Submit Search
Upload
Estimating Oxygen in Copper by Metallography
•
1 like
•
63 views
AI-enhanced title
IRJET Journal
Follow
https://irjet.net/archives/V5/i6/IRJET-V5I6167.pdf
Read less
Read more
Engineering
Report
Share
Report
Share
1 of 5
Download now
Download to read offline
Recommended
Corrosion Effects of Cr and Ni in Thermo-Mechanical Treated Steel Bar in Mari...
Corrosion Effects of Cr and Ni in Thermo-Mechanical Treated Steel Bar in Mari...
IRJET Journal
Cm33537542
Cm33537542
IJERA Editor
Effect of Annealing Process on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium 7075-T6 ...
Effect of Annealing Process on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium 7075-T6 ...
IRJET Journal
08_Feat_Corrosion_June15_v4
08_Feat_Corrosion_June15_v4
Stephen Whitfield
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...
theijes
JOURNAL
JOURNAL
AJITH A
Final Design Report Steelmaking
Final Design Report Steelmaking
Devin Rowe
Structural Hardening Mechanisms of Lead-Cadmium-Bismuth-Silver Alloys for Bat...
Structural Hardening Mechanisms of Lead-Cadmium-Bismuth-Silver Alloys for Bat...
IJCMESJOURNAL
Recommended
Corrosion Effects of Cr and Ni in Thermo-Mechanical Treated Steel Bar in Mari...
Corrosion Effects of Cr and Ni in Thermo-Mechanical Treated Steel Bar in Mari...
IRJET Journal
Cm33537542
Cm33537542
IJERA Editor
Effect of Annealing Process on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium 7075-T6 ...
Effect of Annealing Process on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium 7075-T6 ...
IRJET Journal
08_Feat_Corrosion_June15_v4
08_Feat_Corrosion_June15_v4
Stephen Whitfield
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...
theijes
JOURNAL
JOURNAL
AJITH A
Final Design Report Steelmaking
Final Design Report Steelmaking
Devin Rowe
Structural Hardening Mechanisms of Lead-Cadmium-Bismuth-Silver Alloys for Bat...
Structural Hardening Mechanisms of Lead-Cadmium-Bismuth-Silver Alloys for Bat...
IJCMESJOURNAL
Austenitics
Austenitics
GuidoRuiztoro
Amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires decorated with carbon spheres synthesised fro...
Amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires decorated with carbon spheres synthesised fro...
Suhufa Alfarisa
Ukaga et al., 2015
Ukaga et al., 2015
Ikenna Onyeachu
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...
Premier Publishers
Fyp mmc final (1)
Fyp mmc final (1)
MuhammadAliArif5
IRJET - Parametric Optimization of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding for Austenitic St...
IRJET - Parametric Optimization of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding for Austenitic St...
IRJET Journal
IRJET-Effect of Chemical Composition on Total Carbon Equivalent in Grey Iron ...
IRJET-Effect of Chemical Composition on Total Carbon Equivalent in Grey Iron ...
IRJET Journal
Ferrosilicon productiion and submerged arc furnace (1)
Ferrosilicon productiion and submerged arc furnace (1)
Nasser Harby
Effect of Inoculants on Grey Cast Iron
Effect of Inoculants on Grey Cast Iron
IRJET Journal
Iron carbide- charactristics and properties
Iron carbide- charactristics and properties
Dr. Ankitendran Mishra
F04734043
F04734043
IOSR-JEN
Corrosion Behaviour of Annealed 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid...
Corrosion Behaviour of Annealed 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid...
The International Journal of Business Management and Technology
IRJET- Quality Improvement of Ductile Iron Casting by Thermal Analysis
IRJET- Quality Improvement of Ductile Iron Casting by Thermal Analysis
IRJET Journal
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium Caprylate
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium Caprylate
IJERA Editor
16371 viva
16371 viva
Thineshraaj Naidu
Ijmet 10 01_019
Ijmet 10 01_019
IAEME Publication
Fyp 3
Fyp 3
KayDrive
Characterization of Casting and Deformation Process of a Metal Alloy
Characterization of Casting and Deformation Process of a Metal Alloy
IRJET Journal
Slag recovery
Slag recovery
Maria Aparecida de Almeida Alves
Sustainability of Aluminum-based alloys in Chloride Ions Containing Environment
Sustainability of Aluminum-based alloys in Chloride Ions Containing Environment
IRJET Journal
D. mercier
D. mercier
carolgl1
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER, COPPER-MA...
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER, COPPER-MA...
Rautomead Limited
More Related Content
What's hot
Austenitics
Austenitics
GuidoRuiztoro
Amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires decorated with carbon spheres synthesised fro...
Amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires decorated with carbon spheres synthesised fro...
Suhufa Alfarisa
Ukaga et al., 2015
Ukaga et al., 2015
Ikenna Onyeachu
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...
Premier Publishers
Fyp mmc final (1)
Fyp mmc final (1)
MuhammadAliArif5
IRJET - Parametric Optimization of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding for Austenitic St...
IRJET - Parametric Optimization of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding for Austenitic St...
IRJET Journal
IRJET-Effect of Chemical Composition on Total Carbon Equivalent in Grey Iron ...
IRJET-Effect of Chemical Composition on Total Carbon Equivalent in Grey Iron ...
IRJET Journal
Ferrosilicon productiion and submerged arc furnace (1)
Ferrosilicon productiion and submerged arc furnace (1)
Nasser Harby
Effect of Inoculants on Grey Cast Iron
Effect of Inoculants on Grey Cast Iron
IRJET Journal
Iron carbide- charactristics and properties
Iron carbide- charactristics and properties
Dr. Ankitendran Mishra
F04734043
F04734043
IOSR-JEN
Corrosion Behaviour of Annealed 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid...
Corrosion Behaviour of Annealed 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid...
The International Journal of Business Management and Technology
IRJET- Quality Improvement of Ductile Iron Casting by Thermal Analysis
IRJET- Quality Improvement of Ductile Iron Casting by Thermal Analysis
IRJET Journal
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium Caprylate
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium Caprylate
IJERA Editor
16371 viva
16371 viva
Thineshraaj Naidu
Ijmet 10 01_019
Ijmet 10 01_019
IAEME Publication
Fyp 3
Fyp 3
KayDrive
Characterization of Casting and Deformation Process of a Metal Alloy
Characterization of Casting and Deformation Process of a Metal Alloy
IRJET Journal
Slag recovery
Slag recovery
Maria Aparecida de Almeida Alves
What's hot
(19)
Austenitics
Austenitics
Amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires decorated with carbon spheres synthesised fro...
Amorphous Al-Cu alloy nanowires decorated with carbon spheres synthesised fro...
Ukaga et al., 2015
Ukaga et al., 2015
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...
The inhibition effect of hydralazine hydrochloride on corrosion of mild steel...
Fyp mmc final (1)
Fyp mmc final (1)
IRJET - Parametric Optimization of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding for Austenitic St...
IRJET - Parametric Optimization of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding for Austenitic St...
IRJET-Effect of Chemical Composition on Total Carbon Equivalent in Grey Iron ...
IRJET-Effect of Chemical Composition on Total Carbon Equivalent in Grey Iron ...
Ferrosilicon productiion and submerged arc furnace (1)
Ferrosilicon productiion and submerged arc furnace (1)
Effect of Inoculants on Grey Cast Iron
Effect of Inoculants on Grey Cast Iron
Iron carbide- charactristics and properties
Iron carbide- charactristics and properties
F04734043
F04734043
Corrosion Behaviour of Annealed 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid...
Corrosion Behaviour of Annealed 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid...
IRJET- Quality Improvement of Ductile Iron Casting by Thermal Analysis
IRJET- Quality Improvement of Ductile Iron Casting by Thermal Analysis
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium Caprylate
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium Caprylate
16371 viva
16371 viva
Ijmet 10 01_019
Ijmet 10 01_019
Fyp 3
Fyp 3
Characterization of Casting and Deformation Process of a Metal Alloy
Characterization of Casting and Deformation Process of a Metal Alloy
Slag recovery
Slag recovery
Similar to Estimating Oxygen in Copper by Metallography
Sustainability of Aluminum-based alloys in Chloride Ions Containing Environment
Sustainability of Aluminum-based alloys in Chloride Ions Containing Environment
IRJET Journal
D. mercier
D. mercier
carolgl1
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER, COPPER-MA...
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER, COPPER-MA...
Rautomead Limited
PREDICTIONS AT THE BLOW END OF THE LD-KGC CONVERTER BY A SEMI-DYNAMIC CONTROL...
PREDICTIONS AT THE BLOW END OF THE LD-KGC CONVERTER BY A SEMI-DYNAMIC CONTROL...
ijmech
Treatment of Hospital Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation Technique
Treatment of Hospital Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation Technique
IRJET Journal
Analyzing the Effect of Alloying Addition in Steel samples
Analyzing the Effect of Alloying Addition in Steel samples
IRJET Journal
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...
IRJET Journal
Improving the properties of Ni-Based Alloys by Co Addition
Improving the properties of Ni-Based Alloys by Co Addition
IRJET Journal
Cm33537542
Cm33537542
IJERA Editor
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Composites
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Composites
ijtsrd
IRJET- Effect of Soft Annealing on Copper, Brass and Gunmetal
IRJET- Effect of Soft Annealing on Copper, Brass and Gunmetal
IRJET Journal
IRJET- Corrosion Effect Over the Flexural Strenght of Ferro-Cement
IRJET- Corrosion Effect Over the Flexural Strenght of Ferro-Cement
IRJET Journal
IRJET- Study and Characterization of Aluminium 7075 Hybrid Composites Rei...
IRJET- Study and Characterization of Aluminium 7075 Hybrid Composites Rei...
IRJET Journal
IRJET- Evaluation of Corrosion Rate in Steel Reinforcement of RCC
IRJET- Evaluation of Corrosion Rate in Steel Reinforcement of RCC
IRJET Journal
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER AND DILUTE...
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER AND DILUTE...
Rautomead Limited
Corrosion characteristics of al 0.91 mg-0.55si-1.12fe-0.39ca al-alloy aged at...
Corrosion characteristics of al 0.91 mg-0.55si-1.12fe-0.39ca al-alloy aged at...
eSAT Journals
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
IJERD Editor
Ijciet 10 01_188
Ijciet 10 01_188
IAEME Publication
Studies on the effects of oxidation and its repression in mag welding process...
Studies on the effects of oxidation and its repression in mag welding process...
iaemedu
Studies on the effects of oxidation and its repression in mag welding process
Studies on the effects of oxidation and its repression in mag welding process
iaemedu
Similar to Estimating Oxygen in Copper by Metallography
(20)
Sustainability of Aluminum-based alloys in Chloride Ions Containing Environment
Sustainability of Aluminum-based alloys in Chloride Ions Containing Environment
D. mercier
D. mercier
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER, COPPER-MA...
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER, COPPER-MA...
PREDICTIONS AT THE BLOW END OF THE LD-KGC CONVERTER BY A SEMI-DYNAMIC CONTROL...
PREDICTIONS AT THE BLOW END OF THE LD-KGC CONVERTER BY A SEMI-DYNAMIC CONTROL...
Treatment of Hospital Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation Technique
Treatment of Hospital Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation Technique
Analyzing the Effect of Alloying Addition in Steel samples
Analyzing the Effect of Alloying Addition in Steel samples
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...
Improving the properties of Ni-Based Alloys by Co Addition
Improving the properties of Ni-Based Alloys by Co Addition
Cm33537542
Cm33537542
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Composites
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Composites
IRJET- Effect of Soft Annealing on Copper, Brass and Gunmetal
IRJET- Effect of Soft Annealing on Copper, Brass and Gunmetal
IRJET- Corrosion Effect Over the Flexural Strenght of Ferro-Cement
IRJET- Corrosion Effect Over the Flexural Strenght of Ferro-Cement
IRJET- Study and Characterization of Aluminium 7075 Hybrid Composites Rei...
IRJET- Study and Characterization of Aluminium 7075 Hybrid Composites Rei...
IRJET- Evaluation of Corrosion Rate in Steel Reinforcement of RCC
IRJET- Evaluation of Corrosion Rate in Steel Reinforcement of RCC
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER AND DILUTE...
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER AND DILUTE...
Corrosion characteristics of al 0.91 mg-0.55si-1.12fe-0.39ca al-alloy aged at...
Corrosion characteristics of al 0.91 mg-0.55si-1.12fe-0.39ca al-alloy aged at...
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
Ijciet 10 01_188
Ijciet 10 01_188
Studies on the effects of oxidation and its repression in mag welding process...
Studies on the effects of oxidation and its repression in mag welding process...
Studies on the effects of oxidation and its repression in mag welding process
Studies on the effects of oxidation and its repression in mag welding process
More from IRJET Journal
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
IRJET Journal
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
IRJET Journal
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
IRJET Journal
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
IRJET Journal
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
IRJET Journal
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
IRJET Journal
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
IRJET Journal
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
IRJET Journal
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
IRJET Journal
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
IRJET Journal
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
IRJET Journal
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
IRJET Journal
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
IRJET Journal
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
IRJET Journal
React based fullstack edtech web application
React based fullstack edtech web application
IRJET Journal
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
IRJET Journal
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
IRJET Journal
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
IRJET Journal
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
IRJET Journal
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
IRJET Journal
More from IRJET Journal
(20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
React based fullstack edtech web application
React based fullstack edtech web application
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
Recently uploaded
HARDNESS, FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND STRENGTH OF CERAMICS
HARDNESS, FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND STRENGTH OF CERAMICS
RajkumarAkumalla
Structural Analysis and Design of Foundations: A Comprehensive Handbook for S...
Structural Analysis and Design of Foundations: A Comprehensive Handbook for S...
Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Introduction and different types of Ethernet.pptx
Introduction and different types of Ethernet.pptx
upamatechverse
Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Boo...
Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Boo...
roncy bisnoi
Porous Ceramics seminar and technical writing
Porous Ceramics seminar and technical writing
rakeshbaidya232001
Top Rated Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Se...
Top Rated Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Se...
Call Girls in Nagpur High Profile
Introduction to Multiple Access Protocol.pptx
Introduction to Multiple Access Protocol.pptx
upamatechverse
Software Development Life Cycle By Team Orange (Dept. of Pharmacy)
Software Development Life Cycle By Team Orange (Dept. of Pharmacy)
Suman Mia
DJARUM4D - SLOT GACOR ONLINE | SLOT DEMO ONLINE
DJARUM4D - SLOT GACOR ONLINE | SLOT DEMO ONLINE
slot gacor bisa pakai pulsa
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and their Importance.pptx
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and their Importance.pptx
Asutosh Ranjan
(ANVI) Koregaon Park Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
(ANVI) Koregaon Park Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
ranjana rawat
(SHREYA) Chakan Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...
(SHREYA) Chakan Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...
ranjana rawat
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
Tsuyoshi Horigome
MANUFACTURING PROCESS-II UNIT-2 LATHE MACHINE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS-II UNIT-2 LATHE MACHINE
SIVASHANKAR N
CCS335 _ Neural Networks and Deep Learning Laboratory_Lab Complete Record
CCS335 _ Neural Networks and Deep Learning Laboratory_Lab Complete Record
Asst.prof M.Gokilavani
Extrusion Processes and Their Limitations
Extrusion Processes and Their Limitations
120cr0395
The Most Attractive Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth 8250192130 Will You Miss Thi...
The Most Attractive Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth 8250192130 Will You Miss Thi...
ranjana rawat
Introduction to IEEE STANDARDS and its different types.pptx
Introduction to IEEE STANDARDS and its different types.pptx
upamatechverse
Call Girls Service Nashik Vaishnavi 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Call Girls Service Nashik Vaishnavi 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Call Girls in Nagpur High Profile
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Meera Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Meera Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
Call Girls in Nagpur High Profile
Recently uploaded
(20)
HARDNESS, FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND STRENGTH OF CERAMICS
HARDNESS, FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND STRENGTH OF CERAMICS
Structural Analysis and Design of Foundations: A Comprehensive Handbook for S...
Structural Analysis and Design of Foundations: A Comprehensive Handbook for S...
Introduction and different types of Ethernet.pptx
Introduction and different types of Ethernet.pptx
Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Boo...
Call Girls Pimpri Chinchwad Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Boo...
Porous Ceramics seminar and technical writing
Porous Ceramics seminar and technical writing
Top Rated Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Se...
Top Rated Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Se...
Introduction to Multiple Access Protocol.pptx
Introduction to Multiple Access Protocol.pptx
Software Development Life Cycle By Team Orange (Dept. of Pharmacy)
Software Development Life Cycle By Team Orange (Dept. of Pharmacy)
DJARUM4D - SLOT GACOR ONLINE | SLOT DEMO ONLINE
DJARUM4D - SLOT GACOR ONLINE | SLOT DEMO ONLINE
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and their Importance.pptx
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and their Importance.pptx
(ANVI) Koregaon Park Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
(ANVI) Koregaon Park Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
(SHREYA) Chakan Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...
(SHREYA) Chakan Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
MANUFACTURING PROCESS-II UNIT-2 LATHE MACHINE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS-II UNIT-2 LATHE MACHINE
CCS335 _ Neural Networks and Deep Learning Laboratory_Lab Complete Record
CCS335 _ Neural Networks and Deep Learning Laboratory_Lab Complete Record
Extrusion Processes and Their Limitations
Extrusion Processes and Their Limitations
The Most Attractive Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth 8250192130 Will You Miss Thi...
The Most Attractive Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth 8250192130 Will You Miss Thi...
Introduction to IEEE STANDARDS and its different types.pptx
Introduction to IEEE STANDARDS and its different types.pptx
Call Girls Service Nashik Vaishnavi 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Call Girls Service Nashik Vaishnavi 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Meera Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Meera Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
Estimating Oxygen in Copper by Metallography
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 06 | June 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 877 Estimation/Assessment of Oxygen content in copper by Metallographic method Devdutt Singh1, Vivek Mittal 2, Subodh Rana3 1,2, Material Research Laboratory, BHEL Haridwar, Uttrakhand, India 3Metallurgy Engineering department, BHEL Haridwar, Uttrakhand, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - This methodology is related to the development of a method for estimating oxygen content qualitatively and quantitative approximation (to know the content of oxygen present in copper). This may be used to differentiate ETP (electrolytic tough pitch) & OFC (oxygen free Copper) copper. This method can also be used for determining the presence of Cuprous Oxide(Cu2O)(hydrogenembrittlementsusceptibility) in products made from deoxidized andoxygen – freecopper. In other ways, the extent of oxygen is determined by heating the test specimens in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere and rapidly cooling the specimens without undue exposure to air followed a microscopic examination and/or a bend test. Key Words: Hydrogen Embrittlement, ASTM B577, DLP Copper, Oxygen Free Copper, ETP Copper 1. INTRODUCTION In power generation industry, oxygen free copper, electrolytic tough pitch and deoxidized copper are used for manufacturing generator components. Copper alloys which contain higher amount of oxygen can get embrittled during brazing due to reaction of hydrogen with the oxygen. Hydrogen diffuses through the copper and reacts with inclusions of Cu2O, forming H2O (water), which then forms pressurized bubbles at the grain boundaries. This causes the grains to literally be forced away from each other i.e. developing cracks, and this phenomenon is known as hydrogen embrittlement. Thus hydrogen embrittlement test is required to assess the presence of oxygen orcuprousoxide in copper products made from oxygen free and deoxidized copper. The copper products, which need to be welded/brazed/hot formed, should be free from oxygen which is not practically possible but should contain less amount of oxygen or cuprous oxide. Standard test method for determination of oxygen in copper and copper alloys is specified in ASTM 2575 (withdrawn in Jan 2017) and standard testmethodsfordetectionofcuprous oxide (Cu2O) which is also known for causing hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility in copper are in ASTM B577. Test method A of ASTM B577 stipulates the microscopic examinationwithoutthermaltreatment.Inthismethodwhen specimen of copper is seen using polarized microscopy at minimum 75X magnification then cuprous oxide will appear as ruby-red particles and cuprous oxide will appear as blue particles under white light (Refer Fig.1). Fig .1 Oxygen in copper present at the grain boundaries in the form of copper oxides Test method B of ASTM B577 specifies microstructural examination after thermal treatment (Refer Fig.2).Inthisthe specimen is heated for 850oC for 20 to 40 min in a furnace with at least 10% hydrogen inside that. After heating the specimen is cooled very fasttoroomtemperatureandforthis water quenching is generally done. As the reaction between hydrogen and cuprous oxide leads to formation of pressurized water vapor, the grains look separated as can be seen in figure below. Fig .2 Long chain of Voids along the grain boundaries due to hydrogen embrittlement. Test method C ASTM B577 preaches closed bend test after thermal treatment. (Refer Fig.3). Heat treatment is same as specified in the test method B.Afterheat treatmentcoolingis done very fast without much contact with air. Then, U shaped bend test with two legs completely touching each other is done being kept the surface of interest outside Cu2O
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 06 | June 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 878 during bend. If cracks start to appear on the outside surface then it tells about presence of Cu2O. Fig .3 Samples failed in Close bend test after heating in hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 850 deg C for 30 minutes (ASTM B 577 Method C). Cracking during bend test shows the presence of hydrogen embrittlement The above three methods are normally followed but there are some drawbacks which will bediscussedone byone. The method is highly subjective as no quantitative criterion is specified in all three cases. It is basically stating about the presence of Cu2O and not exactly the amount of Cu2O. If test method C is seen then there may be chances that the specimen would contain some amount of Cu2O and this amount is not sufficient to cause embrittlement i.e. failure during bend test. After analyzing this there is a scope for improvement or addition of a method to tell about the approximate amount of Cu2O in the sample. The testmethod B and C are also very time consuming and each involves hazards and risk of injury and since heat treatment is also involved so it becomes bit costly. To overcome these difficulties, a new testing method has been tried to develop. The testing will be done by means of metallography which primarily involves the collection of known samples with known value of oxygen in PPM and develop metallographic comparator. The microstructures of samples with increasing order of oxygen contentwillbeused as Atlas to compare the microstructure of unknown oxygen content and approximate oxygen content will be assessed. This method will not be able to exactly tell the ppm level but can easily give us a range in which we can predict and get the idea of the oxygen content. Copper has highest electrical conductivity after silver, it is possible to convert in to any shape. Some alloys of copper (Cu-Zr-Cr) have very high strength comparable to steel. These alloys coupled withhighconductivitymakethemideal for power plant rotating components. Copper has good corrosion resistance, good machinability, strength, ease of fabrication and non-magnetic.Mostcommonlyusedcoppers are ETP grade copper (ETP), Oxygen free copper (Cu-OFC), High conductivity phosphorousde-oxidized(Cu-HCP),Silver bearing copper (Cu Ag x) and Silver bearing oxygen free copper (Cu Ag x P). An advantage of ETP copper is that it does not lose electrical conductivity on cold working. Fully hard copper may have electrical conductivity around 97 %. IACS. Tensile strength up to 350N/mm2 can be obtainedincopperbycoldworking. Hard coppers e.g. copper bars of AC motor, Commutator segments of DC motor. The oxygen contentisveryimportant and is carefully controlled during manufacture. As shown in Fig 4 and Fig 5, the presence of impurities in solution reduces conductivity but, if oxygen is also present (Fig 5 & 6), many impurities form oxides which then exist as inclusions within the material. Becausetheimpuritiesareno longer in solution, the effect on conductivity is reduced. However, the amount of oxygen that can be tolerated is limited for two reasons. Firstly, oxygen itself reduces conductivity by forming particles of copper oxide and, secondly, a high oxygen content gives rise to hydrogen embrittlement if the material is heated in a reducing atmosphere, such as during welding, brazing or hot bending operations. Traditionally, copper castings and refinery shapes for subsequent fabrication contain sufficient oxygen to give a level ‘set’ to the casting on solidification. This has two main advantages: The presence of oxygen ensures that most impurities are present as oxides, reducing their effect on conductivity and ductility. The oxygen reacts with hydrogen, which is picked up from the furnace atmosphere, forming steam. The micropores resulting from the steam counteract the shrinkage which would otherwise occur during solidificationandthis leads to the level set (correct pitch) of the casting. Further hot processing reduces the porosity. With the correct pitch and oxygen content, the properties are good and said to be ‘tough’, hence the term tough pitch copper for the most widely used high conductivity copper. More recently improvements in refinery techniques have resulted in a reduction in impurity levels, making the presence of oxygen less necessary. Meanwhile, improvements in casting techniques, such as improved control of the melting atmosphere to reduce hydrogen pickup, has enabled the oxygen content to be reduced from about 0.06% to 0.02% or less. Today, all copper is continuously or semi-continuously cast so there are no longer static refinery shapes. The copper is fed continuously and a rolled product is produced at the end of the process. These improvements have resulted in high conductivity oxygen-free copper becoming commonly available these days. High Purity copper (ETP) copper may contain up to 400 PPM oxygen. Higher oxygen content may cause defects like cracks, laps, seams. ETP copper grades are extensively used in almost applications which require highconductivity.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 06 | June 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 879 A normal commercial copper may contain oxygen up to 400 PPM without impairing its electrical properties. However presence of oxygen may cause cracking of copper when it is processed in hydrogen atmosphere during some metal working processes requiring heating like hot bending operation, welding, brazing etc. Fig 4: Effect of various elements (impurities or intentional additions) on the conductivity of copper (Source: European Copper alliance docs)) Fig 5: Effect of various elements (impurities or intentional additions) on theconductivityofoxygen-freecopper(Cu-OF) (Source: European Copper alliance docs) Fig 6. Effect of oxygen content on the electrical conductivity of annealed copper (Source: www.copper.org) To avoid the phenomenon of Hydrogen embrittlement of copper, the content of oxygen in the copper material is reduced. Such copper materials are called oxygen free copper materials. Such coppers have maximum oxygen content of order of 10 PPM, achieved by double/triple electro refining. The removal of oxygen can also be done by de-oxidation of copper by phosphorous (also called DLP coppers). De-oxidation by phosphorus ensures complete removal of oxygen, But it is also very risky as slight increase in Phosphorus may cause drastic fall in conductivity Procedure & Evaluation of Oxygen Content The setup was designed with the following in-house efforts- 2.1 Collection of different samples of copper obtained from different heats. 2.2 Samples should be preferably of same grade and same dimensions. 2.3 Oxygen content testing by spectroscopy 2.4 Collection of samples of oxygen content of from 10 PPM to 1000 PPM. 2.5 PreparationofMetallographicsamplesforeachsampletested for oxygen content using spectroscopy 2.6 Capturing the metallographic images at magnification 100X for each samples. 2.7 PreparationofMetallographicAtlasofcoppersampleshaving different level of oxygen content (Refer Images enclosed as Annexure) 2.8 By comparison method, new samples can be qualitatively assessed for oxygen content and also quantitative near approximation of the oxygen content.
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 06 | June 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 880 It is pertinent to mention here that in quantitativeanalysisof copper oxides / voids, if seen in metallographic context ,are akin to inclusions in steel, for which standard micro photograph are available in ASTM E45 /IS 4163 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported by BHEL HEEP Haridwar. REFERENCES 1. www.copper.org 2. ASTM Metals Handbook 3. European Copper alliance documents 4. ASM Specialty Handbook: Copper and Copper Alloys - ASM Specialty Handbook 5. An equipment for hydrogen embrittlement testing of deoxidized/oxygen-free copper (Patent NO-282960) 6. Test Report from M/s Jyoti Spectro 7. Test Report from M/s BHEL Bhopal 8. Understanding copper alloys - Mendenhall J. H., Olin Brass, East Alton, IL, 1977, p87 9. Solubility of oxygen in solid copper - Horrigan V. M., Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 8A, 785–787, 1977 10. The effect of iron and oxygen on the electrical conductivity of copper -Russell P. Heuer, Journal of American Society, Nov. 5, 1927 ANNEXURE: (a)Oxygen Content 27 PPM (b)Oxygen Content 46 PPM (c)Oxygen Content 81 PPM (d)Oxygen Content 155 PPM (e)Oxygen Content 253 PPM
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 06 | June 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 881 (f) Oxygen Content 500 PPM (g)Oxygen Content 672 PPM (h) Oxygen Content 1061 PPM
Download now