This document discusses human reproductive cloning and presents arguments in favor of it. It summarizes studies that have cloned human cells into cow eggs, achieving embryonic development. It acknowledges criticisms of cloning but argues that cloning research in animals has achieved high success rates. The document urges that people who are infertile deserve the option of cloning to have genetically related children. However, it does not claim to have cloned a human being.
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I have uploaded the complete document, with all the pages including the cover page, the acknowledgement, certificate and contents along with the Project content. Just download it and modify it and your project is ready, if that is all you have wanted. Otherwise use it as a reference for your project. "!!! IF YOU FIND IT WORTHY AT ALL, THEN GIVE ME A LIKE !!!" - It will motivate me to upload more such documents. -THANK YOU
This presentation explores modern cloning, a brief history of cloning, uses for cloning technology, cloning laws, and connections between current cloning and Cloud Atlas.
This presentation explores modern cloning, a brief history of cloning, uses for cloning technology, cloning laws, and connections between current cloning and Cloud Atlas.
Ethical isssues related to research in embryonic stem cell cloning.Gowripriya Thirumugam
Embryonic stem cell
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo.
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are able to grow (i.e. differentiate) into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
In other words, they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body as long as they are specified to do so.
Embryonic stem cells are distinguished by two distinctive properties: their pluripotency, and their ability to replicate indefinitely.
ES cells are pluripotent, that is, they are able to differentiate into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
These include each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult body.
Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells found in adults; while embryonic stem cells can generate all cell types in the body, adult stem cells are multipotent and can produce only a limited number of cell types.
Additionally, under defined conditions, embryonic stem cells are capable of propagating themselves indefinitely.
This allows embryonic stem cells to be employed as useful tools for both research and regenerative medicine, because they can produce limitless numbers of themselves for continued research or clinical use.
Because of their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self-renewal, ES cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease.
Diseases that could potentially be treated by pluripotent stem cells include a number of blood and immune-system related genetic diseases, cancers, and disorders; juvenile diabetes;
Parkinson's; blindness and spinal cord injuries.
Besides the ethical concerns of stem cell therapy, there is a technical problem of graft-versus-host disease associated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
However, these problems associated with histocompatibility may be solved using autologous donor adult stem cells, therapeutic cloning, stem cell banks or more recently by reprogramming of somatic cells with defined factors (e.g. induced pluripotent stem cells).
Other potential uses of embryonic stem cells include investigation of early human development, study of genetic disease and as in vitro systems for toxicology testing.
To Clone or not to Clone The Ethical Question Joseph Farnsw.docxturveycharlyn
To Clone or not to Clone: The Ethical Question
Joseph Farnsworth
A couple that had been married for only two years was in a terrible car accident. The
wife walked away with a few cuts and bruises. The husband, however was unconscious
when the paramedics arrived. He went into a coma shortly after arriving at the nearby
hospital. He came out of the coma but was never to be the same again. It turns out that
when he was in the accident he had severe head trauma, and would be a vegetable the rest
of his life. He could not take part in the reproduction of children. The wife is now
distraught because they will never have children together. She heard about the possibility
of cloning and believes that it is the only way that she will ever have children. Is it so?
Introduction
The ethics of human cloning has become a great issue in the past few years. The
advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to clone or not to clone. This is
an attempt to explore the pros and cons of human cloning and to provide enough
information of both sides of the arguments in order for the reader to make their own
informed decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not. Cloning will first be
defined. Then a brief explanation of why questions concerning cloning humans have
arisen will be presented. Some things cannot be known for sure unless it is tested, i.e.,
human cloning is allowed. Followed by that, a discussion of the facts and opinions that
support cloning will be presented and then the same against cloning. Please remember
that not all of this has proven true nor is able to be proven yet, but has simply been
argued as a scientific hypothesis. Finally, my own personal opinion will be stated.
Defining Human Cloning
When speaking of human cloning, what is meant? Different groups and organizations
define it differently. To use a specific definition, the American Medical Association
(AMA) defined cloning as “the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic
cell nuclear transfer. „Somatic cell nuclear transfer‟ refers to the process which the
nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which
the nucleus has been removed” (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). In other
words, cloning is the method of produce a baby that has the same genes as its parent.
You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then you take
the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with
the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the
reconstructed egg electrically or chemically and try to make it start to divide and become
an embryo. You then use the same process to implant the egg into a surrogate mother
that you would use with artificial insemination. (Eibert)
However, many groups have used a broader definition of cloni ...
1. TO CLONE OR
NOT TO CLONE?
WHOSE CHOICE IS IT
ANYWAY?
Professor Dr. Panos Zavos, Ed.S., Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus of Reproductive
Physiology/Andrology, University of Kentucky
Director, Andrology Institute of America
Associate Director, Kentucky Center for Reproductive
Medicine & IVF, Lexington, KY, USA
Executive Director, The Zavos Organization
2. Introduction
Human reproductive
cloning today continues
to preoccupy the
general public and its
critics in a very
controversial manner.
There is also some
public hostility directed
against it.
3. “Public hostility to human
reproductive cloning may be
based on an illogical transient
fear of a new technology”
The British MMeeddiiccaall AAssssoocciiaattiioonn
4. Infertility is a disease
Today, infertility is a
disease that reaches
epidemic
proportions
throughout the
developing World
5. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Low sperm count
and/or motility
Variety of female
factors
Success rate ~ 33%
live birth/transfer
Did not overcome severe
asthenospermia
6. Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm
Injection (ICSI)
If patient has low
sperm count or having
sperm with no motility
Success rate ~ 32%
live birth/transfer
Required presence of sperm in the
ejaculate
7. Sperm and Oocyte Donation
No mature sperm present
No oocyte (egg) production
Offspring not genetically or biologically
related
8. Quotes from childless patients
“..we want a child (yesterday,
if possible) and a healthy
child.”
“..do not want to have another
person’s sperm
or eggs.”
“..what other options do we
have?”
“…we want to have a
biological child of our
own.”
(Received via e-mail from patients)
9. How Therapeutic Cloning Works
1. First, the nucleus of a donor egg
is removed.
2. Then a whole somatic cell or the
nucleus of a whole somatic cell
from a patient is inserted.
3. The result is an egg with the
patient's genetic material.
4. The egg is then induced (“jump
start”) to divide and become an
embryo which grows into
several stem cells, all of which
are genetically identical to the
donor cell.
10. Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction
No difference in the type of
oocyte (egg) used
11. Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction
Fusion of male and
female genetic
material
(pronuclei)
Electrofusion of somatic
cell that carries ONLY
the male of female
genetic material to the
“oocyte”
12. Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction
No difference in the cell division
stages after fertilization
13. Cloning in Animals
Various species have
been used as biological
models for this effort but
extensive research on
somatic cell nuclear
transfer (SCNT) has been
performed using the
bovine model.
14. Our Studies
In our studies we set out to examine the ability
of the bovine metaphase oocyte cytoplasm to
support mitotic cell cycles under the direction of
differentiated somatic cell nuclei of human
granulosa cells and fibroblast cells in order to
test the efficiency of our SCNT techniques.
Hybrid embryos
15. Materials and Methods
Bovine oocytes
were randomly
treated either for
induction of
parthenogenesis or
for enucleation and
SCNT using either
human granulosa
cells or human
fibroblast cells.
16. Materials and Methods
Bovine oocytes were
enucleated by
aspiration of the first
polar body and the
metaphase plate.
17. Materials and Methods
Human granulosa
cells and fibroblast
cells were aspirated
into a micropipette.
18. Materials and Methods
One human granulosa
cell or fibroblast cell
was injected into the
perivitelline space of
each of the enucleated
bovine oocytes.
Injecting the cell
Cell placed
subzonally
19. Materials and Methods
Treated oocytes were
evaluated for evidence of
cleavage and embryonic
development daily.
Embryo quality was
assessed using similar
grading criteria to those
employed in human IVF.
20. Results
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
Granulosa
cells
Controls 2 Fibroblas
t cells
Controls
2
Succes
s rate1
31.2%
(15/48)
46.8%
(36/77)
24.2 %
(15/62)
56.8%
(21/37)
CEI 3 66% 42%
1Number of embryos developed from the total number of oocytes;
2Parthenogenetic development;
3CEI: Cloning Efficiency Index=Embryo success rate/ Parthenogenetic
success rate X100
21. Conclusions
Our results point out that SCNT as
applied in the current study fusing
human granulosa cells or
fibroblast cells can be done.
The technique could be quite
sensitive and predictive for similar
SCNT attempts in humans for
therapeutic or reproductive
purposes.
22. First Human Cloned Embryo
This technology has
enabled us to create
the first human
cloned embryo for
reproductive
purposes.
Zavos PM: Human reproductive cloning: the time is
near.
Reproductive BioMedicine Online 6, 397–398, 2003.
23. First Human Cloned Embryo
Nine human oocytes
were enucleated.
Fused with whole
human granulosa cells
via electrical stimulation
and activation.
24. First Human Cloned Embryo
The resulting
cloned embryo
reached the 8-10
cell stage and
cryopreserved for
future molecular
analysis.
25. ANNOUNCEMENT
The First Fresh Cloned
Embryo Transfer in Human
We have produced and transferred the
first fresh cloned embryo into the
mother and we are awaiting for results
The mother is a 35 year-old woman
The embryo was properly
evaluated and transferred
at a 4-cell stage
No pregnancy was established
26. Difficulties noted by
“Animal Cloners”
Poor cloning response.
Poor implantation and pregnancy ratio.
Poor health of animals born.
27. Those difficulties are due to:
Poorly designed experiments.
(few animals used with no definite objective)
Poorly executed experiments.
(hit and miss type of research)
Poorly approached experiments.
(done under non-sterile and uncontrolled
environments)
Poorly understood and interpreted.
(when animals died, no clear view of their cause of
death)
SOME DONE FOR FAME AND FORTUNE
BY THE ANIMAL CLONERS!
28. Ethics Morality & Hypocrisy
LET US EXAMINE THE
FACTS AS THEY APPEAR
WITH THE ANIMAL
CLONERS!
Hypocrisy in Action
29. “Animal cloning is inefficient
and is likely to remain so for the
foreseeable future”
(by Wilmut & Jaenisch, Time, 2001)
A number of studies have already
demonstrated far higher rates of
development, as measured in the proportion
of live births to the number of embryos
transferred, and in some cases matching or
exceeding developmental rates seen in
human IVF.
30. Nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction
and development of goat embryos
reconstructed by nuclear
transplantation: production of
goats by serially cloning embryos
(Yong and Yuqiang; Biol. Reprod. 58: 266-269, 1998)
Embryos created* 141
Live births 45
Success Rate (%) 32%**
*Re-cloned goat embryos from a previous cloning
procedure (serially cloned embryos)
**Similar to Current Human IVF Success Rates
31. Eight calves cloned from
somatic cells of a single adult
(Kato et al, Science, 282: 2095-8, 1998)
Embryos created 10
Live births 8
Success Rate (%) 80%
32. Excerpts from the
Congressional Hearings on
Human Cloning*
• “Dolly is not normal. Dolly is
overweight.” (Jaenisch, 2001)
D o l l y i s o b e s e ! ! !
• “Dolly may have subtle defects like
in the brain. Dolly, I believe, is not
normal. …. we have no tests to
check that.” (Jaenisch, 2001)
D o l l y h a s a n I Q p r o b l e m ! ! !
*Under oath at the Congressional Hearing on Human Cloning
Research, March 28, 2001
33. Excerpts from President
Bush’s talk on Human Cloning
• “Scientists wanting to do
human cloning are going to
create humans for spare parts
and I am against that”
(George W. Bush, President of the USA)
34. Excerpts from the Oxford Union
Debate
• “You should be ashamed of yourself
for wanting to clone a human being.
You are going to create human
monsters and you will fail.”
(Robert Winston, June 5, 2001)
Ironically, he said the exact same things
about Robert Edwards 26 years ago
about his efforts to create the first
human being via IVF. Today, Winston
embraced IVF and he is known in the UK
as Mr. IVF.
That is hypocritical!!
35. Excerpts from the Oxford Union
Debate
• “You should be ashamed of
yourself for experimenting and
killing human embryos.”
(Harry Griffin, Roslyn Institute, June 5, 2001)
Today, Mr. Griffin is given a license by
the British Government and HFEA to
kill human embryos and extract stem
cells.
That is highly hypocritical!!!
36. Human-Bovine Hybrid Embryos
Created
In order to avoid “killing
human embryos” we have
created the Human-Bovine
hybrid embryo model to
study various phenomena
that needed to be evaluated
during SCNT.
What has Mr. Griffin
done to avoid killing
human embryos?
37. Excerpts from the National
Academy of Sciences
• “Animal cloning is
inefficient and is likely to
remain so for the
foreseeable future”
(Ian Wilmut, Roslyn Institute, August 2001)
Today the success is tremendous!!
They continue however to misrepresent
the facts!
38. Excerpts from the National
Academy of Sciences
• “Cloning will never be perfected and
applied for human or animal
purposes. It is impossible to
reprogram 35,000 genes present in
the human genome and yield a
healthy human being.”
(Rudolph Jaenisch, MIT Professor, August 2001)
Today we are cloning cattle commercially
with 83% success rate; astonishing!!
39. Another “Expert’s” Opinion on
Human Cloning
“….in monkeys the removal of the egg
nucleus also removes what Schatten called
"molecular motors" that are responsible for
separating chromosomes during cell
division.
He explained. "The cells that result after
those cell divisions all have the wrong
number of chromosomes."
“We cannot do it in monkeys and
therefore it cannot be done in humans”
40. Humans may be easier to
clone than animals!
(August, 2001)
“This is the first concrete genetic data showing
that the cloning process could be less
complicated in humans than in sheep”
Keith Killian, Duke University Medical Center
“…our data show that you don’t necessarily have
these problems (with the large offspring
syndrome) in humans.” Randy Jirtle, Duke researcher
41. Response to Open Letter to
British News Editors by
“leading UK scientists”
“to reconsider the prominence given to
repeated claims by certain scientists that they
have cloned a human being , including
those made by Dr. Panos Zavos last
weekend.” (21st January 2004)
WWee hhaavvee NNEEVVEERR ccllaaiimmeedd ttoo hhaavvee
cclloonneedd aa hhuummaann bbeeiinngg!!
42. Response to Open Letter to
British News Editors by
“leading UK scientists”
“none of those involved have produced a
shred of evidence to substantiate their
assertions .” (21st January 2004)
We have published aanndd ccoonnttiinnuuee ttoo ppuubblliisshh iinn
ppeeeerr--rreevviieewweedd sscciieennttiiffiicc jjoouurrnnaallss!!
IItt aappppeeaarrss tthhaatt tthheessee ““lleeaaddiinngg sscciieennttiissttss”” ddoo
nnoott ddoo tthheeiirr hhoommeewwoorrkk nnoorr RREEAADD aanndd ggeett
iinnffoorrmmeedd bbeeffoorree tthheeyy ooffffeerr aann ooppiinniioonn..
43. Publications
Zavos PM: Human reproductive cloning: the time is near.
Reproductive BioMedicine Online 6, 397–398, 2003.
Illmensee K, Levanduski M, Zavos PM: Development of an
interspecies-specific bioassay using the bovine oocyte model
to evaluate the potential of SCNT in humans. Journal of
Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 2004 (Accepted, in
press, withdrawn due to leading UK scientists pressure).
Zavos PM, Illmensee K: First Embryo Transfer of a Cloned
Human Embryo. Middle East Fertility Society Journal
(Submitted for publication).
Zavos PM, Illmensee K: Human Reproductive Cloning: The
Post Mortem Effort. (Currently in preparation).
44. Scientific Presentations
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine, San Antonio, Texas,
October 11-15, 2003.
The Austrian Society of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology,
Bregenz, Austria, October 17-18, 2003.
The Middle East Fertility Society, Beirut, December 10-13, 2003.
The 12th World Congress on Human Reproduction, Venice, Italy, March
14-16, 2005
The World DNA and Genome Day, Dalian, China, April 25-30, 2005.
The Indian International Conference on Update in Infertility, Bangalore,
India, April 25-May 1, 2005.
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine and the Canadian
Fertility and Andrology Society, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, October 15-
19, 2005 (Submitted).
45. “HFEA grants the first
therapeutic cloning license for
research”
(11 August 2004)
IIss iitt aann aacctt ooff GGoodd??
46. HFEA purposes
Increasing knowledge about the development
of embryos
Increasing knowledge about serious disease
Enabling any such knowledge to be applied in
developing treatments for serious disease
AAfftteerr ddeessttrrooyyiinngg tthhee eemmbbrryyoo aanndd
iittss ppootteennttiiaall ffoorr lliiffee
47. Therapeutic vs Reproductive
Cloning in the UK
Human reproductive cloning is illegal in the
UK. As a result of the Human Reproductive
Cloning Act (2001) nobody in the UK is
allowed to use cell nuclear replacement, or
any other technique, to create a child.
But Therapeutic CClloonniinngg ffoorr SStteemm CCeellll
RReesseeaarrcchh iiss aalllloowweedd
48. Therapeutic Cloning & Stem Cell
Research vs Reproductive
Cloning
Stem cells from Living
Human Embryos
Killing &
Dismembering
Human Embryos
Grow stem cells in
culture
Used in treatment of
various diseases
Somatic (body) cells
Inject into enucleated
oocytes
Induce embryo
development
Used to create
healthy babies for
childless couples and
treating infertility
49. The Future of Cloning
Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms
involved during the processes of embryogenesis
Careful tailoring of subsequently developed
culture conditions and manipulation strategies
Appropriate screening methods
will eventually allow infertile couples to
safely have healthy, genetically related
children through Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer (SCNT) technology
50. This technology should be
developed by scientists and
medical experts that:
understand this type of work and the
seriousness for its development
should be focused on carrying out this
project, and
should work with leaders and
governments at the International level, to
ensure that this technology can be made
safe and be disseminated properly
51. We intend to develop this
technology by:
Selecting appropriate cell lines for SCNT
Proper reprogramming the cell
lines in tissue culture
prior to SCNT
Screening the cloned embryos
prior to embryo transfer
into recipients
Monitoring the ongoing
pregnancies from the cloned embryos
52. Vilified, ridiculed, accused of
perverting nature….
But the cloning pioneers are in
good company
Sunday Herald, Glasgow, Scotland,
10/21/01
53. The Future of Reproductive
Cloning
“Cloning, too, will
probably come to be
accepted as a
reproductive tool if
it is carefully
controlled”
Professor Robert Edwards, 2001
Sunday Herald, Glasgow, Scotland,
10/21/01