Ijciet 10 01_055

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 595-606, Article ID: IJCIET_10_01_055
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
IDENTIFICATION SEX OF NEWLY HATCHED
CHICKS THROUGH IMAGES: A SURVEY
Fatma Ismail Abbas
Mustansiriyah University, Iraq
Amel H.Abbas
Layla hussain
ABSTRACT
Identifying the genus of chicken or chicken cells has biological and industrial
significance. Specifying sex in bird species is one of the main points of bird breeding.
The mechanisms for controlling or detecting the sex of eggs are not yet known in birds,
but the nature of the variation in the size of the egg, as well as some surface and natural
contrasts differences for the chick or chicken between the sexes, may shed some light
on the procedures involved. In this research conducted a review of a number of ways
to know the sex of eggs as well as for newly chick hatching.
KEYWORDS: Sex of Chick Eggs, Hatched Chicks, sex identification, images,
feathers.
Cite this Article: Fatma Ismail Abbas, Amel H.Abbas and Layla hussain Identification
Sex of Newly Hatched Chicks through Images: a Survey. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 2019, pp. 595–606
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01
1. INTRODUCTION
The images sing for a thousand words so they are used as an effective and accurate method in
determining the sex of chicks .Understanding the factors affecting the sex of eggs and the
proportion of sex in the status of chickens may prompt conceivable answers for the issue of
murdering the chicks of the old males, the current practice in the breeding of white chickens.
In any case, for business egg makers, it is imperative to distinguish females as quickly as time
permits, to keep away from unnecessary nourishing of useless male chicks. There is some
notice that this is different from the homogeneity of chickens, where most people do not have
any discriminatory capacity, as there are no clear differences between male and female chicks.

Fatma Ismail Abbas, Amel H.Abbas and Layla hussain
The suggestion to conduct a taxonomy or to review some research that deals with the
identification of eggs or chicks at an early age is of great importance. In the studies described
in this paper, some research has been surveyed if it is possible to predict the sex of a chicken
egg through quantifiable differences in male and female eggs in a non-overlapping phase. On
the off chance that the extent of females in the essential sex can be instigated in the laying of
the chicken utilizing distinctive Experimental conditions, for example, chromosomal tests or
DNA differences between the sex of eggs and chicken or adoption of specific measurements
such as size, width and length of eggs due to differences between the sex of male and female
eggs.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
In this research, To determine the sex of fertilized white eggs, morphological measurements
were used with, Yilmaz-Dikmen, B,Dikmen S[1], A set of Super Nick White Layer (54 wks of
age) eggs were hatched and sexed toward the finish of brooding period. Before hatching egg
length, width and weight were estimated. The egg volume and shape index were assess with
utilizing these estimations for each egg. The impact of egg weight and replicate umber was not
significant on the sex of the bring forth chick. The impacts of egg shape dex, egg length, egg
width and volume of he egg had critical impact on the sex of bring forth chick. As indicated by
the aftereffects of this study, morphological estimations of the pre-incubated eggmay be a
marker of sex of the incubating chick. The shape and size of eggs were more useful for the
probability of the sex of bring forth chick. Depending on the positive results of this study, it is
conceivable to hatch increasingly female chicks with utilizing the morphological estimations
of egg. This may rise the incubation capacity and reducing the number male chicks that are
killed at layer incubation centers. Molecular techniques have used DNA sequence fragments
of a specific W chromosome specific, Sea H. Sohn, & others [2], in the research center, to
determine sex in chickens. This research examined a rapid and reliable fluorescence in situ
hybridization (FISH) procedure for chick sex symmetry utilizing an easily obtainable sample:
uncultured feather pulp cells. In 60 chick hatching, 28 of the chicks that were later identified
as females by visual symmetry of the ovaries showed a positive positive sign of W-specific
probe signal in their feather follicle cells. While others were negative for the specific W signal
and were pinned by the presence of testes. They suggest that this (FISH) technique will be
useful for a fast, appropriate and accurate sex diagnosis of newly hatched chicks. Subsequently,
the (FISH) results were in complete agreement with the anatomical analysis. And additionally
cells and tissues have an inborn sex character and that male and female tissues react respond
differently to the same stimulus, Michael Clinton & others [3], Chicken embryo is a well-
established model system for the development of early vertebrate research. One of the primary
focal points of this model facility to perform manipulations in ovo and then continue custody
and monitor embryonic development. However, they share with other vertebrate models, in the
tendency to neglect the genus of experimental chicken embryos, and this can lead to wrong
conclusions, non-cloning, and dissipation efforts. That this disregard is untenable is
emphasized by the recent evidence the cells and tissues of birds have an inherent sexual identity
and that the tissues of both males and females reply differently to the same stimulus. These
sexually-orientated characteristics dictate that analyzes and manipulation of chicken embryos
must always be complete using tissue / embryos for the known sex. Current sexing conventions
are unsatisfactory in numerous occasions due to of the time imperatives forced by most in ovo
techniques. To address this deficiency, they developed a real-time chicken assay corresponding
to egg manipulation, reduced the number of embryos required, and maintained resources.
While,Yakov Gershman [4], their tests have shown possibility to conduct industrial sexing of
one-day chickens, falling with acceleration more than g, by cheap (B/W) cameras with

Identification Sex of Newly Hatched Chicks through Images: a Survey
backlight and digital image processing. It is clear, that this idea can simply adapted on to the
lines that are wide utilized for counting and packaging hatching chicks in industrial incubators.
It will be necessary only simple modernization - to perform upgrading on their end - to add
nodes lighting, electro optic unit, computer, moving plates with corresponding springs,
activator, air ejectors for blowing chickens and appropriate bins. For author clear, also, that
described data it is only beginning of real penetration in poultry industry and required a lot of
effords. Therefore and he will be happy to find strategic partner. The factors affecting on chick
sex forecast in the pre-incubation period have been studied, Sema Alaşahan & others[5], In this
investigation, the dependent variable, sex, was classified as male and female, and logistic
regression analysis. Factors affecting gender were identified. In the logistic regression model,
if the β coefficient is negative, the Exp (β) values will be interpreted as a decrease in the light
of the negative correlation. The value of Exp (β) is the probability ratio of female sex to male
sex. Provided that other variables remain constant, a rise of one unit in egg width would raise
the likelihood of the sex being female by 8.6 × 10-56 fold. Moreover, Provided that the other
variables remain constant, a rise of one unit in egg weight would raise the probability of the
chick sex being female by 4 fold approximately. The likelihood rate of the embryo sex in an
egg was decrease based on the egg shape index variable. Independent variants of the gender
prediction model have shown that external egg quality qualities in the pre-incubation period
may facilitate gender prediction. However, new predictive models deponed on different
descriptive variables will allow additional comparison. But, The method of sex determination
in chicken eggs unattended using PCR targeted to CHD1 gene was first developed, Muhammad
Aamir Aslam[6], This process was later utilized to study the primary sex ratio bias as well as
relationship between egg sex and yolk hormones. There is no significant relationship between
the sex of the egg with concentrations of several hormones (testosterone, estradiol, and
rostenedione, progesterone, dihydrotestosterone) and glucose in egg yolk as well as of egg
parameters (mass, width and length) was determine. Impact of feed availability on sex
proportion was examined in two separate studies. In one research, the rate of change in chicken
body mass between day of laying and day of laying minus 2 days (encompass time of meiosis
completion) was a crucial indicator of the sex of the egg, suggesting that the sex drive was a
mechanism for gender bias. This relationship was not found in the last search. Treatment did
not influence the proportion of total sex, but instead affected the sex proportion in interaction
with hen weight. In the corticosterone group, sex proportion, laying rate, and fertility rate per
hen were decreased in substantial hens. These results indicate that three parameters (sex ratio,
laying rate and fertility rate) are associated with ovarian physiology level. Interference with
meiosis have been shown to influence these three criteria, indicating that the inclusion of
meiotic drive as mechanism of sex ratio bias. While, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
procedure was widely applied for molecular mating of birds. Z. Wan, & others [7], precise sex
determination in birds is significant for research into sex determination and gender
discrimination. They introduced the first sexing protocol for chick mRNA dependent on
quantitative PCR in real time. Therefore, these strategies have utilized genomic DNA. They
showed that this technique can precisely determine sex utilizing mRNA from chick gonads and
different tissues, for instance heart, lung, spleen, liver, and muscle. The methodology of this
protocol may also be appropriate for different species where sex is determined by inheritance
of ZW female and ZZ male chromosomes. When, M. H. HENRY & others [8], in this study, a
comparison was made between weights and characteristics of the Pectoralis superficialis,
Gastrocnemius, and Semimembranosus for chicken male embryos at 16 and 20 days of
incubation. Female’s fetuses were significantly Lightest than Male in 16 days of incubation,
but not in 20 days. The cross sectional area of myofibers in the P. superficialis of 20 day old
male embryos was less than that of females and the area of Semimembranosus myofibers was

less at 16 and 20 day. There was a significant decrease in apparent myofiber number in this
muscle between 16 and 20 day of incubation but there was no sex difference at 20 day. The
Semimembranosus obvious myofiber number of 16-day-old females embryos was less than of
males (P =2*10-3
). The number of Type I myofibers per (3*104
) mm2
area of the Gastrocnemius
of 20day old females embryos was less than that in male P = 6*10-2
. As well as, Gerald Steiner
& others [9], they were may be used Fourier transform infrared FT-IR spectroscopy. Every
day, thousands of day-old layer chicks are produce. The chicks must be sexed and the
undesirable male layer chicks are separated. Therefore, female chicks are raised to produce for
eggs. Disposal of male chicks is a serious trouble, both as far as creature welfare and waste
disposal. The germinal disc in fertilized eggs include already a few thousands a great many
blastoderm cells. Fourier transform infrared FT-IR spectroscopy is used to measure differ
cellular (DNA) in birds for male and female chicks. The differences in (DNA) content between
female and male chicks a near 0.02. Attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectroscopic imaging
used to describe small amounts of blastoderm cells from several chicken eggs and then
classified by linear discriminant analysis. Determine the sex using Polymerase chain reaction
PCR was a reference method. The spectroscopic outcomes show that female blastoderm cells
exhibit a less content of DNA than cells from male blastoderm. The result of PCR analysis
was the same as of the spectroscopic-based sex determination. FT-IR imaging allows the sex
determination of unincubated eggs within a couple moments dependent on the accurate
determination of the different DNA contents in blastoderm cells of both genders. While, G.
Mappatao[10], used in his calculations Matlab. The procedure used was established on the
proposition that the male duck eggs are elongated while the female eggs are more rounded.
Their paper proposes for the utilization of eccentricity to measure the roundedness of the egg.
The purpose to establish the accuracy of egg eccentricity in determining the sex of fertilised
duck eggs. A total of 103 egg samples are considered in this search. A two-dimensional still
picture of each egg sample is taken and enhanced before the eccentricity is determined. The
eccentricity of each egg is computed using Matlab, a numerical processing programming. After
determining the eccentricity of each egg sample, a specific eccentricity threshold value is
determined to separate the male from the female. Any egg sample which eccentricity is falling
below this threshold value is considered a female egg, while any egg with eccentricity value
equal to or higher than the threshold value is a male egg. The precision of the proposed method
is based on the actual sexing done on the hatched eggs using the vent sexing method. Results
demonstrate that with an eccentricity threshold value of 0.6441, up to 86% accuracy is attained
in predicting the sex of duck eggs utilizing the proposed method. This precision has a high
significance in the segregation of female and male eggs in the duck egg industry. M. Clinton
[11], they Adopted method for establishing the sex of chick embryos prior to the appearance
or morphological differences between females and males has been created. DNA was isolated
from (5 to 7 days) embryos with the aid of proteinase K digestion and subjected to polymerase
chain reaction PCR amplification with W‐chromosome specific primers. Sexing can be
achieved within (one day) usage of as little as (one ng) template DNA. But, Galli R & others
[12], they used Fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy Technique. Fluorescence and Raman
spectroscopy of blood presents the workable for unique and contactless in ovo sex
determination of the domestic chicken Gallus gallus f. dom. Eggs already (during the fourth
day of incubation), But, it is harmful to the fetus and leads to lower hatching rates, however,
this type of spectroscopy optical requires a window in the egg shell. Here, they demonstrate
that nearby Raman IR and fluorescence spectroscopy can be performed on perfused
extraembryonic vessels while leaving the inner egg shell membrane intact. Sparing the shell
membrane makes the measurement minimally invasive, so that the sexual procedure does not
influence hatching rates. they analyzed the impact of the membrane above the vessels on

Raman spectrum of blood, and fluorescence signal intensity, and suggested a corrective method
to compensate for it, After compensation, they obtain a correct sexing rate higher than (90%)
by applying supervised classification of spectra. Consequently, this approach offers the better
premises towards practical deployment in the hatcheries. And, POULTRY [13], Don Schrider
– In this research, the researcher was able to summarize the idea of how to know the genus
chick and guess some of the results in the form of numbers. In recent years, many ways have
been developed for how to know the sex of baby chicks; some methods proved to be random,
some have demonstrated very compelling. It is significant to remember the role of an
opportunity can play in our success in figuring out how to tell the sex of chicks. Under normal
circumstances, a group of chicks generally hatch with (45 to 50) percent females and (50 to 55)
percent males. This means that any method we use to determine the sex of chicks has around
(50%) chances of success regardless of whether the method is wrong. So, if you wanted guess
a chick sex, you would be right half the time. For a strategy to be reliable at that point, it must
be more than (50 %) exact every time it is used.
3. DETERMINE THE SEX OF CHICKS AND CHICKEN
To creating the best living circumstance for your chickens you must Knowing the sex of them
to move forward. However, sexing chicks is requires inspecting various of clues and regard not
a simple process. After incubating your chicks, see at the pattern feathers you notice clear
differences in color. After a few weeks, look to see if some chicks show up more aggressive
than others and observably larger. In the event that you can precisely recognize over half
percent of your chicks, by then consider your endeavors a triumph.
Method 1: Test newly incubated chicks
The area of wing feathers, While ends of their wings will have a light feather fringe and chicks
are covered in down. Hold the chick tightly in one hand, to see wing feathers. Utilize your other
hand to widen the wing out until the feathers are fairly separated and appear. In general A
female chicks wing feathers will have two various lengths. While a male chicks will have wing
feathers the same length as in Fig. (1). From one until two days after hatching, You can perform
wing sexing and typically commonly get exact outcomes, if you wait longer than this, the wing
feather growth will increase rapidly. [14]
Figure (1) shows the difference between female and male for chick feathers
Chicks are covered with down color, small feathers, and smooth feathers until develops
past at sex weeks age. While females chicks ordinarily have a dark brown-colored heads, while
male often light-colored. In the event that a male has down spots or stripes, they are normally
white or yellow. Conversely, a female's accent marks are normally brown or black.[15], as in
Fig. (2).

Figure (2) shows the difference between female and male for chick their down color
Look at its size. At age 3 weeks to about a month, you should be able to begin to know the
difference between female and male chicks depending on the size of their body. The female
chicks will often have smaller bodies and heads. Male chicks will seem a little bigger.[16], as
in Fig.(3).
Figure. (3), shows the difference between female and male for chick their size
4. Endeavor vent sexing. A notice ahead of time, it's commonly best to employ an expert
to do this methodology In any case, on the off chance that you do it without anyone's help,
make certain to be kind with the chick. Hold the baby chick with your hand and then press a
little on its belly until shits. See at the anus vent now clear. If you don't see a bump, it means
that the chick is a possible female. Bump refers to a male.[17], as in Fig (4).
In a few breeds, both females and males will have what looks like a series of small beads
in their anus vent. In these cases, the female will have center bead flat in shape, the male center
bead will have a larger, round central pill.[18]
Figure. (4), shows the vent in chick

Wait till the chicks are a month and a half old. On the off chance that you are prepared to
wait this long to decide the sex, your chances of accomplishment augment a considerable
amount. The physical changes, like waddle development, will be easier to see. The behavioral
changes, such as the startle response, will likewise be more clear and consistent.[19], as in
Fig(5). Moreover, already the males are likely to begin crowing, if you wait a several months.
Figure. (5), shows the chicks are 6 weeks old
Method 2: Test older Chickens and Chicks
Monitor and follow the development of the comb about a month and a half. At this point,
extensions the fleshy in the facial areas male chicks, combs will be developed completely. The
female chick's face skin will remain yellow and not extended. On the other hand, above the
male chick head, you will see the combs extending directly. The comb skin will also change to
red color. As in Fig. (6).
Figure. (6), shows Monitor comb development in rooster and Hen
If the chick is between month and half month old, you can test the saddle feathers. Grasp
and look the chick firmly in your hand, where the back is meets with its tail. This is where the
saddle feather lies. You'll see that female's chicks look almost soft, while the male chicks have
jagged and sharp saddle feathers. [20], as in Fig. (7).

Figure. (7), shows the saddle feathers if the chick
Look at temperament. When you watch the chicks mixed up with each other, seek to focus
on which birds show predominant or submissive tendencies. Female chicks will fear easily by
high voices and will freeze in response. Male chicks are less provocative and are more likely
to bully their peers. [21], As in Fig. (8).
Another way to watch a fighting or-flight reaction is to approach the chicks during
applauding with your hand. The females will for the most part remain quiet, while the male
chicks will issue angry warnings.
Figure. (8), shows the difference Consider temperament in female and male chicks
As a chicken develops, their wattles will increase in size. The wattles is a pale skin, hanging
down the chicken beak area. See the wattles of adult chickens. However, a female chicken’s
wattle will remain yellow, white, or gray, while a male chicken’s wattle will become brighter
in color, normally have red tone.[22], as in Fig. (9).
Figure. (9), shows the difference wattles of adult chickens in female and male

If checking adult chickens look at egg laying. It is obviously a mature hen (female), if your
chicken puts an egg. This can happen somewhere from 12 to 30 weeks of age. A rooster (male)
cannot lay an egg, but may begin crowing loudly around this same timeframe.[23]
Method 3: Assessing another gender choices
Business purposes, used laser spectroscopy. This is another system that incorporates a lab
shooting a little laser bar within an egg around three days after hatching. Professionals at that
point utilize the DNA substance of the egg to decide the sex of the chick in the future.[24], as
in Fig.(10).
Figure. (10), shows use laser spectroscopy for business purposes in egg
The chicks that are reproduced to exhibit a sex-specific color model at hatching, used
already to obtain a "sex link" chick. This implies you will have the capacity to tell the sex of
the chicks quickly with a high level of precision. Red Stars, for example, is a sexual link strain.
Female is reddish gold, while Male is golden yellow.[25], as in Fig. (11).
Figure. (11), shows sex link in chick
Hire an expert. Make a few inquiries with your neighborhood cultivate provider or other
poultry agriculturists to see which "chick sexer" they would prescribe. These professionals
usually have extensive experience in sexing chicks and travel from location to location doing
exactly that. They will generally charge you a flat fee for accurately sexing a certain number
of chicks.[26]
Some stories of old couples suggest that females come from rounded eggs and pointed eggs
for males. But do not trust reading egg form. The thought is that just looking at the egg’s shape

can tell you the sex of the chick. However, this method has been discredited over time and has
about the same accuracy as a guess.[27], as in Fig. (12).
Figure. (12), the figure shows females come from rounded eggs and pointed eggs for males
Select a technique with precision of over half. You end up right about half the time, if you
just guess the sex every time you pick a chick. Consequently, in the event that you need to
consider a sexing strategy a success, its precision chances must be higher than half. Monitor
the strategies that you use, your suppositions, and the last outcomes to perceive what works
best for you.[28]
4. CONCLUSION
Generally, possible to determine the sex of chickens, eggs, chicks and adult chickens by a
number methods, Can be summarize in below table:
In adult chickensIn chickIn eggs
No.of
recognition
methods
Wait until the chicks
are a month and a half
old
Some technique utilizing
the W specific DNA
probe and feather follicle
cells will be useful in a
quick process,
The sex of the eggs can be
determined from the outer
shape of the egg, two -
dimensional still picture of
each egg sample is taken
and enhanced before the
eccentricity is determined.
The eccentricity of each
egg is computed using
Matlab,
1
Monitor comb
development at 6 weeks
from cells and tissues
(male and female)
And reaction to the some
Catalysts.
Measurements
Morphological of the pre-
incubated egg
(Egg volume, Shape
index)
2
shape of the saddle
feathers
( if the chick is between
two and half month old)
Utilize PCR (polymerase
chain reaction)
techniques generally
connected for molecular
mating of birds.
utilize fluorescence and
Raman spectroscopy of
blood
(exact, contactless, fourth
hatching day)
3

from the voice cock or
chicken, their wattles of
adult chickens
from The germinal disc
in fertilized, and measure
DNA by FT-IR
4
Watch for egg laying if
inspecting.
You can also know
gender of chick from
shape, their wing
feathers, their down
color, size body, sex link,
and Attempt vent sexing.
5
REFERENCE
[1] Yilmaz-Dikmen B&Dikmen S “A Morphometric Method of Sexing White Layer Eggs",
Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, ISSN 1516-635X Jul - Sept 2013 / v.15 / n.3 / 169-
286.
[2] Sea H. Sohn, Eun J. Cho and Bo S. Kang,'' Sex Identification of Newly Hatched Chicks by
Fluorescence in situ Hybridization using a W-specific DNA Probe in Feather Follicle
Cells", 2012, Japan Poultry Science Association.
[3] Michael Clinton, Sunil Nandi,&other,'' Real-Time Sexing of Chicken Embryos and
Compatibility with in ovo Protocols", Published by S. Karger AG, Basel August 25, 2016.
[4] Yakov Gershman ,"A simple way to determine the sex of one-day poultry chickens (basic
principles)",
[5] Sema Alaşahan and Gülşen Çopur Akpinar,'' An investigation on the determination of
factors influencing chick sex prediction in hatching eggs", African Journal of Agricultural
Research,Vol. 9(6), pp. 603-606, 6 February, 2014 ISSN 1991-637X ©2014 Academic
Journals.
[6] Muhammad Aamir Aslam,"Offspring sex ratio bias and sex related characteristics of eggs
in chicken",PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2014) .
[7] Z. Wan, Y. Lu, L. Rui, X. Yu, and Z. Li,"Rapid Communications Sexing chick mRNA: A
protocol based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction", 2017 Poultry Science
96:537–540.
[8] M. H. HENRY and W. H. BURKE," Sexual Dimorphism in Broiler Chick Embryos and
Embryonic Muscle Development in Late Incubation", 1998 Poultry Science 77:728–736.
[9] Gerald Steiner & Thomas Bartels &others," Gender determination of fertilized unincubated
chicken eggs by infrared spectroscopic imaging", 9 April 2011, Springer.
[10] G. Mappatao," Duck Egg Sexing by Eccentricity Determination Using Image Processing",
Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC),vol.10,no.1-
9,2015.
[11] M. Clinton,'' A rapid protocol for sexing chick embryos (Gallus g. domesticus)"Animal
Genetics, Volume25, Issue5 ,October 1994,Pages 361-362.
[12] Galli R & others," Sexing of chicken eggs by fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy
through the shell membrane", research-article, Journal Article, Feb 2018, 13(2).
[13] POULTRY," How To Tell the Sex of Baby Chicks",art, Countryside Magazine
Contributor , March 25, 2018.
[14] https://survivalfarm.wordpress.com/2011/05/25/chicken-sex-feather-sexing-day-old-
chicks/
[15] http://countrysidenetwork.com/daily/poultry/chickens-101/how-to-tell-the-sex-of-baby-
chicks/

[16] https://www.mypetchicken.com/backyard-chickens/chicken-help/How-do-you-tell-if-a-
baby-chick-is-female-or-male-H22.aspx
chicks/
[18] http://www.fresheggsdaily.com/2012/06/cock-doodleroo-10-ways-to-sex-your.html
chicks/
[20] http://homesteadthedesert.com/how-to-sex-a-chicken/
[21] http://www.fresheggsdaily.com/2012/06/cock-doodleroo-10-ways-to-sex-your.html
chicks/
[23] http://livingwellmom.com/2016/10/hens-and-roosters/
[24] http://livingwellmom.com/2016/10/hens-and-roosters/
[25] http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2016/may/02/laser-spectroscopy-determines-
sex-of-a-chicken-egg
[26] https://www.mypetchicken.com/backyard-chickens/chicken-help/How-do-you-tell-if-a-
baby-chick-is-female-or-male-H22.aspx
[27] https://www.nbcnews.com/better/careers/chick-sexer-60k-year-job-nobody-wants-
n317481
chicks/
chicks/

Ijciet 10 01_055

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Ijciet 10 01_055