even
killing some of the cowboys. Eventually northern states intervened to protect their herds, instituting
quarantine laws against southern cattle. In 1892 the federal government delineated a quarantine line
that followed the northern border of permanent fever infestation. The accompanying regulations
stated that cattle could only be moved to northern markets between ... Show more content on
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The use of arsenic dips were adopted nationally in the 1910s. Arsenic was cheap and easy to use. It
did not cling to the cattle and did not adversely affect their health or appearance. Dipping provided
an effective way to eradicate the tick, but required the construction of expensive dipping vats. The
construction of vats, enforcement of quarantines, inspection of heards, and treatment of all stock in a
particular area all required a high level of cooperation between government agencies and farmers.
This cooperation did not always exist. Small–scale and middling farmers resented the requirement to
expend money and effort to treat their cattle when they percieved no advantage and some very
obvious disadvantages (Strom

An Infectious Disease: The Epidemiology Of Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is an infectious disease that is caused by bacteria.
The common sign of this disease is that the infectious expanding area of redness begins at the tick
bite about week after it been bite by the creature.
Lyme disease can cause serious health issue in your body.
Infected black legged tick can spread Lyme disease to humans through their bite.
Ticks are very small and as their bite are usually painless
In Canada there are two types of tick that are spread called: western lack legged tick ( British
Columbia) black legged tick (other parts of Canada)
Causes of Lyme Disease
Biology of Lyme disease
Ticks can become infected if they are feed in small animals. The disease are spread when an infected
tick bites a person and stay

Lyme Disease : An Infectious Disease
My research subject is Lyme disease. This is also known as Lyme Borreliosis or just Lyme for short.
Lyme disease is an infectious disease of Borreliosis bacteria that is spread to humans via Ticks. It is
a bacterial infection caused by Borreliosis Burgdorferi, a type of bacterium called spirochete.
Spirochetes are long, thin spiral shaped bacteria that wiggle and spin to propel through the
bloodstream. Once in the circulatory system, Lyme can spread to other parts of the body and cause a
variety of problems.(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention) Lyme is a bacteria spread by Zoonosis which occurs when an infectious disease, being
embedded in the gut of an animal such as a rodent or queer squirrel, germinates another vector to be
spread to other hosts. The disease can then be transferred from that animal to a tick such as a Deer
Tick(North America). This tick is known as a vector and searches for a new, larger host. This can
range from a deer(most prominent scenario) to even humans. Ticks must take in blood to survive.
Ticks lodge themselves into a host 's skin and feed on their blood. While this is taking place the
Borreliosis bacteria get in through the bloodstream and can spread to joints, the brain and even the
heart.(Portal.mah.harvard.edu) Humans have only been known to catch Lyme disease from one
vector and that is through ticks. Lyme is one of the better known tick–borne illnesses in the United
States. To understand

Lyme Disease Essay
Lyme disease is an illness that is caused by a Borrelia bacteria. This disease is spread to humans
through the bite of an infected tick that carries the pathogen. The main reservoir of the Lyme disease
pathogen is usually a mouse, but any small mammal can act as the reservoir if it has been
contaminated by the infected tick (either in the larval or nymph stage). The bacteria can then be
passed on to a human host. Transmission of the pathogen could occur with as soon as twenty–four
hours after the bite takes place. There are many signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, and the most
common sign of the disease is a round expanding region of redness that occurs at the initial bite site
("bull's eye rash"). Other lesions also may appear, secondary, once the initial mark has grown in
size. Some of the initial symptoms that are associated with the disease include: fever, fatigue,
headaches, and sore muscles. After a longer period of time, other signs and symptoms may appear.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means avoiding ticks, the organism that is most responsible for spreading this disease to
humans. Long sleeved clothing, wearing hats, and tucking pants into one's socks are all common
preventative measures. Another way to prevent the spread from tick to human, is to remove the tick
as soon as it is found on the skin so that there is less time to actually transmit the disease.
Aenishaenslin et al. claims that Lyme disease is very often an endemic species, and only two cases
must be confirmed in a county in order for it to become an endemic county. Antibiotics are most
commonly used in order to treat Lyme disease. However, the vigor with which drugs are used
depends greatly on the stage of the disease that the patient has progressed to. Treatment may last
several weeks; if symptoms persist, or return, another round of medication will be

Lyme Disease Is An Issue
Ticked Off: Lyme Disease is an Issue
What is Lyme disease, and why is it important? Lyme disease is a tick–borne disease created by
bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. "The infection is primarily transmitted by Ixodes ticks, also known
as deer ticks, and on the West Coast, black–legged ticks" (Lymedisease.org). It's hard to identify the
ticks because of their tiny size, similar to a poppy seed. To make that exact the female adult deer tick
is about 2.7 mm in length, and the male is smaller than that (tickencounter.org). The size makes it
even more difficult to feel or find a bite from the tick. However, the consequences can be very
serious, sometimes even fatal (cdc.gov). Lyme disease is a serious public health in the United States
that is overlooked.
"Lyme disease got its name from where it was first discovered in Lyme, Connecticut in 1975"
(healthychildren.org). "Since then there has been thousands of cases reported of the disease. The
ticks live in low and high seasonal temperatures and high humidity" (healthychildren.org). Lyme
Disease most common to occur in the Northeast, North–central states, or West Coast. On behalf of
the Northeast, I can tell you that ticks are everywhere in this region. They like to live in tall grasses
and woody areas. "The small insects more than often latch onto the foot or lower leg and crawl up
the body, and travel up the body with a destination of the head. On their normal hosts, ticks also
usually crawl up; they want to blood feed around the

Borrelia Burgdorferi Research Paper
In 1981, a spirochetal bacterium was discovered in a nymphal tick, Ixodes scapularis and named
Borrelia burgdorferi. This species has now been divided into multiple species, three of which cause
human infection. Agents belonging to the eubacterial phylum of spirochetes, which are bacteria
shaped like corkscrews and are actively motile, cause Lyme borrelioses, also called Lyme disease.
As discovered from its sequenced genome, B. burgdorferi depends entirely on its host for nutrients.
Another unique characteristic of these bacteria is that it does not require iron for growth in vitro,
which helps the parasite overcome a common host response of limiting iron. This pathogen causes
infection not through toxins but through migrating through the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One example of this is in the primary vectors, which vary by geographic location. In the western
U.S., the main vector is I. pacifus, and in the northeastern and north central U.S., the vector is I.
scapularis. In Europe the sheep tick, I. ricinus is the primary vector and in Asia, the vector species is
I. persulcatus. Horizontal transmission occurs in the northeastern and north central U.S. among both
larval and nymphal ticks and rodents such as white–footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and
chipmunks (Tamias spp.). White–tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) are the preferred host of
ticks in this region and play a critical role in their survival. In the western portion of the U.S., two
cycles promoting transmission are found to intersect. Here, different species of wood rat are either
bitten by ticks that do not usually bite humans or they are bitten and infected by Borrelia bissettii,
which is non–pathogenic. In the southeast portion of the U.S., lizards are commonly fed upon by
nymphal ticks but are resistant to the infection due to complement–mediated killing of the
spirochete. In Europe and Asia animal hosts range from small and large mammals to birds and
reptiles with immature ticks in Asia preferring smaller animals and adults preferring larger animals.
Different species of Borrelia have different

Lyme Disease Analysis
Lyme disease or Lyme Borreliosis is a vector–borne disease that is caused by spirochaete Borrelia
burgdorferi bacteria (WHO, 2016). These bacteria are transmitted through the bites of infected deer
ticks (WHO, 2016). Symptoms of the disease include fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle and
joint pain (WHO, 2016). Often a rash appears at the site of the tick bite and may gradually expand to
a ring around the bite. Lyme disease was first observed in the State of Connecticut in 1975.
Currently, the disease may be found in forested areas of Asia, Europe and the United States. In these
areas deer ticks feed on mice and rodents, which serve as a reservoir for this bacteria
(MayoClinic.org, 2015). Then in adult hood deer ticks feed on white tailed and other targets of
opportunity. Individuals who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, for individuals in the developing world resources are lacking. It is individuals in
these situations that are extremely vulnerable to potential exposure. Climate change is also
impacting disease transmission. Large environmental areas are shrinking due to urban sprawl which
is leading to increased populations density's, increased pathogen load, decreased distributions, and a
greater prevalence of disease (Mills, Gage, Khan, 2010). Thus, larger numbers of individuals are
living in close proximity of disease vectors. In this paper I have discussed the vector borne disease
of Lyme disease, and the zoonotic disease of Rabies. Both of these diseases are preventable and
treatable but they do present public health hazards. Climate change is adversely impacting
environments and humans are now living closer than ever to the boundaries of these diseases. In
fact, in greater densely populated areas more and more individuals are coming into contact with
such diseases. Prevention requires resources which many developing countries are lacking which
leads to inadequate treatment for those whom are

Chemical Transmission Case Study
Disruption of Chemical Transmission
A) Holocyclotoxin
This Neurotoxin is found in the Ixodes holocyclus or Paralysis Tick
It produces proteins known as Holocyclotoxins that prevent acetylcholine release from presynaptic
nerve terminals. This damages or destroys the cells of the central nervous system. Experimental tick
paralysis in hamsters has been shown to impair potassium–induced increase in miniature end–plate
potential frequency at the neuromuscular junction. A defect in the mobilization of acetylcholine at
the motor nerve terminal has been suggested.
Ticks are known to inject toxins that cause local irritation or mild irritation, however most tick bites
cause little or no symptoms and are rarely deadly to humans, but can often be fatal to dogs and other
domestic animals. Tick borne diseases, tick paralysis and severe allergic reactions can pose serious
health threat. Early symptoms of tick paralysis can include rashes, headache, fever, flu like
symptoms, tenderness of lymph nodes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Venom disrupters of acetylcholine neurotransmission generally penetrate the neuromuscular
junction, where they interfere with either the production or reception of acetylcholine, or the
hydrolysis of acetylcholine after it has achieved its function of neurotransmission; mamba
Fasciculins prevent the final stage of this process by binding to acetylcholinesterase and blocking its
action on acetylcholine; the result is that after the acetylcholine has transmitted the required
stimulus, it continues with the stimulus after it has become inappropriate.
Symptoms of envenomation by this species include swelling of the bite site, dizziness, and nausea,
accompanied by difficulty breathing and swallowing, irregular heartbeat, convulsions, rapid
progression to respiratory paralysis and fasciculations if the skin. Bites that produce severe
envenomation can be rapidly

Lyme disease is also called Lyme borreliosis. It is caused by a bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi,
and transmitted by the black–legged tick, Ixodes scapularis, in the nymph stage (J.F. & Magnarelli,
1993). Therefore, the infected nymph's density is the most specific ecological indicator of the risk of
Lyme disease (J.F. & Magnarelli, 1993). It is an enzootic disease, although humans have been
infected as accidental hosts, making it a zoonotic disease (G. & Fish, 1993).
The Peromyscus leucopus, the white– footed mice, is the principle reservoir for the disease
transmission to the black–legged tick (Krohne, D.T., & Hoch, 1999). Where the disease originates
from, why it has emerged so rapidly and what can be done to reduce the risk of exposure ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nymph density was 0.1/m2 in average in the four smallest fragments and decreased to an average of
0.03/m2 in the larger fragments. NIP and DON were significant negative functions of the patch area.
The infected nymph's percentage decreased from 70% on average in smallest fragments to 48% in
average in larger fragments.
Discussion
In highly fragmented landscapes, the nymph's infection prevalence, the density of infected nymphs
and density of nymphs were correlated inversely with forest patch area (Nupp, T.E., & Swihart,
1998). These metrics of the population of nymph stages of the ticks are ecological indicators of the
risk of Lyme disease (Ostfeld, R.S.., & Keesing, 2000).
The elevated exposure risk in the smallest patches results from two phenomena. Firstly, biodiversity
loss that accompanies fragmentation of forests decreases the tick host's abundance that is poor
reservoirs for the B. burgdorferi. Low biodiversity reduces the tick meal's fraction taken from the
poor reservoirs and increases NIP (M' Closkey, 1999). Secondly, from the smallest fragments, the
vertebrate species lost are competitors and predators of the main reservoir host, white–footed mice
(M' Closkey,

Dog Ticks Research Paper
Dog ticks and fleas
Having dogs and cats at home brings about those unwanted visitors that not only affect our pets, but
also us. In addition, they can cause diseases in animals and also in people. Therefore, you must
prevent them from proliferating in your home. Know the best remedies to eliminate fleas and ticks
naturally.
Where can my dog catch ticks and fleas?
The tick is an external parasite (ectoparasite) of the family of arachnid mites. Its size and colour
vary according to its species. Ticks are, along with fleas, the most common external parasites in the
can. Small in size – they measure a few millimeters – and with eight legs, they feed on the blood of
the affected animal. When they reach their body, these parasites of the spider family cling to the
dog's skin thanks to a powerful jaw. Ticks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The best weapon against them is prevention, among others, through proper brushing and hygiene.
When the heat arrives, one must be more alert than ever to locate the possible presence of these
parasites and rid the dog of its attack.
It is possible to buy specific products, for sale in different formats: pipettes, necklaces or sprays. It is
a matter of choosing the right product to combat fleas and ticks in dogs and that has a quality tested
and endorsed by the laboratories that manufacture this type of anti–parasite.
Check the dog's coat regularly, especially in spring and summer, when ticks and fleas are more
active.
Maintain proper hygiene of the dog, with regular brushing of the coat and with baths. The latter do
not have to be very frequent, but they can be carried out with specific antiparasitic products.
Never use antiparasitic products that are not suitable for dogs.
Ticks and fleas, especially the first ones, are a focus of diseases, so you must prevent their attack
and be very vigilant to detect them as soon as

Lyme Disease In The 1970's
Lyme disease was discovered in the 1970's, as any other disease was, by a large number of cases,
with patients having the same symptoms. In Lyme, Connecticut, a doctor was having patients who
were all suffering from the same symptoms that made patients become debilitated. There were so
many cases that the doctor marked it as an unknown disease. It wasn't until later in the 1980's that
there were more widespread cases throughout the north–east. Lyme disease is becoming a serious
problem in the north–east and especially in New York State, given the drastic increase of cases.
Without treatment Lyme disease can result in blindness and in severe cases, death. In the 1970's,
doctors were receiving patients who were having odd symptoms. The symptoms were swollen
knees, paralysis, skin rashes, headaches, and severe chronic fatigue ("History of Lyme Disease"). In
the 1980's a doctor named Willy Burgdorfer was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They contract it when feeding on infected hosts. While deer are most commonly known for giving
Lyme disease to ticks, rodents are the main threat. "Ostfeld's research indicates that white–footed
mice infect 75–95 percent of larval ticks that feed on them, while deer only infect about one
percent" (Mercola). Urban sprawl and hunting has eliminated many of the mice's natural predators
allowing populations to grow and infected ticks to spread.
Chances of being bitten by a nymph (young deer tick) are greater during mid May to mid August.
Generally, they are the size of poppy seeds. Adult ticks are greater during March to mid May and
mid August to November. Once it gets below freezing many of the ticks won't survive. If a tick is
found on the body you must remove it immediately. In most cases the tick must be attached for 36
hours or more before the bacteria can be transmitted ("Lyme Disease (tick borne borreliosis, Lyme
arthritis)"). Contrary to popular belief, Lyme disease doesn't spread from one person to

Ticks Use Several Ways For Locate Hosts
Ticks use several ways to locate hosts. Some quest, i.e. they crawl onto vegetation and wait for
passing hosts which they grab onto using their front legs, then crawl on the host until they find a
suitable site to attach and feed (Walker et al., 2003). The tick's questing behaviour is related to host
kairomones which are residues rubbed off host body onto vegetation (Terassini et al., 2010). Ticks
become akinetic upon encountering residues of kairomones (Carroll, 1998). As Artiodactyla and
Peryssodactyla usually frequent the same trails (Emmons and Feer, 1997), ticks waiting on these
positions have a chance of successfully encountering the host (Carroll, 2003). Arrestment
pheromones present in cast larval skins, tick faecal droppings and tick body exudates also induce
akinetic (Sonenshine and Roe, 2014). These two pheromones result in clustering of ticks. The
arrestment pheromones are interspecies specific, i.e Ornithodoros moubata arrestment pheromones
induce ceasation of movement in O. tholozani (Sonenshine, 2004). This behaviour is also expressed
between some different genera (Sonenshine and Roe, 2014).
Adult ticks of Amblyomma and Hyalomma are exophilic, i.e. they hunt for a nearby host by running
across the ground (Walker et al., 2003). Argasids and many Ixodes species are endophilic, i.e. they
spent their life time in a host's nest from where they attach to available host. A few species of ticks
have adapted to human dwellings, e.g. Rhipicephalus sanguineus. These feed

Tick Tick Tock Analysis
Tick Tock Tick Tock. The time goes by, every second intensifies the fear. A fear of being sent to the
gas chamber, being starved to death, or being sent to concentration camps. Other Jews' worst
nightmare had come true as they were being squeezed between over 100 others in one cattle cart, on
their death ride to the heavens. It was like playing cops and robbers, but to the extreme. "A genocide
in which six million European Jews were killed by Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, and the World War
II collaborators with the Nazis." This is the Holocaust. One of the darkest times in history, where the
diversity of religion resulted in annihilation. Every Jew that the Nazis found were sent to
concentration camps, starved to death and much more. While many ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Adolfo Kaminsky saved almost 10,000 children by creating counterfeits of legal documents through
a Jewish resistance network he was recruited to in France. While all the Jews were in danger of
being captured, those who assisted them were too. Coming from a background of Russian Jews and
being born in Argentina, he was also part of the misery. He along with millions of Jews were sent to
concentration camps, however Adolfo and his family were rescued,due to the papers that they had
from Argentina. Each of their passports came from Argentina, resulting in the government fighting
for their protection. They were held hostage in a concentration camp for months, but due to these
papers they were allowed to leave, while others walked towards their death. Being grateful for the
blessings that god has given to his family, he became a god for the other Jewish children.His selfless
acts rescued thousands of Jews from their despair, however he was dissatisfied with the fact that he
did not have the ability to help any more Jewish children. Kaminsky once said "'The smallest error
and you send someone to prison or death,' he told me. 'It's a great responsibility. It's heavy. It's not at
all a pleasure.' Years later he's still haunted by the work, explaining: 'I think mostly of the people
that I couldn't save.'" Although it was strenuous and enervating, the relieved faces of the

Tick Investigation Essay
Tick Investigation
Aim
To describe the niche of a tick by;
· Studying it anatomically
· Describing it's lifestyle
· Describing it's life cycle
· Explaining how it has adapted
· And what diseases it carries and spreads
.......................................................................................
An introduction to ticks
[IMAGE]
The tick is not an insect but is part of the arachnid family.
Ticks are divided into two main families, soft ticks (Argasidae) and hard ticks (Ixodidae). The
scientific name of the tick that I am studying is Ixodes Canisuga, it has a sclerotizeddorsal plate
(scutum), an oval or pair shaped outline, and their mouthparts are visible from the dorsal view.
Habitat
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three stages in the development of ticks;
1. Lava

2. Nymph
3. Adult female
[IMAGE]The life cycle takes 3 to six years to complete, with each stage taking at least one year.
Blood feeding occurs once in each stage.
The diagram to the right shows the life cycle of a tick.
Larvae have six legs, climb the vegetation and wait for a passing host, usually a mouse. There they
feed for 2–3 days and they increase their weight 10–20 times. Thy then drop off into the vegetation
and continue to grow.
After several months, the lava molts to an 8–legged nymph of around 2mm.
A few months later the nymph molts again into the final stage of tick development; the adult. The
adult female can only feed successfully on larger animals such as dogs, deer sheep and cows. When
it feeds it can grow to 150 times its original weight. The immature stages of the tick can paratize
almost any warm blooded animal.
[IMAGE]The picture to the left is of a male and female tick mating.
Whilst mating, the female continues to feed, engorging herself so that she can produce well
nourished eggs. The males feed every so often to stay alive. When the female is ready to lay her
eggs, she drops of the host lays her eggs and dies.
[IMAGE]Anatomy of a tick
The picture to the right is the anchorage part of the tick, scientifically named the hyposome.

The Causative Agent Of Human Monocytotrophic Ehrlichiosis
Members of the genus Ehrlichia, the causative agent of human monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis (HME),
are important emerging tick–borne pathogens globally. Ehrlichia spp. is naturally transmitted by
Ixodidae family ticks and maintained between the ticks and the wild or domestic animal reservoir
hosts.
E. canis can cause illness in dogs and other canids, and these animals are thought to be the reservoir
hosts. Evidence of infection with this or a similar organism has also been reported in cats and
captive wild felids. Human infections with E.canis have been reported but the incidence is quite few.
In Venezuela, chronic, asymptomatic infections with E. canis in human patients have been reported
as well as six clinical cases with ehrlichiosis. All patients with clinical cases had a fever, and most
had a headache and/or myalgia. Also, malaise, arthralgia, nausea, vomiting, rash, bone pain, diarrhea
or abdominal pain occurred in some patients. Leukopenia was seen in one patient and anemia in
another. All of the six patients were young and otherwise healthy, and the E. canis strains were
identical to those seen in dogs. E. canis nucleic acids have also been detected in a small number of
stored human serum samples in the U.S. Although E. canis occur worldwide, its presence and
density in an area varies with the distribution of its tick vectors. The presence of novel Ehrlichia
genotype suspected to be E.canis detected in dogs in South Africa has been reported by Allsopp and
Allsopp

Disease Control And Prevention Starting Reporting Lyme...
Introduction
Since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention starting reporting Lyme disease as a reportable
disease in 1991 it has been the most commonly reported vector–borne illness is the United States1.
It should be noted that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily
concentrated in upper Midwest and northeast United States1. This report has been compiled to
provide recommendations for prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient encounters a
tick bite.
Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by Ixodes
dammini, otherwise known as the deer tick3. B. burgdorferi lives in the midgut of the deer tick, and
becomes active after a tick's gut is filled with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Serologic testing has not been proven to be effective in identifying B. burgdorferi. Antimicrobial
therapy has been at the forefront of research in trying to identify if prophylactic treatment is
necessary and what drug and dosing is most appropriate.
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
In 1992 Shapiro et al. published their research informing providers prophylactic antimicrobial
treatment is not routinely indicated.2 There were a total of 387 patients in the controlled trial, 203
patients assigned to receive amoxicillin and 182 were given a placebo. Either 250mg of amoxicillin
or a placebo was given to subjects three times a day for ten days. 15 subjects dropped out and 7
subjects had already shown positive serologic testing to B. burgdorferi and were therefore dismissed
from the study. Out of 173 subjects who received the placebo only two developed symptomatic
infection with B. burgdorferi; whereas, none of the 192 subjects who were given amoxicillin showed
any infection. They concluded the risk of actually becoming infected with B. burgdorferi is so small
that the prophylactic use of antibiotics does not make a clinical significance and should not be used.
The authors also indicated that most deer ticks are actually not infected with B. burgdorferi, which
may help explain why so little placebo subjects showed a positive infection after their encounter.
While Shapiro et al. was not able to recommend antimicrobial prophylaxis with amoxicillin
Nadelman et al. devised

Ticks Research Papers
Ticks are very important and harmful blood sucking external parasites of mammals, birds and
reptiles throughout the woria (Furman and Loomis, 1984). The medical and economic importance of
ticks had long been recognized due to their ability to transmit diseases to humans and animals. Ticks
belong to phylum, Aarthropoda and make up the largest collection of creatures in order Acarina.
They are divided into two groups: soft ticks (Argasidae) and hard ticks (Ixodidae). Hard ticks feed
for extended periods of time on their hosts, varying from several days to weeks, depending on
factors like life stage, host type, and species of tick. The outside surface of hard ticks actually grows
to accommodate the large volume of blood ingested which in adult ticks, may be anywhere from 200
to 600 times their unfed body weight (Sonenshine, 1991). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The outside surface of soft ticks expands, but does not grow to accommodate the large volume of
blood ingested, which may be anywhere from 5 to 10 times their unfed body weight (Sonenshine,
1991). Ticks cause great economic losses to livestock in the world and have adverse effect on
livestock host in several ways (Snelson, 1975), parasitize a wide range of vertebrate hosts, and
transmit a wider variety of pathogenic agents than any other group of arthropods (Oliver, 1989,
colwell et al.,2011). There are 899 tick species those parasitize the vertebrates including Argasidae
(185 species), Ixodidae (713 species) andNuttalliellidae (1 specie) (Barker and Murrell, 2004,Naval
et al.,2012). Ticks are the most important ecto–parasites of livestock in tropical and sub–tropical
areas, and are responsible for severe economic losses in

Personal Narrative: Rushing Into The Emergency Room
Rushing into the Emergency Room and suddenly everything is chaos. A jumble of doctors and
nurses shouting commands and taking action. The wheels creaking as they quickly race from the
ambulance and come to a halt as I am transferred to a different bed. My skin piercing as I am
hooked up to IVs, a feeling that would commonly make me queasy now seemed to bother me none.
Suddenly a sharp pain runs through my neck and chest as I am lifted up and my shirt tears as the
scissor's sharp blades cut through its fabric like nothing and I am placed in an itchy gown that
countless others have worn before. I look for my mother to comfort me at that moment but it is too
late, she has already been ushered out of the room. It is taking everything in my body ... Show more
I was supposed to be strong for her, for everyone. I was keeping her alive and fighting yet here I was
fighting for my life as well. Just a year before we had been active playing sports and being outside
whenever possible. One day she developed a fever and as her fever faded away she was overcome
by more debilitating symptoms. After searching for more than three months and spending over one
hundred thousand dollars on remedies we found that it was Lyme Disease. This is typically a tick–
borne illness coming from a deer tick that causes excruciating flu–like symptoms and in chronic
cases can lead to loss of motor skills, memories, and constant pain throughout the body, as it did for
my sister. The telltale sign for this is its trademark bulls eye rash. However, my sister didn't develop
this so it was nearly impossible to receive help in Florida due to the lack of the rash and the
misconceived notion that deer ticks are not in Florida. As the months went on she and I along with
our mother went to the West Clinic to seek treatment. After detailed tests they found that she was
most likely born with this and tested me as well to find that this was true. My mother tested positive
and the best she could figure was that she was infected while growing up in North Caroline yet
lacked symptoms due to her heart medication, penicillin, which is also commonly used to treat
Lyme Disease. I had remained unaffected from this disease because of a strong immune system. I
thought I had beat the disease but here I was on my death bed as a result of treating a disease which
had yet to overcome my

Symptoms Of Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is an infection that affects many parts of the body, including the skin, joints, and
nervous system. It is a bacterial infection that starts from the bite of an infected tick. The infection
can spread, and some of the symptoms are similar to the flu. If Lyme disease is not treated, it may
then cause joint pain, swelling, numbness, problems thinking, fatigue, muscle weakness, and other
problems.
CAUSES
This condition is caused by bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi.
You can get Lyme disease by being bitten by an infected tick. The tick must be attached to your skin
to transmit the infection. Deer often carry infected ticks.
RISK FACTORS
The following factors may make you more likely to develop this condition:

Heart Foundation Tick Program Analysis
The context and how the implementation of the Heart Foundation Tick program
The major work of the Heart Foundation Tick program is to challenge the food industries and
improve certain nutrient of food product for meeting their strict nutrition and labeling benchmark.
The target of this Tick program is to focus on the improvement of public health for addressing the
rising problem of chronic disease through change the food supply.
What is the 'Tick'
The Tick is a logo that is provided to the food product by the Heart Foundation for ensuring the food
products are lower in certain nutrient such as saturated fat, sodium and higher in others including
fibre in vegetable and calcium in dairy compared with other food products within the same food
category (9). Therefore, a Tick approved food is healthier than the other same type of food and each
food group contain their specific nutritional criteria, which set up by the Heart foundation.
The nutrient criteria
The program has established different nutrient criteria for more than 50 different ... Show more
In addition, food manufacturers need to submit packaging and promotional material for gaining the
approval by the review of the Heart Foundation. The review is based on the promotional guidelines
of this program including assessing the nutrition information panels and how to use the Tick
trademark. Also, the product must be compliance with the Australian New Zealand Food Authority
Code and the Code of Practice on Nutrient Claims in Food Labels (10). All foods that are approved
to use the Tick are subject to random testing for ensuring the foods maintain the nutrition standard.
If the product fails in the random audit, it will be expelled from the Tick

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection (spirochetal bacterium) which is spread to humans by ticks. (1)
"Most humans are infected through the bites of immature ticks called nymphs. Nymphs are tiny
(less than 2 mm) and difficult to see; they feed during the spring and summer months. Adult ticks
can also transmit Lyme disease bacteria, but they are much larger and are more likely to be
discovered and removed before they have had time to transmit the bacteria. The tick must be
attached for 36 to 48 hours or more before the Lyme disease bacterium can be transmitted." Ticks
are most commonly found in hard to reach, see or discover areas on the body like warm creases and
crevices or on the scalp and hair. Lyme disease was thought to be rare; however (2) "according ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is recommended that people are aware of what signs and symptoms to look for because the sooner
treatment is administered the better chances are for a good outcome. Symptoms occur in stages and
may be different for different people. In the early stage, it is common to not have any symptoms.
One of the first signs is a rash around the bite site which can resemble a bullseye or just be a patch
of redness. It is not usually painful or itchy. This rash should go away in a few days and does not
always mean Lyme Disease will occur. The first symptoms of Lyme Disease may include fever,
headache, joint aches and swollen lymph nodes. Second stage symptoms can include nerve pain,
meningitis and facial paralysis. Stage Three symptoms are similar to arthritis with joint pain, mild
memory loss and numbness and/or tingling in hands and feet. Using extra caution to avoid ticks
during the months April through August is recommended by covering up and wearing pants and
long sleeves if going hiking or spending time near wooded areas. Using bug spray with Deet is good
protection. Inspect yourself when coming inside and shower. Also, inspect pets before letting them

Lyme Disease Case Study
For Lyme disease to be successfully transmitted the tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours.
Because the tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours, typically the disease is spread through
immature ticks called nymphs. Nymphs are less that 2 mm and no larger than a pinhead. These ticks
are often found in discreet areas of the body such as the scalp, armpits, and groin. As the infection
spreads and develops throughout the body. Large joints, such as the knees, begin to swell and
experience spells of pains indicating arthritis. In some instances, irregular heart rhythms may
develop. In more severe instances, damage of the nervous system occurs resulting in nerve paralysis
(facial muscles), symptoms of meningitis (stiff neck, fever, relentless

Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete– spirochete is a corkscrew–shaped bacterium called Borrelia
burgdorferi. A group of children in Old Lyme, Connecticut, had mysterious arthritis–like symptoms
and led to being identified in 1975. Because Lyme Disease symptoms copies many other
diseases,Lyme Disease is also known as "The Great Imitator,".
It is important to this course because it affects any organ of the body, including the brain and
nervous system, muscles and joints, and the heart. Lyme disease is a tick–borne illness caused by the
bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class of
the genus Borrelia. B. burgdorferi which resides mostly in North America and Europe and is the
creator of Lyme disease. If the disease is left untreated an infection can spread to joints, the heart,
and the nervous system. The bacteria often is found in the skin, after the infected tick has been in
place for 36 to 48 hours. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the fact that it originates through different forms of tick, not all ticks that are infected with
the bacteria can cause Lyme disease. The infected tick that transmit Lyme disease can occasionally
transmit other tick–borne illnesses as well. A medical organization dedicated to ongoing research
and increasing public awareness of this devastating illness. "Lyme disease is a major problem yet,
tragically, many people fail to receive the proper treatment," says Bernard Raxlen, MD, a
Greenwich, CT, psychiatrist and secretary of the International Lyme and Associated Diseases

Lyme Disease Essay
A disease caused by the bacterium which is belongs to the class of Spirochaetes which implies
cockscrew–shaped. This bacterial infection is caused by four species. Borrelia burgdorferi and
Borrelia mayonii cause the disease in the United States, while in Europe and Asia it is Borrelia
afzelii and Borrelia garinii.
A person can acquire Lyme disease by the bite of an infected tick. This disease is transmitted by deer
ticks or black–legged ticks. Ticks are tiny in size and as their bite is painless, people might not even
realize that they have been bitten. Once an infected tick attaches itself to the skin, it is able to
transmit the bacteria. This bacteria eventually ends up in the bloodstream. The duration of
attachment necessary to transfer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the disease is diagnosed at an early stage, anti–infections treatment is given for a duration of 14–
21 days. Adults and children above 8 are recommended doxycycline, while cefuuroxime and
amoxicillin are given to younger children and breast–feeding women. The infection can be totally
eliminated if a person is treated at the early stage. If Lyme disease is persistent in a patient, then they
will be treated with intravenous antibiotics. When the disease is treated at a later stage, the infection
will be stopped, but the curing of the symptoms will happen at a slower rate. A patient left untreated
could face problems with the nervous system, muscle and joints and the digestive system.
Prevention of Lyme disease lies in avoiding contact with ticks and removing ticks that attach to the
skin. Avoiding grassy and woody areas is one way. Dressing defensively to cover up the skin
available for the tick to attach is another way prevents the disease. Using repellants on exposed skin
or checking for ticks regularly are other methods.
A decade long research that ended in earlier months of this year has sequenced the genome of the
tick that causes Lyme disease. This allows researchers to understand how ticks acquire and transmit
pathogens allowing them to design a strategy to control

Symptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease
Introduction
Lyme disease has been the most commonly reported vector–borne illness in the United States since
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started reporting it in 1991 [1]. It should be noted
that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily concentrated in upper
Midwest and northeast United States [1]. This report has been compiled to provide
recommendations for antimicrobial prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient
encounters a tick bite.
Lyme disease is a multisystem inflammatory disorder caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi,
which is transmitted by Ixodes dammini. [3]. I. dammini is commonly known as and referred to as
the deer tick. Lyme disease can affect many organ systems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
burgdorferi and Lyme disease cannot be acquired.
Throughout the last decade the prevention of Lyme disease has been very controversial. Serological
testing, vaccines, and antimicrobial therapy are highly researched areas, but only antimicrobial
therapy has been proven useful for the prevention of Lyme disease. Serologic testing has not been
proven to be effective in identifying B. burgdorferi and is not recommended. There are little to no
antibodies present when a tick bite is encountered, thus serological testing will be negative. Any
positive serological testing is highly probable for a false–positive, or the patient has had been bit
prior to this encounter and already has Lyme disease [22]. Although a vaccine does exist, its cost
and multiple doses needed to achieve immunity have limited its acceptability by the medical
community [20, 21]. Antimicrobial therapy has been at the forefront of research in trying to identify
if prophylactic treatment is necessary, what drug is most successful, and what dosing is most
appropriate.
treatment is not routinely indicated [2] There were a total of 387 patients in the controlled trial, 203
patients assigned to receive amoxicillin and 182 were given a placebo [2]. Either 250mg of
amoxicillin or a placebo was given to subjects three times a day for ten days. 15 subjects dropped
out and 7

Lymes Disease Research Paper
Lymes & Your Dog: What you Need to Know!
Lymes disease is present here in Nova Scotia and has also affected humans and dogs in different
parts of North America. It is one of the most common tick–causing symptoms however only 5–10%
of dogs are affected showing different forms of the disease. Living in Lunenburg & Queens County
(NS), there seems to be a higher population of deer ticks, as well as other parts of the province. The
deer ticks are the primary carrier of the disease. A tick carrying the bacteria (B.burgdorferi) that can
cause Lyme disease can transmit it to a dog after filling itself with blood, which takes at least 48
hours. Even if it is attached for 48 hours, the dog may not contract the disease.
GrowthComparison_All_Ixodes_scap ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I've received great feedback with people saying that they've tried it and it's been working great! Here
is one of many:
before and after
"The recipe I posted for bug/tick repellent that I got from Becky (thank you so much) works!!!!!
Stock photo on left is what her belly would look like in minutes of being outside from fly/gnat
attacks. On the right is today after being outside for several hours. Awesome awesome homemade
recipe" –Liane Ferraro mixture TICK REPELLENT FOR DOGS:
40 drops of Eucalyptus
1.5 Cups of White Vinegar
2 drops of dish soap (it helps blend the ingredients)
¼ Cup of water.
DIRECTIONS:
Spray generously, daily, before going out until the coat is nice and damp. Spray in hand and rub
mixture on the head and ears of your dog. Avoid contact with the eyes and muzzle.
You can add lavender oil (10–20 drops), and/or tea–tree oil(10–20 drops) to the mixture. I just use
the simple recipe above and so far, it's working great. Before I started to apply this mixture, my dog
was indeed getting ticks, and since using this, there hasn't been any!
Feel free to share this article!
Share this:

Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click
to share on Google+ (Opens in new

Symptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease
ntroduction
Lyme disease has been the most commonly reported vector–borne illness in the United States since
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started reporting it in 1991 [1]. It should be noted
that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily concentrated in upper
Midwest and northeast United States [1]. This report has been compiled to provide
recommendations for antimicrobial prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient
encounters a tick bite.
Lyme disease is a multisystem inflammatory disorder caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi,
which is transmitted by Ixodes dammini. [3]. I. dammini is commonly known as and referred to as
the deer tick. Lyme disease can affect many organ systems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Although a vaccine does exist, its cost and multiple doses needed to achieve immunity have limited
its acceptability by the medical community [20, 21]. Antimicrobial therapy has been at the forefront
of research in trying to identify if prophylactic treatment is necessary, what drug is most successful,
and what dosing is most appropriate.
treatment is not routinely indicated [2] There were a total of 387 patients in the controlled trial, 203
patients assigned to receive amoxicillin and 182 were given a placebo [2]. Either 250mg of
amoxicillin or a placebo was given to subjects three times a day for ten days. 15 subjects dropped
out and 7 subjects had already shown positive serologic testing to B. burgdorferi and were therefore
dismissed from the study [2]. Out of 173 subjects who received the placebo only two developed
symptomatic infection with B. burgdorferi; whereas, none of the 192 subjects who were given
amoxicillin showed any infection. They concluded the risk of actually becoming infected with B.
burgdorferi is so small that the prophylactic use of antibiotics does not make a clinical significance
and should not be used. The authors also indicated that most deer ticks are actually not infected with
B. burgdorferi, which

Borrellia Burgdorferi Case Study

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Borrellia Burgdorferi Case Study