The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The use of time lapse photography in an in vitro fertilization programme for ...鋒博 蔡
This study examined the timing of early cell divisions in human embryos using time-lapse imaging. It found that embryos producing high-quality blastocysts and resulting in pregnancies showed uniform timing of cleavage cycles and interphases. Specifically, the second interphase lasted 11±1 hours, the third interphase was 15±1 hours, and the fourth interphase was 23±1 hours. The corresponding cleavage cycles lasted 15±5 minutes, 40±10 minutes, and 55±15 minutes. In contrast, embryos with shortened or prolonged cell cycles showed poor implantation and development. The study also discovered trichotomic mitosis, where embryos cleaved into an abnormal number of cells, in 17% of cases. Only time-
Automatic Blastomere and Trophectoderm ExtractionAmarjot Singh
The document proposes automatic methods for extracting components from human embryo images to help embryologists assess embryo quality. It describes algorithms to:
1) Extract blastomeres (cells) from Day 1-3 embryo images using ellipse fitting and refinement. Testing achieved 87.7% shape accuracy and 83.3% correctness.
2) Segment the trophectoderm (TE) from Day 5 blastocyst images using level sets, morphology operations, and K-means clustering. Testing found average 87.7% shape accuracy and 78.7% quality across blastocyst grades.
3) The algorithms aim to allow less skilled embryologists to grade embryos and could help increase IVF success rates by improving embryo selection.
This study analyzed the development of 247 embryos that were transferred as part of 285 IVF treatment cycles. Using an automated time-lapse imaging system, the study monitored embryo development every 15 minutes for 64 hours post fertilization. The study found that certain morphokinetic parameters, such as the timing of cell divisions and intervals between divisions, were significantly correlated with whether or not the embryo successfully implanted. In particular, implantation was predicted by division to 5 cells occurring between 48.8-56.6 hours after fertilization, an interval of less than 0.76 hours between division to 3 and 4 cells, and a cell cycle 2 duration of less than 11.9 hours. Aberrant behaviors like multi-nucleation or uneven blastom
This study analyzed 522 embryos from 285 couples undergoing ICSI that were transferred and monitored using time-lapse photography every 15 minutes for 64 hours. The study found that several morphokinetic parameters were correlated with embryo implantation, including the timing of cell divisions from 2 to 5 cells and the duration of cell cycles 2 and 3. Embryos displaying abnormal behaviors like multi-nucleation or uneven blastomere size were less likely to implant. The study aims to use these morphokinetic parameters to develop a model to predict embryo implantation potential and improve embryo selection.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of a polyvalent endometrial treatment on patients undergoing in vitro fertilization with oocyte donation who had recurrent implantation failure. The study found:
1) Chronic endometritis and endometrial thinning were common in the patients and treatment improved endometrial thickness and reduced abnormal histopathology.
2) Treatment modified the immunology and histopathology of the endometrium and increased the live birth rate compared to pre-treatment.
3) Changes in endometrial leukocyte populations after treatment, such as increases in certain T-cells and uterine killer cells, correlated with improved implantation when values neared those of a control group.
This study examined 1213 human embryos at the cleavage and blastocyst stages to assess the relationship between morphological appearance and chromosomal abnormalities. The researchers found that at the cleavage stage, many embryos with the best morphological scores were still chromosomally abnormal, indicating little effect of aneuploidy on appearance at this stage. However, at the blastocyst stage aneuploidies were less common in embryos with optimal morphology, though some chromosomally abnormal blastocysts still received high scores, particularly for clinically relevant aneuploidies like trisomy 21. While morphology provides some information about chromosomal status at the blastocyst stage, comprehensive chromosome testing remains important for accurate assessment of embryo viability
External factors such as culture conditions, stimulation protocols, and patient characteristics can affect the morphokinetic development of human embryos observed through time-lapse monitoring. Specifically, higher FSH doses, higher estrogen levels, underweight BMI, smoking, and PCOS are associated with slower embryo development. Differences in culture media brands and oxygen concentration can also influence timing of developmental stages. While time-lapse monitoring provides more detailed data on embryo development and a tool for quality control, further randomized clinical trials are still needed to determine the impact on pregnancy outcomes.
Endometrial receptivity assay, by Dr.Gayathiri Morris Jawahar
The accuracy and reproducibility of the endometrial receptivity array (ERA) is superior to histology as a diagnostic method for endometrial receptivity. An study of 86 healthy ovum donors found that ERA dating showed near perfect concordance with LH peak levels, whereas histology dating showed only moderate concordance between two pathologists. The ERA test was also found to be 100% reproducible when repeated in the same patients 29-40 months later, demonstrating it is a more accurate and reproducible method for assessing endometrial receptivity compared to standard histology.
The use of time lapse photography in an in vitro fertilization programme for ...鋒博 蔡
This study examined the timing of early cell divisions in human embryos using time-lapse imaging. It found that embryos producing high-quality blastocysts and resulting in pregnancies showed uniform timing of cleavage cycles and interphases. Specifically, the second interphase lasted 11±1 hours, the third interphase was 15±1 hours, and the fourth interphase was 23±1 hours. The corresponding cleavage cycles lasted 15±5 minutes, 40±10 minutes, and 55±15 minutes. In contrast, embryos with shortened or prolonged cell cycles showed poor implantation and development. The study also discovered trichotomic mitosis, where embryos cleaved into an abnormal number of cells, in 17% of cases. Only time-
Automatic Blastomere and Trophectoderm ExtractionAmarjot Singh
The document proposes automatic methods for extracting components from human embryo images to help embryologists assess embryo quality. It describes algorithms to:
1) Extract blastomeres (cells) from Day 1-3 embryo images using ellipse fitting and refinement. Testing achieved 87.7% shape accuracy and 83.3% correctness.
2) Segment the trophectoderm (TE) from Day 5 blastocyst images using level sets, morphology operations, and K-means clustering. Testing found average 87.7% shape accuracy and 78.7% quality across blastocyst grades.
3) The algorithms aim to allow less skilled embryologists to grade embryos and could help increase IVF success rates by improving embryo selection.
This study analyzed the development of 247 embryos that were transferred as part of 285 IVF treatment cycles. Using an automated time-lapse imaging system, the study monitored embryo development every 15 minutes for 64 hours post fertilization. The study found that certain morphokinetic parameters, such as the timing of cell divisions and intervals between divisions, were significantly correlated with whether or not the embryo successfully implanted. In particular, implantation was predicted by division to 5 cells occurring between 48.8-56.6 hours after fertilization, an interval of less than 0.76 hours between division to 3 and 4 cells, and a cell cycle 2 duration of less than 11.9 hours. Aberrant behaviors like multi-nucleation or uneven blastom
This study analyzed 522 embryos from 285 couples undergoing ICSI that were transferred and monitored using time-lapse photography every 15 minutes for 64 hours. The study found that several morphokinetic parameters were correlated with embryo implantation, including the timing of cell divisions from 2 to 5 cells and the duration of cell cycles 2 and 3. Embryos displaying abnormal behaviors like multi-nucleation or uneven blastomere size were less likely to implant. The study aims to use these morphokinetic parameters to develop a model to predict embryo implantation potential and improve embryo selection.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of a polyvalent endometrial treatment on patients undergoing in vitro fertilization with oocyte donation who had recurrent implantation failure. The study found:
1) Chronic endometritis and endometrial thinning were common in the patients and treatment improved endometrial thickness and reduced abnormal histopathology.
2) Treatment modified the immunology and histopathology of the endometrium and increased the live birth rate compared to pre-treatment.
3) Changes in endometrial leukocyte populations after treatment, such as increases in certain T-cells and uterine killer cells, correlated with improved implantation when values neared those of a control group.
This study examined 1213 human embryos at the cleavage and blastocyst stages to assess the relationship between morphological appearance and chromosomal abnormalities. The researchers found that at the cleavage stage, many embryos with the best morphological scores were still chromosomally abnormal, indicating little effect of aneuploidy on appearance at this stage. However, at the blastocyst stage aneuploidies were less common in embryos with optimal morphology, though some chromosomally abnormal blastocysts still received high scores, particularly for clinically relevant aneuploidies like trisomy 21. While morphology provides some information about chromosomal status at the blastocyst stage, comprehensive chromosome testing remains important for accurate assessment of embryo viability
External factors such as culture conditions, stimulation protocols, and patient characteristics can affect the morphokinetic development of human embryos observed through time-lapse monitoring. Specifically, higher FSH doses, higher estrogen levels, underweight BMI, smoking, and PCOS are associated with slower embryo development. Differences in culture media brands and oxygen concentration can also influence timing of developmental stages. While time-lapse monitoring provides more detailed data on embryo development and a tool for quality control, further randomized clinical trials are still needed to determine the impact on pregnancy outcomes.
Endometrial receptivity assay, by Dr.Gayathiri Morris Jawahar
The accuracy and reproducibility of the endometrial receptivity array (ERA) is superior to histology as a diagnostic method for endometrial receptivity. An study of 86 healthy ovum donors found that ERA dating showed near perfect concordance with LH peak levels, whereas histology dating showed only moderate concordance between two pathologists. The ERA test was also found to be 100% reproducible when repeated in the same patients 29-40 months later, demonstrating it is a more accurate and reproducible method for assessing endometrial receptivity compared to standard histology.
Stem cells and infertility by Dr. GayathiriMorris Jawahar
Stem cells offer potential treatments for many conditions like diabetes, Parkinson's disease and heart disease. Research is focused on better understanding stem cell types like embryonic, adult and induced pluripotent stem cells. Challenges include identifying growth factors, avoiding immune rejection, and safety issues like preventing malignancy. Recent studies show stem cells improving conditions in animal models of diseases like hemophilia and spinal cord injury. Clinical trials are beginning to test stem cell therapies for conditions like ALS. Overall stem cells represent an exciting area of research towards regenerative medicine.
Time lapse observation of embryos through incubation allows continuous monitoring of development from fertilization. This non-invasive technique creates a developmental timeline used to assess embryo health and select the best embryo for transfer based on adherence to normal timing of cleavages and divisions. Precise timing data of early embryonic events like pronuclear fading and cell divisions correlates with implantation potential, with substantial deviations linked to lower success rates. Abnormal cell patterns or asynchronous cell cycles seen through time lapse also indicate higher risk of aneuploidy.
The researchers analyzed genomic data from 367 tissue samples from 18 locations and 20 ethnic groups in India and found evidence of 5 distinct ancestral components among the Indian population. They compared the Indian genomic data to the HUMAN GENOME DIVERSITY PANEL. In a separate study, scientists used algorithms to digitally analyze and sort cells by their cell cycle phase, providing a less toxic alternative to traditional staining methods. This new computational approach opens up opportunities for further cell cycle research and other areas of science. Studying genomic differences in populations can provide insights into disease susceptibility and help tailor medical treatments based on a person's ancestral origins and genome.
This document discusses endometrial receptivity and the need for objective biomarkers to diagnose it. While past research identified some potential molecular markers, none have proven clinically useful. Recent transcriptomic analyses using microarrays have defined a gene expression signature that can classify endometrial status, including receptivity, regardless of histological appearance. This led to the development of the Endometrial Receptivity Array (ERA) tool, which uses a customized microarray and algorithm to identify the personalized window of implantation in individual patients, improving outcomes over histological dating alone.
This document analyzes 2,204 human oocytes and embryos from fertilization through the blastocyst stage using microarray comparative genomic hybridization to determine chromosome abnormalities. It finds that aneuploidy rates increase dramatically with female age and that complex abnormalities are common. Chromosome errors originate from failures in meiotic cell division and early mitosis. Most aneuploid embryos survive until the blastocyst stage but likely fail to implant, indicating selection against aneuploidy occurs late in preimplantation development.
Human placental explants in culture approaches and assessmentsdjrivelli
This document describes techniques for culturing human placental explants in vitro. It discusses that placental explant cultures can be used to study tissue functions like cellular uptake, secretion, interactions, proliferation, differentiation, and disease processes. It notes that different culture conditions are needed to mimic the in utero environment at different gestational ages, including varying oxygen levels, extracellular matrices, and culture media. The document then reviews approaches for culturing and assessing explants from first and third trimester placental tissue, addressing culture methods, conditions, and validation.
Embryo selection methods aim to improve IVF success rates but current options have limitations. [1] Embryo morphology is the most common assessment but can vary between labs and observers. [2] Genetic testing provides direct information but techniques like PGS remain controversial due to concerns about invasiveness and mosaicism. [3] Metabolomic analysis using techniques like near-infrared spectroscopy show promise as a non-invasive marker correlated with implantation potential but require more validation. Overall, no single method is ideal and a personalized, multifactorial approach may be needed along with advances in other areas like culture conditions, freezing, and endometrial receptivity.
The document discusses time lapse observations of pre-implantation embryos and factors affecting implantation potential. It notes that time lapse allows non-invasive analysis of morphological parameters and temporal markers that can help identify embryos with the highest implantation potential, such as early cleavage and cell division timing. However, abnormalities like uneven cell numbers, fragmentation, and abnormal timing are linked to lower developmental potential. Future adaptations may allow more detailed membrane and metabolic analysis to better predict embryo viability.
The document summarizes research on analyzing gene expression in the human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle using microarray technology. It discusses that the endometrium undergoes regulated changes in its cell types' gene expression across the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases of the cycle in response to hormones. Studies have identified phase-specific gene expression profiles and common temporal patterns. The research aims to better understand normal endometrial function and characterize the receptive phase to prevent reproductive failures like infertility.
The document discusses factors that affect the quality of in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories and techniques. It outlines various quality control measures, culture conditions, embryo assessment techniques, and emerging technologies like metabolomics and microfluidics that can help optimize IVF outcomes. Regulatory standards for air quality, equipment, and procedures in IVF labs are also summarized.
Effects of Variable Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity on MHD free Convection...theijes
This document summarizes a study that numerically investigates the effects of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection and mass transfer flow over an inclined vertical surface in a porous medium with heat generation. The governing equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and then solved numerically using a shooting method. The results show that increasing the viscosity variation parameter, thermal conductivity parameter, magnetic parameter, permeability parameter, or Schmidt number decreases the fluid velocity, while increasing the heat generation parameter, local Grashof number, or mass Grashof number increases the fluid velocity. Skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are also computed and presented in tabular form.
The Correlation of Parcel shape and Dimensions with Regulation in Creating Co...theijes
Commercial corridor in areas surround Jakarta has been rapidly growth. Some of this commercial corridor grows without any proper planning. Commercial corridor is created from available infrastructure that was used to connect some developed area. The rapid growth of commercial corridor shows irregularity and heterogeneity. The difference shape and dimension of parcel get similar treatment of building code. The characteristic of this commercial corridor created from the relationship of parcel shape and dimensions with building code as the controller. Relationship of parcel shape and dimensions with regulation can be analyzed easier using parametric simulation tools. The result of parametric simulation tools shows the characteristic of corridor as correlation between all variable. This paper uses one representative segment of corridor commercial in Serpong Tangerang.
Evaluation of Heterogeneous Aquifers in Crystalline Rocks from Resistivity So...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Design and Implementation of monitoring LAN user wirelessly by Android mobile...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Trusted Hardware Database With Privacy And Data Confidentialitytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Discovery of Perched Aquifer When Assessing Aquifer Potential along the flood...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Application of Coconut Coir and Fly ash in Sub grade strengtheningtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Recent Developments in Organic Polymers Based- Photovoltaic Cellstheijes
In this review article, the uses of organic polymers to make photovoltaic cells have been discussed. The focus is mainly on discussing organic polymer based photovoltaic (OPVs) solar cells, the development of new device technologies and donor polymers that are being researched on. The recent development in this field has led to improved OPV performances with power conversion efficiencies as phenomenal as 9%. However for commercial application of this kind of OPVs, an improved device structure and cost effective processing methods are required. This article reports the polymer design criteria, energy level matching, nano-morphing of polymer/acceptor blend films and local dipole moments of the polymer chains that have been developed in the research that took place over the past 4 years. We emphasize the importance of developing new methods for designing polymers with improved physical properties and development of new technologies to fully understand the fundamentals of OPV mechanisms, which will help improve the power conversion efficiency of the OPV.
Temperature Dependence of Density and Dynamic Surface Tension of Groundnut Oi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Stem cells and infertility by Dr. GayathiriMorris Jawahar
Stem cells offer potential treatments for many conditions like diabetes, Parkinson's disease and heart disease. Research is focused on better understanding stem cell types like embryonic, adult and induced pluripotent stem cells. Challenges include identifying growth factors, avoiding immune rejection, and safety issues like preventing malignancy. Recent studies show stem cells improving conditions in animal models of diseases like hemophilia and spinal cord injury. Clinical trials are beginning to test stem cell therapies for conditions like ALS. Overall stem cells represent an exciting area of research towards regenerative medicine.
Time lapse observation of embryos through incubation allows continuous monitoring of development from fertilization. This non-invasive technique creates a developmental timeline used to assess embryo health and select the best embryo for transfer based on adherence to normal timing of cleavages and divisions. Precise timing data of early embryonic events like pronuclear fading and cell divisions correlates with implantation potential, with substantial deviations linked to lower success rates. Abnormal cell patterns or asynchronous cell cycles seen through time lapse also indicate higher risk of aneuploidy.
The researchers analyzed genomic data from 367 tissue samples from 18 locations and 20 ethnic groups in India and found evidence of 5 distinct ancestral components among the Indian population. They compared the Indian genomic data to the HUMAN GENOME DIVERSITY PANEL. In a separate study, scientists used algorithms to digitally analyze and sort cells by their cell cycle phase, providing a less toxic alternative to traditional staining methods. This new computational approach opens up opportunities for further cell cycle research and other areas of science. Studying genomic differences in populations can provide insights into disease susceptibility and help tailor medical treatments based on a person's ancestral origins and genome.
This document discusses endometrial receptivity and the need for objective biomarkers to diagnose it. While past research identified some potential molecular markers, none have proven clinically useful. Recent transcriptomic analyses using microarrays have defined a gene expression signature that can classify endometrial status, including receptivity, regardless of histological appearance. This led to the development of the Endometrial Receptivity Array (ERA) tool, which uses a customized microarray and algorithm to identify the personalized window of implantation in individual patients, improving outcomes over histological dating alone.
This document analyzes 2,204 human oocytes and embryos from fertilization through the blastocyst stage using microarray comparative genomic hybridization to determine chromosome abnormalities. It finds that aneuploidy rates increase dramatically with female age and that complex abnormalities are common. Chromosome errors originate from failures in meiotic cell division and early mitosis. Most aneuploid embryos survive until the blastocyst stage but likely fail to implant, indicating selection against aneuploidy occurs late in preimplantation development.
Human placental explants in culture approaches and assessmentsdjrivelli
This document describes techniques for culturing human placental explants in vitro. It discusses that placental explant cultures can be used to study tissue functions like cellular uptake, secretion, interactions, proliferation, differentiation, and disease processes. It notes that different culture conditions are needed to mimic the in utero environment at different gestational ages, including varying oxygen levels, extracellular matrices, and culture media. The document then reviews approaches for culturing and assessing explants from first and third trimester placental tissue, addressing culture methods, conditions, and validation.
Embryo selection methods aim to improve IVF success rates but current options have limitations. [1] Embryo morphology is the most common assessment but can vary between labs and observers. [2] Genetic testing provides direct information but techniques like PGS remain controversial due to concerns about invasiveness and mosaicism. [3] Metabolomic analysis using techniques like near-infrared spectroscopy show promise as a non-invasive marker correlated with implantation potential but require more validation. Overall, no single method is ideal and a personalized, multifactorial approach may be needed along with advances in other areas like culture conditions, freezing, and endometrial receptivity.
The document discusses time lapse observations of pre-implantation embryos and factors affecting implantation potential. It notes that time lapse allows non-invasive analysis of morphological parameters and temporal markers that can help identify embryos with the highest implantation potential, such as early cleavage and cell division timing. However, abnormalities like uneven cell numbers, fragmentation, and abnormal timing are linked to lower developmental potential. Future adaptations may allow more detailed membrane and metabolic analysis to better predict embryo viability.
The document summarizes research on analyzing gene expression in the human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle using microarray technology. It discusses that the endometrium undergoes regulated changes in its cell types' gene expression across the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases of the cycle in response to hormones. Studies have identified phase-specific gene expression profiles and common temporal patterns. The research aims to better understand normal endometrial function and characterize the receptive phase to prevent reproductive failures like infertility.
The document discusses factors that affect the quality of in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories and techniques. It outlines various quality control measures, culture conditions, embryo assessment techniques, and emerging technologies like metabolomics and microfluidics that can help optimize IVF outcomes. Regulatory standards for air quality, equipment, and procedures in IVF labs are also summarized.
Effects of Variable Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity on MHD free Convection...theijes
This document summarizes a study that numerically investigates the effects of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection and mass transfer flow over an inclined vertical surface in a porous medium with heat generation. The governing equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and then solved numerically using a shooting method. The results show that increasing the viscosity variation parameter, thermal conductivity parameter, magnetic parameter, permeability parameter, or Schmidt number decreases the fluid velocity, while increasing the heat generation parameter, local Grashof number, or mass Grashof number increases the fluid velocity. Skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are also computed and presented in tabular form.
The Correlation of Parcel shape and Dimensions with Regulation in Creating Co...theijes
Commercial corridor in areas surround Jakarta has been rapidly growth. Some of this commercial corridor grows without any proper planning. Commercial corridor is created from available infrastructure that was used to connect some developed area. The rapid growth of commercial corridor shows irregularity and heterogeneity. The difference shape and dimension of parcel get similar treatment of building code. The characteristic of this commercial corridor created from the relationship of parcel shape and dimensions with building code as the controller. Relationship of parcel shape and dimensions with regulation can be analyzed easier using parametric simulation tools. The result of parametric simulation tools shows the characteristic of corridor as correlation between all variable. This paper uses one representative segment of corridor commercial in Serpong Tangerang.
Evaluation of Heterogeneous Aquifers in Crystalline Rocks from Resistivity So...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Design and Implementation of monitoring LAN user wirelessly by Android mobile...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Trusted Hardware Database With Privacy And Data Confidentialitytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Discovery of Perched Aquifer When Assessing Aquifer Potential along the flood...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Application of Coconut Coir and Fly ash in Sub grade strengtheningtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Recent Developments in Organic Polymers Based- Photovoltaic Cellstheijes
In this review article, the uses of organic polymers to make photovoltaic cells have been discussed. The focus is mainly on discussing organic polymer based photovoltaic (OPVs) solar cells, the development of new device technologies and donor polymers that are being researched on. The recent development in this field has led to improved OPV performances with power conversion efficiencies as phenomenal as 9%. However for commercial application of this kind of OPVs, an improved device structure and cost effective processing methods are required. This article reports the polymer design criteria, energy level matching, nano-morphing of polymer/acceptor blend films and local dipole moments of the polymer chains that have been developed in the research that took place over the past 4 years. We emphasize the importance of developing new methods for designing polymers with improved physical properties and development of new technologies to fully understand the fundamentals of OPV mechanisms, which will help improve the power conversion efficiency of the OPV.
Temperature Dependence of Density and Dynamic Surface Tension of Groundnut Oi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Inclusive On-line Learning Environments. New Approaches and Possible Applicab...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Study on the Effect of Ggbs & M Sand in Self Compacting oncretetheijes
Conventional concrete is the most widely used construction material throughout the world because of its versality, mouldability, durability, and resistance to fire and energy efficiency. However, its major disadvantages like poor tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking resists its use as a structural material. Hence, in order to overcome these difficulties several new materials have been developed in the recent past.Admixtures are ingredients other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement and fibers that are added to the concrete batch immediately before or during mixing. Mineral admixtures are usually added to concrete in larger amounts to enhance the workability of fresh concrete, to improve resistance of concrete to thermal cracking, alkali-aggregate expansion and sulphate attack and to enable a reduction in cement content. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of various mineral admixtures in producing SCC. In this study the scope of GGBS ( Ground granular blast furnace slag ) as a mineral admixture to some percentage replace cement in SCC were studied. The study showed that a maximum of 50% GGBS were able to be used as a mineral admixture without affecting the self-compactability
This document describes a Zigbee-based weather monitoring system that uses wireless sensors to remotely monitor various weather parameters without human intervention. The system collects data from sensors that measure temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, rainfall, and other factors. An ARM7 microcontroller is used to multiplex sensor data and transmit it wirelessly via Zigbee modules. The received data is sent to a computer system. The system provides accurate, real-time monitoring over a large area at low cost compared to traditional weather monitoring methods. It was found to reliably transmit weather data from multiple remote locations.
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
An Efficient Elliptic Curve Cryptography Arithmetic Using Nikhilam Multiplica...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
In-vitro Interaction of αB-Crystallin on Serum Amyloid A and Serum Amyloid A ...theijes
The interactions of SAA and SAA protofibrils with protecting role of alphaB-Crystallin with hepta 1-6 cells of the mouse are dealt with in detail to study the binding of SAA protofibrils in various conditions. Specifically, interaction of serum amyloid A fibrils with a cell surface binding site/receptor might alter the local environment to cause cellular dysfunction and to be more favorable for amyloid formation and prevention with alphaB-Crystallin. This is important in relation to the activity of membrane proteins, because losing the activity of such systems will ultimately lead to malfunction or death of the cell. The interactions of Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and Serum Amyloid A protofibrils with hepta 1-6 cells of the mouse are dealt with in detail to study the binding of SAA protofibrils in various onditions. The induced fluorescence, induced circular dichroism, FACScan and MTT assay results have shown the SAA and SAA prototfibrils binding and cell toxicity with the hepta 1-6 cells with different concentrations of alphaB-Crystallin 0.15-15 nM. Specifically, cells were incubated with 1.25-6.25 M SAA-FITC and SAA protofibrils-FITC assayed. The 50% viable hepta 1-6 cells at 4–6 M with an LD50 of 3.5 M. The interaction of serum amyloid A fibrils with a cell surface binding site/receptor might alter the local environment to cause cellular dysfunction and to be more favorable for amyloid formation. In the present study, concluding that the SAA fibrils and SAA protein binding and cell cytotoxicity was reduced in the presence of alphaB-Crystallin.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Optimum Operation of Direct Coupled Photovoltaic-Water Pumping Systemstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Study, testing & analysis of composit material based on munja fibretheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Natural Image Based Visual Secret Sharing Schemetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This study analyzed the timing of early cell divisions in 180 human embryos using time-lapse imaging. Embryos with uniform timing of cleavages and interphases were more likely to develop into high-quality blastocysts and result in pregnancies, while abnormalities in timing predicted poor development and implantation failure. Specifically, embryos with shortened or prolonged cell cycles showed higher rates of morphological anomalies, lower blastocyst formation rates, and zero implantation, even when blastocyst formation occurred. The study demonstrates that time-lapse imaging can identify viable embryos with high specificity by analyzing cleavage uniformity and rule out non-viable embryos with 100% specificity.
This document discusses the potential for using time-lapse embryo imaging to non-invasively determine embryonic aneuploidy (chromosomal abnormalities) through examination of embryo morphology and timing of developmental events. Recent studies have found that early cleavage timings observed through time-lapse imaging can provide insight into chromosomal status. However, the predictive ability is limited and embryo biopsy with preimplantation genetic screening remains the most reliable method to assess chromosomal complement. Continued research aiming to improve modeling may enhance the ability to detect aneuploidy without biopsy using morphokinetic data.
This document discusses the potential for using time-lapse embryo imaging to non-invasively determine embryonic aneuploidy (chromosomal abnormalities) through examination of embryo morphology and timing of developmental events. Recent studies have found that early cleavage timings observed through time-lapse imaging can provide insight into chromosomal status. However, the predictive ability is limited and embryo biopsy with preimplantation genetic screening remains the most reliable method to assess chromosomal complement. Continued research aiming to improve predictive models through analysis of multiple morphological features and timings may help select embryos less likely to be aneuploid.
This document reviews studies examining the relationship between embryo development patterns observed via time-lapse imaging and embryonic aneuploidy. It finds that while some early studies show timing of cleavages may indicate chromosomal complement, the predictive power is limited. Continued refinement of modeling may help improve ability to determine aneuploidy non-invasively, but biopsy with preimplantation genetic screening remains the most reliable method.
This document summarizes several adjunct techniques used in IVF laboratories including sperm DNA fragmentation testing, advanced sperm selection methods like IMSI and pICSI, embryo selection techniques like time-lapse imaging and PGS, and mitochondrial DNA load measurement. It reviews the current evidence for each technique, noting that while some like TL imaging show promise, the evidence is still limited and inconclusive for many techniques to recommend their routine use to improve IVF outcomes. Larger randomized controlled trials are still needed to prove effectiveness.
This document discusses innovations and breakthroughs in in vitro fertilization (IVF). It covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Genetic screening techniques like preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) are discussed to select embryos without genetic disorders or the highest chance of implantation. Time-lapse monitoring is presented as a way to continuously monitor embryo development in real-time without disruptions. Stem cell therapy and its potential role in inducing ovarian regeneration and sustained ovarian function is briefly covered.
This document discusses the advantages of blastocyst stage embryo transfer compared to cleavage stage embryo transfer, particularly in the context of oocyte donation. Key points include:
- Blastocyst stage transfer has been shown to improve outcomes like implantation and pregnancy rates compared to cleavage stage transfer based on evidence from IVF studies.
- In oocyte donation specifically, studies have found significantly higher implantation and pregnancy rates per embryo transfer with blastocyst stage transfer compared to cleavage stage.
- The development of improved embryo culture systems has made successful blastocyst development and transfer more routine. Blastocyst transfer also allows more information about embryo developmental potential.
This study prospectively compared pregnancy and implantation outcomes between two groups of patients undergoing preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). Group A embryos (n=582) were cultured and monitored using a time-lapse system, while Group B embryos (n=581) were cultured conventionally. Both groups underwent trophectoderm biopsy and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) testing on day 5. Euploid blastocysts displaying the most predictive morphokinetic parameters (Group A) or best morphology (Group B) were transferred. Clinical pregnancy, implantation, and ongoing pregnancy rates were significantly higher in Group A compared to Group B, demonstrating improved outcomes when selecting competent blastocysts combining time-lapse monitoring
In this study the distribution of binding sites of
Concanavaline A (Con A), Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ulex
europaeus agglutinin (UEA) and Peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectins
conjugated with fluorescence isothiocynate (FITC) with different
specific carbohydrates were studied on cell surface of sperms of
fertile and infertile men to determine whether the surface
characters of the spermatozoa of fertile men differs from that of
infertile men with or without obesity.
A total of 255 infertile and 319 fertile men were involved
in this study between Sep. 2006 and Dec. 2008. The body mass
index (BMI) was measured in all fertile and infertile men. All
semen parameters were assessed in both fertile and infertile men
with or without obesity to identify the values that would
distinguish fertile from infertile men.
The results of this study showed that there is a clear
significant difference between fertile and infertile men with or
without obesity in regard to all semen parameters. On the other
hand, all lectins used in this study were reacted differentially with
the various components of the sperms of fertile and infertile men
with or without obesity. This suggests that the obesity might alter
the cell surface changes of sperms with increasing of BMI.
Icsi cycle with a sperm from tese versus from ejaculate in oligospermic menAlexander Decker
This study compared embryo quality and fertilization rates between intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles using sperm from ejaculates of oligospermic men versus sperm retrieved from the testes of azoospermic men via testicular sperm extraction (TESE). The study found no significant differences in patient characteristics, hormone levels, number of oocytes retrieved, or fertilization rates between the two groups. However, the quality of embryos, as assessed on a 4-point grading scale, was significantly better in the oligospermic group compared to the TESE group, with more grade 1 and 2 embryos in the oligospermic group. The study concluded that while fertilization rates are unaffected by
This randomized controlled trial compared outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) when comprehensive chromosome screening (CCS) of blastocysts was used versus the standard of care. They found that using CCS resulted in significantly higher sustained implantation rates (66.4% vs 47.9%) and delivery rates per cycle (84.7% vs 67.5%) compared to the control group. CCS improved IVF outcomes by enabling selection of euploid embryos for transfer, leading to meaningful increases in the likelihood of successful implantation and delivery.
This randomized controlled trial tested whether performing blastocyst biopsy with comprehensive chromosome screening (CCS) improves in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes compared to routine care. They found:
1) Sustained implantation rates (probability of embryo implanting and resulting in delivery) and delivery rates per cycle were significantly higher in the CCS group compared to the routine care group.
2) In the CCS group, 61 of 72 treatment cycles led to delivery (84.7%) compared to 56 of 83 (67.5%) in the routine care group.
3) Use of CCS with blastocyst biopsy and rapid quantitative PCR-based screening resulted in statistically significantly improved IVF outcomes, with
EMBRYO QUALITY ASSESSMENT, WHICH TO SELECT? Rahul Sen
This document discusses various methods for assessing embryo quality and selecting the best embryo for transfer, including traditional morphology assessment, kinetic/time-lapse imaging assessment, pre-implantation genetic testing, and 'omics' techniques. It emphasizes that traditional morphology alone provides limited information and that incorporating multiple parameters like developmental timing, fragmentation levels, and ploidy status can improve embryo selection and lead to higher implantation and pregnancy rates.
This study compared pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients who underwent single embryo transfer where the embryo was selected based on (1) morphology alone or (2) morphology assessed with array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Patients were randomly assigned to one of the two selection methods. The clinical pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the group where aCGH was used in addition to morphology to select the embryo. No twin pregnancies occurred. The results suggest that aCGH may improve pregnancy outcomes compared to morphology alone by detecting chromosomal abnormalities.
This document discusses methods for scoring embryos at different stages of development during in vitro fertilization (IVF). It describes parameters evaluated for pronuclear zygotes, cleaved embryos on days 2-3 of development, and blastocysts on days 4-5. Parameters include pronuclear morphology, blastomere number and symmetry, fragmentation, compaction and expansion. Scoring systems assign quality grades based on these parameters to select the most developmentally advanced embryo for transfer. Precise embryo examination and selection of the highest quality embryo can reduce multiple pregnancies resulting from IVF.
Placental Elastography in Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case–control Studyasclepiuspdfs
Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is related to poor fetal outcome. Though, various tools are available for evaluation of IUGR they are notreliable inearly diagnosis of IUGR. Shear wave elastography (SWE) can be used to study the change in mechanical properties of various disease which can be a potential technique for early diagnosis of IUGR. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the differences in SWE values of placentas between IUGR and normal pregnancies. Methodology: Normal second- and third-trimester pregnancies and IUGR pregnancies between 24 and 42 weeks period of gestation (POG), meeting the inclusion criteria were matched for age group and POG. SWE of placenta was performed in supine position during quiet respiration. The SWE of placenta was measured by placing the region of interest in relatively homogeneous area. The placental elasticity values obtained in pregnancies complicated by IUGR were compared with that of normal controls. Umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler findings were correlated with placental elasticity value of IUGR pregnancies.
Studies show that about 20% of all recognized clinical pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion, mainly in the first trimester. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of a sporadic miscarriage have been established, with genetic factors being the most prevalent. As a problem that affects many couples, it is important to increase the quality of prognosis and diagnosis.
should the embryo be transfered on day 5parul verma
The document discusses whether all embryo transfers should be performed at the blastocyst stage. It reviews evidence from large randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses that live birth and pregnancy rates are higher with blastocyst transfers compared to cleavage stage transfers. However, extended culture may increase risks from oxygen levels and epigenetic effects. While blastocyst culture is beneficial, checking cleavage stage embryos on day 3 provides information and allows freezing some for future use, though this requires opening the incubator. Time lapse systems can monitor embryogenesis without disturbing embryos and select suitable embryos for transfer or biopsy at the blastocyst stage.
This study examined how often comprehensive chromosome screening (CCS) would alter the selection of embryos for transfer compared to traditional day 5 morphology-based selection. Out of 100 consecutive cycles:
- 22% of embryos selected based on day 5 morphology alone would have been aneuploid according to CCS results. This was lower than the 32% aneuploidy rate of all biopsied embryos.
- Patients aged 35 or older had a higher risk (31%) of an aneuploid best quality day 5 embryo being selected than younger patients (14%).
- Among cycles where CCS altered selection, 74% resulted in delivery including 77% for elective single embryo transfer cycles. Most patients
In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which oocytes are fertilized by sperm outside the women’s womb, in vitro. It still represents one of the most exciting modern scientific developments and continues to have a tremendous impact on
people's lives.
Here, we will discuss all about the embryo development inside the dish.
Also we discuss which embryo to choose for transferring into female's uterus.
Similar to First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF embryo – A Systematic Literature Review (20)
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF embryo – A Systematic Literature Review
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 4 || Pages || PP.41-48 || 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 41
First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF
embryo – A Systematic Literature Review
1
Shubhangi Kakade, 2
Amit Kamat, 3
Savita Datar
1
Embryologist, Niramya IVF center,
2
Director, Kamat Hospital,
3
Head, Department of Zoology, S.P. College
-----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------
Background: In-Vitro-Fertilization (IVF) is a technique in which an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the
body i. e. in vitro ("in glass"). It is a procedure designed to enhance likelihood of conception in couples for
whom other fertility therapies have been unsuccessful or are not possible. Importance of various stages of IVF
embryos for successful IVF treatment has been reported. However, there are studies which assume that embryo
that shows first mitotic division within 27 hr post insemination (Early Cleavage –EC) has higher potential to get
implanted than embryo that cleaves later. Objective: To correlate all the available literature on studies related
to selection of EC embryos for IVF treatment and the subsequent outcome of the procedure. Inference: Present
study advocates selection of EC embryo as a dependable criterion for IVF success.
KEY WORDS - Embryo potential, Embryo quality, First mitotic division, Invitro fertilization, Pregnancy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 11-April-2015 Date of Accepted: 25-April-2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Over a period of time there is a gradual development in drugs used for controlled ovarian hyper
stimulation in IVF therapy. Improved oocyte retrieval technique and culture conditions have resulted in high
fertilization rate and availability of more number of good quality embryos for transfer. It was observed that
pregnancy rate increases with the number of embryos transferred. However this may result in multiple
pregnancies, which is undesirable. Goal of an IVF unit is to avoid multiple pregnancies without affecting
success rate. This can be achieved by identifying potential embryo from a cohort and limiting the number of
embryos to be transferred.
Assessment of zygote morphology, cleavage pattern, embryo morphology and degree of fragmentation
are the routinely used parameters for the selection of potential embryos. The intention of all these evaluation
systems is to find out an easy, non invasive and non subjective assessment of potential embryo. Common
selection method is to evaluate the embryo for cell number and symmetry prior to transfer [1]. Early onset of
first mitotic division is defined as a cell division resulting in a two celled embryo at 25 to 27 hour after Intra
Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Edward et al, have shown for the first time that embryos which show early
cleavage have more chance to implant than non early cleaved embryos, which is subsequently confirmed by
many studies [2-18]. Assessment of embryos for early onset of first mitotic division is easy, noninvasive and
non subjective.
This review is focused on studying the importance of onset of Early Cleavage (EC) as a useful tool for
selection of potential embryo. Correlation of onset of EC with subsequent quality of embryos at all possible
stages during invitro culture along with Implantation Rate (IR) and Pregnancy Rate (PR) is also studied.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
a. Literature search
An electronic literature search of published articles on Pub med, Medline, NCBI about prognostic value
of early cleavage of human IVF embryos was performed. All the published articles during last 25 years were
reviewed for content, along with the references of interest. The search was limited to English language
literature. Only studies concerned with early onset of first mitotic division were analyzed. Case studies with
retrospective or prospective data were included in the search.
2. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 42
b. Study selection
All studies were assessed and publications to be included were selected independently by all three
authors. At the first screening, the titles were investigated and studies with lack of any relevance were excluded.
The second screen was performed by reading the selected abstracts. For third screen, all available full papers
were read with a focus on EC criteria for selection of IVF embryos. Selected studies were grouped according to
their scope i.e. correlation of EC with Pronuclear (PN) morphology, quality, cleavage pattern, ability to develop
up to blastocyst stage, IR and PR. Correlation of EC with IR, PR and blastocyst development was concluded
with graphical representation.
III. RESULT
The search of databases resulted in 102 titles. Irrelevant publications were excluded after first screen.
The second screen was performed on basis of abstracts of the remaining 53 relevant publications. 32 items did
not meet selection criterion and were excluded for the further considerations. Thus 24 publications were
subjected to third screen. The third screen was performed by reading the available full papers. After this
investigation 3 papers having completely different emphasis were excluded from the present study. This process
of selection is illustrated in Fig 1.
Fig.1
Figure1. Flow chart:-Systematic review of literature investigating use of early cleavage assessment
Out of 21 selected relevant publications there were seventeen studies correlating PR with EC, 12
correlating IR and PR, nine studies correlating multiple parameters of subsequent embryo development. Two
studies compared the EC system with the system which scores PN morphology for embryo assessment.
Literature search indicated the correlation between EC and PN morphology, cleavage pattern, blastocyst
formation, multinucleation, rate of spontaneous abortion and birth rate.
3. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 43
Fertilization is a complex process involving many steps viz. activation of oocyte, decondensation of
sperm head, extrusion of second polar body, formation of male and female PN and their rearrangement for the
formation of zygote. This single celled embryo is now ready for first mitotic division [19]. IVF program
involves controlled ovarian hyper stimulation, surgical oocyte retrieval, invitro fertilization and embryo transfer
at certain stage by selecting viable embryo from a cohort.
3.1 Pronuclear morphology
PN morphology is one of the criteria used in assessment of embryo viability. Several studies designate
importance of PN morphology for embryo selection [20-25]. Pronuclear morphology has a potential to predict
EC and subsequent quality of embryo. According to these studies assessment of progression of embryos in
addition to PN score is not necessary in the selection for transfer on D3 [27]. Embryo quality assessment at the
time of embryo transfer in combination with PN morphology is recommended by some studies [28-30].
However some studies fail to show any correlation between zygote score and PR. [31-33]. This discrepancy may
be because the PN morphology changes over time and the grading may vary with observer. As compared to EC
assessment the PN assessment needs careful observation which may need more time for embryos to be kept
outside the incubator. Positive correlation was observed with good PN morphology and early onset of first
mitotic division [26, 27].
3.2 Early cleavage and Non Early Cleavage (NEC)
All embryos from a cohort do not have ability to cleave earlier. Positive correlation of EC embryos with IR and PR
was observed in conventional IVF cases where oocyte maturity and time of fertilization is not defined [3, 34].To understands
the influence of these factors; studies were carried out on cases where fertilization was achieved using ICSI technique.
During ICSI cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte are removed to assess oocyte maturity and sperm is mechanically
inseminated into oocyte cytoplasm where difference in oocyte maturity and timing of fertilization were ruled out. Studies
showed positive relation of EC with IR and PR when fertilization was achieved by ICSI technique [7, 35]. Improvement in
the PR of an IVF unit was observed when early cleavage parameter was included in assessment protocol [7].
Results of IR and PR with transfer of EC and NEC embryos, analyzed by different studies are tabulated (Table 1
and Table 2 respectively) and graphically represented in Fig. 2 and Fig.3
During retrospective evaluation of merits of two grading systems i.e. PN morphology and EC assessment no
difference was found in IR and PR with transfer of embryos having different zygote patterns, however significant difference
in IR and PR has been reported between EC and NEC embryos [36]. Studies also document better prediction of implantation
potential when both the criteria were considered together [27, 36].
3.3 Cleavage pattern
It has been established that duration of the cell cycle is usually around 10-12 h. It is a time required for a cell to
undergo cytokinesis and replication of whole cell genome. Abnormal length of the cell cycle i. e. prolonged or shorter
duration negatively influences embryo competence [17, 37- 39]. Division of ooplasm by meridian axis results in even
distribution of cellular and genetic material, producing exactly equal sized blastomres. Uneven distribution of cellular and
genetic material results in unequal sized blastomeres which are detrimental to embryo viability and negatively correlate with
IR and PR. The significantly higher percentage of early cleaved embryos show normal cleavage pattern and even sized
blastomeres as compared to non early cleaved embryos [17, 37,39, 40].The results suggest a positive correlation of normal
cleavage pattern with normal morphology, blastocyst formation rate and pregnancy rate [41]. Morphological anomalies in
first few cleavages and poor quality of embryonic development are strongly associated with error in duration of cell cycle
[38, 40-42]. EC embryo showing even blastomeres shows higher potential for implantation [43].
Table 1. -Summary of the studies analyzing IR with EC and NEC embryos.
Year Author IR with EC IR with NEC
1 1997 Youssef Shoukir1 et al 23.60% 7.50%
2 2001 Sakkas et al 25.50% 14.80%
3 2001 K.lundin et al 28.00% 19.50%
4 2001 A bos-Mikich etal 18.00% 11.60%
5 2002 J. Fenwick et al 21.40% 6.00%
6 2002 Y.C Tsai 18.80% 11.60%
7 2003 E.Neuber 21.90% 14.30%
8 2003 Brezinová J 38% 33%
9 2004 Denny Sakkas et al 14.00% 3.20%
10 2004 Brezinová J 27% 25%
11 2012 Meng et at 48.10% 24.00%
12 2013 Edessy M 58.60% 35.00%
4. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 44
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Comparison of IR with EC and NEC embryos in different studies.
Table 2. -Summary of the studies analyzing PR with EC and NEC embryos.
Sr.No Year Author PR with EC PR with NEC
1 1997 Youssef Shoukir1 et al 33.30% 14.70%
2 1998 Denny Sakkas et al 25.90% 3.20%
3 2001 Sakkas etal 45.00% 23.80%
4 2001 K.lundin et al 40.50% 31.30%
5 2001 A bos-Mikich etal 55.00% 25.00%
6 2002 J. Fenwick et al 31.30% 10.50%
7 2002 Y.C Tsai 38.80% 25.60%
8 2003 Salumets et al 50.00% 26.40%
9 2003 E.Neuber 40.00% 26.00%
10 2003 Brezinová J 61% 56%
11 2004 Denny Sakkas et al 25.90% 3.20%
12 2004 M.L. Windt 41.30% 20.20%
13 2004 Aafke PA Van Montfoort 46.00% 18.00%
14 2004 Brezinová J 40% 33%
15 2007 Giorgetti C1 42.40% 25.90%
16 2012 Meng et at 68.00% 51.00%
17 2013 Edessy M 43.30% 21.80%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1997 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2012 2013
IR with EC
IR with NEC
Linear (IR with EC)
Linear (IR with NEC)
IR
rate
Years
5. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 45
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Comparison of PR with EC and NEC embryos in different studies.
3.4 Mononucleation
One of morphological criteria for selection of potential embryo in IVF treatment is to observe the
nuclear status of the blastomeres. IVF embryos frequently exhibit multinucleated blastomers[44] which is
usually associated with developmental incompetence, poor IR and impaired cleavage. [44-46]. Mononucleated
blastomeres on the other hand are an index of chromosomal normality of blastomere nucleus [43-48].
Improvement in the rate of implantation has been documented in early cleaved mononucleated embryos [49].
Availability of higher percentage of EC embryos showing mononucleated blastomeres than NEC embryos has
been reported[13,41, 49].
3.5 Blastocyst development
Extending the culture up to blastocyst stage allows selection of more advanced embryos with stronger
developmental competence for IR and PR than cleavage stage embryo [50-53]. However some studies do not
recommend the benefit in transferring blastocyst stage embryo over cleavage stage embryo in terms of IR and
PR [54-56]. Whereas there are studies insisting upon the need to carry out properly designed work to compare
the benefit of blastocyst stage embryo transfer over cleavage stage embryo transfer [54]. Standard IVF culture
conditions support only about 25 to 60% of human embryos to progress up to the blastocyst stage after 5 days of
invitro culture. This is attributed to the inherent weakness of the particular human embryos or weak culture
environment which imparts stress on development of the embryo. Comparative studies on the development of
EC and NEC embryos up to blastocyst stage have been reported (Table 3). Positive correlation has been
observed between early onset of first mitotic division and ability to develop up to blastocyst stage invitro as
compared to non early cleaved embryos [9, 11, 14]. Time lapse monitoring system supports close relation
between exact timing of overall early development events and potential to develop up to blastocyst [39].
Effective selection of embryos at earlier stages which will help to identify the ability of embryos to develop up
to blastocyst stage for successful IR and PR is necessary.
Table 3. Results of Blastocyst development of different studies with EC and NEC embryos.
Sr. No Year Author Blastocyst With EC
Blastocyst with
NEC
1 2002
J. Fenwick et al 32.20% 16.60%
2 2003
E.Neuber 39% 19%
3 2004
Aafke PA Van Montfoort 66% 40%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1997 1998 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2007 2012 2013
PR with EC
PR with NEC
Linear (PR with EC)
Linear (PR with NEC)
PR rate
Years
6. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 46
Fig .4
Fig .4 Comparison of blastocyst development of EC and NEC with different studies.
3.6 Birth rate
Improvement in birth rate or take home baby rate is the ultimate goal of IVF unit. It has been found
through the literature search that implantation of EC embryos show reduction in rate of spontaneous abortion as
compared to implantation of NEC embryos. This also results in improvement in IR and PR as well as birth rate.
[6, 17, 37].This is trend lines demonstrate the gradual improvement in success of IVF outcome in terms of
pregnancy and implantation rate over a period of time with persistent difference with transfer of EC and NEC
embryos.
Very few embryos reach the 2 cell stage at 25h post ICSI and few patients benefit from such an early
assessment and selection to transfer. It is not known, however, at which time point of completion of the first cell
cycle embryo viability starts to drop. 50% of embryos show cleavage at 29hr. post insemination and has equal
potential. This extended period maximize the number of potential embryos available to be transferred [5].
IV. DISCUSSION
Present review makes a systematic literature search of the articles related to the importance of first
mitotic division in selection of embryos for successful IVF treatment in last twenty five years. Development in
biotechnology enables manipulation of human gametes for in-vitro-fertilization (IVF) treatments. Developments
in IVF protocols have enable the availability of more number of good quality embryos for implantation. This
has resulted in increasing the rate of implantation and rate of pregnancy in the subsequent years. Increase in the
rate of take home baby – which is the aim of every IVF unit has also been improved due to the research and
developments in this field. However, since the total success is too far there is a scope for probing into the
selection criteria for potential IVF embryos.
In IVF programs most routinely used criteria for embryo selection has been based on cell number and
morphology at the time of embryo transfer. Biochemical methods analyzing follicular fluid or metabolic activity
of embryo are also available to assess gametes and embryo quality. These methods are very complex, time
consuming, expensive and impractical in most of the busy IVF laboratories. Hence, in the present scenario the
selection of potential IVF embryo on the basis of study of its morphology has been, and will remain the first
choice for selection. Study of zygote morphology (PN score) and morphology at cleavage as well as blasocyst
stage are also considered for selection. PN assessment requires expertise, is subjective and time consuming.
Whereas, cultivation up to blastocyst stage may impart stress to the embryo resulting decrease in IR and PR.
Analysis of publications suggests that early onset of first mitotic division is a strong biological marker of
embryo viability, quality as well as developmental potential. Within a cohort of embryos, embryo that shows
first mitotic division within 27 hr post insemination (Early Cleavage –EC) has always been assumed to have
higher potential to get implanted than embryo that cleaves later. Comparative results showed significantly
higher pregnancy and implantation rate with early cleaving embryos than non early cleaving embryos [2-18].
The quality of pre-implantation embryos changes over a time during in-vitro culture and it is disagreed to use
this criterion as an independent tool for embryo selection. Effective selection of embryos at earlier stages which
will help to identify the ability of embryos to develop up to blastocyst stage for successful IR and PR is
necessary. The recent data suggests early cleavage ability is a good marker for embryo selection but should be
used in accordance with other parameters like PN score and morphology at cleavage as well as blasocyst stage
at the time of transfer. Better results are observed when different scoring systems are used jointly. Most of the
studies correlate one or the other subsequent development stage with early onset of mitotic division. It is
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2002 2003 2004
Blastocyst With EC
Blastocyst with NEC
Linear (Blastocyst With EC)
Linear (Blastocyst with NEC)
Blastosyst
rate
Year
7. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 47
necessary to correlate early cleavage status with quality of embryo at all possible stages during in-vitro culture
as well as with pregnancy and implantation rate cumulatively. Early cleavage assessment is noninvasive, non-
subjective and less time consuming thus giving a great advantage for selection process of potential embryo.
Trend lines revealed a gradual improvement in IR and PR over a period of time with persistent
difference in IR and PR by transfer of EC and NEC embryos. Present review validates the selection of early
cleaved embryo for successful IVF treatment. Coordinated and intensive work with large sample size will
endorse importance of the selection of EC embryos for transfer.
REFERENCES
[1] Catherine Racowsky, Lucila Ohno-Machado, Jihoon Kim, and John D. Biggers, Is there an advantage in scoring early embryos on
more than one day?, Hum Reprod,vol. 24.no 9 pp. 2104-2113, 2009.
[2] Edwards RG, Fishel SB, Cohen J, Fehilly CB, Purdy JM, Slater JM, Steptoe PC, Webster JM 1984 Factors influencing the success
of in vitro fertilization for alleviating human infertility, Journal of In Vitro Fertility and Embryo Transfer:IVF 1 3-23.
[3] Youssef Shoukir, Aldo Campana, Tim. Farley and Denny Sakkas,Early cleavage of in-vitro fertilized human embryos to the 2-cell
stage: a novel indicator of embryo quality and viability, Human Reproduction vol.12 no.7 pp.1531–1536, 1997.
[4] Sakkas D, Shoukir Y, Chardonnens D, Bianchi PG, Campana A, Early cleavage of human embryos to the two-cell stage after
intracytoplasmic sperm injection as an indicator of embryo viability, Hum Reprod 1998;13:182–7.
[5] Bos-Mikich A, Mattos AL, Ferrari AN, Early cleavage of human embryos: an effective method for predicting successful IVF/ICSI
outcome, Hum Reprod. 2001; 16:2658–61.
[6] Lundin K, Bergh C, Hardarson T, Early embryo cleavage is a strong indicator of embryo quality in human IVF, Hum Reprod.
2001; 16:2652–7.
[7] Sakkas, D., Percival, G., D'Arcy, Y., Sharif, K. and Afnan, M. (2001), Assessment of early cleaving in vitro fertilized human
embryos at the 2-cell stage before transfer improves embryo selection, Fertil. Steril.,76, 1150-1156.
[8] Tsai YC, Chung MT, Sung YH, Tsai TF, Tsai YT, Lin LY, Clinical value of early cleavage embryo, Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002
Mar;76(3):293-7.
[9] Fenwick J, Platteau P, Murdoch AP, Herbert M, Time from insemination to first cleavage predicts developmental competence of
human preimplantation embryos in vitro, Hum Reprod. 2002;17:407–12.
[10] Brezinová J, Oborná I, Svobodová M, Krsková M, Fingerová H, Machać S, [Early cleavage embryos and their effect on the results
of standard in vitro fertilization], Ceska Gynekol. 2003 Nov;68(6):449-53.
[11] Neuber E, Rinaudo P, Trimarchi JR, Sakkas D, Sequential assessment of individually cultured human embryos as an indicator of
subsequent good quality blastocyst development, Hum Reprod. 2003;18:1307–12.
[12] Andres Salumets, Christel HydeÂn-Granskog, Sirpa MaÈkinen, Anne-Maria Suikkari,Aila Tiitinen and Timo Tuuri, Early
cleavage predicts the viability of human embryos in elective single embryo transfer procedures, Human Reproduction Vol.18, No.4
pp. 821-825, 2003
[13] Brezinová J, Svobodová M, Krsková M, Fingerová H, Machac S, [Effect of early cleavage of embryos after intracytoplasmic
sperm injection (ICSI) into oocytes on results of fertilization in vitro (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET)], Ceska Gynekol. 2004 Jan;
69(1):37-42.
[14] Van Montfoort AP, Dumoulin JC, Kester AD, Evers JL, Early cleavage is a valuable addition to existing embryo selection
parameters: a study using single embryo transfers, Hum Reprod. 2004; 19:2103–8.
[15] M.-L.Windt, T.F.Kruger, K.Coetzee and C.J.Lombard, Comparative analysis of pregnancy rates after the transfer of early dividing
embryos versus slower dividing embryos, Human Reproduction Vol.19, No.5 pp. 1155-1162, 2004.
[16] Giorgetti C, Hans E, Terriou P, Salzmann J, Barry B, Chabert-Orsini V, Chinchole JM, Franquebalme JP, Glowaczower E, SitriM-
C, Thibault M-C, Roulier R, Early cleavage: an additionalpredictor of high implantation rate following elective single embryo
transfer, Reprod BioMed Online. 2007; 14:85–91.
[17] Meng-Ju Lee, Robertkuo-Kuuang lee, Ceavage speed and implantation potential of early-cleavage embryos in ivf or ICSI cycles,
Embryo biology 2012.
[18] Edessy M, Ali AEN, Fata A and Hamed W,Early cleavage of human embryos is a strong predictor for embryo implantation in
ICSI, New York Science Journal 2013;6(12).
[19] David K. Gardner, Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques (Informa,Health care).Fourth edition.
[20] Jan Tesarik, and Ermanno Greco, The probability of abnormal preimplantation development can be predicted by a single static
observation on pronuclear stage morphology, Human Reproduction vol.14 no.5 pp.1318–1323, 1999.
[21] Scott, L., Alvero, R., Leondires, M. and Miller, B. (2000), The morphology of human pronuclear embryos is positively related to
blastocyst development and implantation, Hum. Reprod., 15, 2394–2403
[22] Tesarik J, Junca AM, Hazout A, Aubriot FX, Nathan C, Cohen-Bacrie Pand Dumont-Hassan M (2000) ,Embryos with high
implantation potential after intracytoplasmic sperm injection can be recognized by a simple, non-invasive examination of
pronuclear morphology, Hum Reprod 15,1396–1399.
[23] M. Montag, and H. van der Ven, Evaluation of pronuclear morphology as the only selection criterion for further embryo culture
and transfer: results of a prospective multicenter study Human Reproduction vol.16 no.11 pp.2384–2389, 2001.
[24] Wittemer, C., Bettahar-Lebugle, K., Ohl, J, Rongieres, C., Nisand, I. andGerlinger, P. (2000), Zygote evaluation: an ef®cient tool
for embryoselection, Hum. Reprod., 15, 2591-2597.
[25] Mohammad Ali Khalili, Ph.D. Vida Razavi, M.D., Farahnaz Mardanian, M.D., Navid EsfandiariD.V.M., Ph.D., H.C.L.D, The
predictive value of pronuclear morphology screening on embryo development and pregnancy outcome in ART cycles, Middle East
Fertility Society Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1,2008, pp. 44-51
[26] Balaban B, Urman B, Isiklar A, et al, The effect of pronuclear morphology on embryo quality parameters and blastocyst transfer
outcome, Hum Reprod 16: 2357- 61, 2001.
[27] Christopher Chen, F.R.C.O.G., and Suresh Kattera, Ph.D., Comparison of pronuclear zygote morphology and early cleavage
status of zygotes as additional criteria in the selection of day 3 embryos: a randomized study, Fertility and Sterility Vol. 85, No. 2,
February 2006 347 doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1319.
[28] Giuseppe Placido, High outcome predictability after Ivf using combined score for zygote and E M and growth rate, Hum. Reprod.
2002.
8. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 48
[29] Kau-Chund Lan, Predictive value of using a combined Z score and d3 E M score in the assessment of E survival on d5.
[30] Yu-li QIAN, Ying-hui YE, Chen-ming XU, Fan JIN, He-feng HUANG, Accuracy of a combined score of zygote and embryo
morphology for selecting the best embryos for IVF, Qian et al. / J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008 9(8):649-655.
[31] Salumets A, Hyden-Granskog C, Suikkari AM, The predictive value of pronuclear morphology of zygotes in the assessment of
human embryo quality, Hum Reprod16: 2177-81, 2001.
[32] Nicoli A, Valli B, Di Girolamo R, Di Tommaso B, Gallinelli A, La Sala GB, Limited importance of pre-embryo pronuclear
morphology (zygote score)in assisted reproduction outcome in the absence of embryocryopreservation, Fertil Steril
2007;88:1167–1173.
[33] James AN, Hennessy S, Reggio B, Wiemer K, Larsen F, Cohen J, The limited importance of pronuclear scoring of human zygotes,
Hum Reprod 2006;21:1599–1604.
[34] Biezinová J, Svobodová M, Oborná I, Fingerová H, Dostá J, Krsková M.,[Embryo quality evaluation according to the speed of the
first cleavage after conventional IVF], Ceska Gynekol. 2006 May; 71(2):105-10.
[35] Biezinová J, Svobodová M, Oborná I, Fingerová H, Dostá J, Krsková M. Embryo quality evaluation according to the speed of the
first cleavage afterintra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), Ceska Gynekol. 2006 May; 71(3):204-8.
[36] Jana Brezinova, Ivana Oborna, Magda Svobodova and Helena Fingerova, Evaluation of day one embryo quality and IVF outcome
– a comparison of two scoring systems, Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2009, 7:9 doi:10.1186/1477-7827-7-9.
[37] d. hlinka, b. kaľatová, uhrinová, s. dolinská, j. rutarová, j. řezáčová, s. lazarovská1, m. dudáš, Time-Lapse Cleavage Rating
Predicts Human Embryo Viability, Physiol.Res.61:523-525, 2012.
[38] Irene Rubio, Ph.D., Reidun Kuhlmann, Inge Agerholm, Ph.D., John Kirk, M.D., Javier Herrero, Ph.D., María-Jos Escrib, Ph.D.
Jos_Bellver, Ph.D., and Marcos Meseguer, Ph.D., Limited implantation success of direct-cleaved human zygotes: a time-lapse
study,Fertility Sterility2012.
[39] María Cruz Nicolás Garrido Javier Herrero Inmaculada Pérez-Cano Manuel Muñoz Marcos Meseguer, Timing of cell division in
human cleavage-stage embryos is linked with blastocyst formation and quality blastocyst Reprod Biomed Online. 2012
Oct;25(4):371-81. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.06.017. Epub 2012 Jul 7.
[40] Mina Alikani,GloriaCaderon,Tomkin,John Garrisi, Magdalena Kokdand Jacques Cohen, Cleavage anaomali in early human
embryo and survival after culture in virto, Hum Reprod,vol. 15.no 12 pp. 2634-2643, 2000.
[41] Thorir Harderson,Charles hnasen, ANITA Sjoren and Kersti Lundin, Human embryo with unevenly sixzed blastomeres have lower
pregnanct and implantation rats: indications for aneuploidy and multinucleation, Human Reproduction vol 16 no.2 pp 313-318,
2001.
[42] La€etitia Hesters, Pharm.D.Nadia Prisant, M.D., Renato Fanchin, Ph.D., Daniel H. M_endez Lozano, M.D.Estelle Feyereisen,
M.D., Ren_eFrydman, Ph.D. Gerard Tachdjian, Ph.D., and Nelly Frydman, Pharm.D., Impact of early cleaved zygote morphology
on embryo development and in vitro fertilization–embryo transfer outcome: a prospective study, Fertility and Sterility Vol. 89,
No. 6, June 2008 1677 doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.04.047.
[43] P Terriou1, C Giorgetti, E Hans, J Salzmann, O Charles, L Cignetti, C Avon, R Roulier, Relationship between even early cleavage
and day 2 embryo score and assessment of their predictive value for pregnancy, RBMOnline - Vol 14. No 3. 2007 294-299.
[44] Eric Van Royen,Katelijure Mangelschots,Miet Vereruyssen, diane DC Neubourg, Marion Vakenburge, Greet Ryckaert and Jan
Gerrig, Multinucleation in early cleavage embryo, Hum Reprod,vol. 18.no pp. 1062-1069, 2003.
[45] Isaac Kligman, Claudio Benadiva, Mina Alikani1 and Santiago Munne'1'2, The presence of multinucleated blastomere's in human
embryos is correlated with chromosomal abnormalities, Human Reproduction vol 11 no.7 pp 1492-1498, 1996.
[46] M.J.Pelinck, M.De Vos, M.Dekens, J.Van der Elst, P.De Sutter and M.Dhont1, Embryos cultured in vitro with
multinucleatedblastomeres have poor implantation potential in human in-vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection,
Human Reproduction vol.13 no.4 pp.960–963, 1998.
[47] M Takayuki Moriwaki, Nobuhiko Suganuma, Mina Hayakawa, Hiroko Hibi,Yoshinari Katsumata, Hidenori Oguchi and Madoka
Furuhashi , Embryo evaluation by analysing blastomere nuclei, Human Reproduction Vol.19, No.1 pp. 152-156, 2004.
[48] Katharine V. Jackson, B.S., Elizabeth S. Ginsburg, Multinucleation in normally fertilized embryos is associated with an
accelerated ovulation induction response and lower implantation and pregnancy rates in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer
cycles, Fertility and Sterilityt vol. 70, no. 1, july 1998.
[49] Haydar Nadir Ciray, M.D., Ph.D., Levent Karagenç, Ph.D., Ulun Ulug, M.D., Faruk Bener, M.D., and Mustafa Bahceci, M.D, Use
of both early cleavage and day 2 mononucleation to predict embryos with high implantation potential in intracytoplasmic sperm
injection cycles, Fertility and Sterilityt vol. 85, no. 2,feb.2006.
[50] David K.Gardner1,3 and Michelle Lane1,2 Culture and selection of viable blastocysts: a feasible proposition for human IVF?
Human Reproduction, Vol. 3, No. 4 pp. 367–382, 1997
[51] David K Gardner,Willim B .Schoolcraft, Lyla Wagley, Treey schlenker,John Stevens and Joha Hesla, A prospective randomized
trial of blastocyst culture and transfer in In–Vitro fertilization, Human Reproduction Vol.13, No.12 pp. 3343–3440, 1998.
[52] William B. Schoolcraft, M.D., and David K. Gardner, D. Phil, Blastocyst culture and transfer increase the efficiency of oocyte
donation, Fertility and Sterility vol. 74, no. 3, September 2000.
[53] Evangelos G.Papanikolaou, Elke D’haeseleer, Greta Verheyen, Hilde Van de Velde,Michael Camus, Andre Van Steirteghem1,
Paul Devroey and Herman Tou, Live birth rate is significantly higher after blastocyst transfer than after cleavage-stage embryo
transfer when at least four embryos are available on day 3 of embryo culture. A randomized prospective study, Human
Reproduction Vol.20, No.11 pp. 3198–3203, 2005 doi:10.1093/humrep/dei2173198.
[54] Efstratios M Kolibianakis1, Paul Devroey, Blastocyst culture: facts and fiction, RBMOnline - Vol 5. No 3. 285–293.
[55] Takafumi Utsunomiya, tac naitu and Miyuki Nagali, A prospective trial of blastocyst culture and transfer, Human Reproduction
Vol.17, No.7 pp. 1846–1851, 2002.
[56] Serder Coskun, jahannes Hollander, saad AL-Hasson, Hamad Al-Sufyan,Hend Al Moyman and Komal Jaraudi,day 5 vurses day3
embryo transfer: a controlled randomized trial, Human Reproduction Vol.15, No.9 pp. 1947-1952, 2000.