The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The use of time lapse photography in an in vitro fertilization programme for ...鋒博 蔡
This study examined the timing of early cell divisions in human embryos using time-lapse imaging. It found that embryos producing high-quality blastocysts and resulting in pregnancies showed uniform timing of cleavage cycles and interphases. Specifically, the second interphase lasted 11±1 hours, the third interphase was 15±1 hours, and the fourth interphase was 23±1 hours. The corresponding cleavage cycles lasted 15±5 minutes, 40±10 minutes, and 55±15 minutes. In contrast, embryos with shortened or prolonged cell cycles showed poor implantation and development. The study also discovered trichotomic mitosis, where embryos cleaved into an abnormal number of cells, in 17% of cases. Only time-
Automatic Blastomere and Trophectoderm ExtractionAmarjot Singh
The document proposes automatic methods for extracting components from human embryo images to help embryologists assess embryo quality. It describes algorithms to:
1) Extract blastomeres (cells) from Day 1-3 embryo images using ellipse fitting and refinement. Testing achieved 87.7% shape accuracy and 83.3% correctness.
2) Segment the trophectoderm (TE) from Day 5 blastocyst images using level sets, morphology operations, and K-means clustering. Testing found average 87.7% shape accuracy and 78.7% quality across blastocyst grades.
3) The algorithms aim to allow less skilled embryologists to grade embryos and could help increase IVF success rates by improving embryo selection.
This study analyzed the development of 247 embryos that were transferred as part of 285 IVF treatment cycles. Using an automated time-lapse imaging system, the study monitored embryo development every 15 minutes for 64 hours post fertilization. The study found that certain morphokinetic parameters, such as the timing of cell divisions and intervals between divisions, were significantly correlated with whether or not the embryo successfully implanted. In particular, implantation was predicted by division to 5 cells occurring between 48.8-56.6 hours after fertilization, an interval of less than 0.76 hours between division to 3 and 4 cells, and a cell cycle 2 duration of less than 11.9 hours. Aberrant behaviors like multi-nucleation or uneven blastom
This study analyzed 522 embryos from 285 couples undergoing ICSI that were transferred and monitored using time-lapse photography every 15 minutes for 64 hours. The study found that several morphokinetic parameters were correlated with embryo implantation, including the timing of cell divisions from 2 to 5 cells and the duration of cell cycles 2 and 3. Embryos displaying abnormal behaviors like multi-nucleation or uneven blastomere size were less likely to implant. The study aims to use these morphokinetic parameters to develop a model to predict embryo implantation potential and improve embryo selection.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of a polyvalent endometrial treatment on patients undergoing in vitro fertilization with oocyte donation who had recurrent implantation failure. The study found:
1) Chronic endometritis and endometrial thinning were common in the patients and treatment improved endometrial thickness and reduced abnormal histopathology.
2) Treatment modified the immunology and histopathology of the endometrium and increased the live birth rate compared to pre-treatment.
3) Changes in endometrial leukocyte populations after treatment, such as increases in certain T-cells and uterine killer cells, correlated with improved implantation when values neared those of a control group.
This study examined 1213 human embryos at the cleavage and blastocyst stages to assess the relationship between morphological appearance and chromosomal abnormalities. The researchers found that at the cleavage stage, many embryos with the best morphological scores were still chromosomally abnormal, indicating little effect of aneuploidy on appearance at this stage. However, at the blastocyst stage aneuploidies were less common in embryos with optimal morphology, though some chromosomally abnormal blastocysts still received high scores, particularly for clinically relevant aneuploidies like trisomy 21. While morphology provides some information about chromosomal status at the blastocyst stage, comprehensive chromosome testing remains important for accurate assessment of embryo viability
External factors such as culture conditions, stimulation protocols, and patient characteristics can affect the morphokinetic development of human embryos observed through time-lapse monitoring. Specifically, higher FSH doses, higher estrogen levels, underweight BMI, smoking, and PCOS are associated with slower embryo development. Differences in culture media brands and oxygen concentration can also influence timing of developmental stages. While time-lapse monitoring provides more detailed data on embryo development and a tool for quality control, further randomized clinical trials are still needed to determine the impact on pregnancy outcomes.
Endometrial receptivity assay, by Dr.Gayathiri Morris Jawahar
The accuracy and reproducibility of the endometrial receptivity array (ERA) is superior to histology as a diagnostic method for endometrial receptivity. An study of 86 healthy ovum donors found that ERA dating showed near perfect concordance with LH peak levels, whereas histology dating showed only moderate concordance between two pathologists. The ERA test was also found to be 100% reproducible when repeated in the same patients 29-40 months later, demonstrating it is a more accurate and reproducible method for assessing endometrial receptivity compared to standard histology.
The use of time lapse photography in an in vitro fertilization programme for ...鋒博 蔡
This study examined the timing of early cell divisions in human embryos using time-lapse imaging. It found that embryos producing high-quality blastocysts and resulting in pregnancies showed uniform timing of cleavage cycles and interphases. Specifically, the second interphase lasted 11±1 hours, the third interphase was 15±1 hours, and the fourth interphase was 23±1 hours. The corresponding cleavage cycles lasted 15±5 minutes, 40±10 minutes, and 55±15 minutes. In contrast, embryos with shortened or prolonged cell cycles showed poor implantation and development. The study also discovered trichotomic mitosis, where embryos cleaved into an abnormal number of cells, in 17% of cases. Only time-
Automatic Blastomere and Trophectoderm ExtractionAmarjot Singh
The document proposes automatic methods for extracting components from human embryo images to help embryologists assess embryo quality. It describes algorithms to:
1) Extract blastomeres (cells) from Day 1-3 embryo images using ellipse fitting and refinement. Testing achieved 87.7% shape accuracy and 83.3% correctness.
2) Segment the trophectoderm (TE) from Day 5 blastocyst images using level sets, morphology operations, and K-means clustering. Testing found average 87.7% shape accuracy and 78.7% quality across blastocyst grades.
3) The algorithms aim to allow less skilled embryologists to grade embryos and could help increase IVF success rates by improving embryo selection.
This study analyzed the development of 247 embryos that were transferred as part of 285 IVF treatment cycles. Using an automated time-lapse imaging system, the study monitored embryo development every 15 minutes for 64 hours post fertilization. The study found that certain morphokinetic parameters, such as the timing of cell divisions and intervals between divisions, were significantly correlated with whether or not the embryo successfully implanted. In particular, implantation was predicted by division to 5 cells occurring between 48.8-56.6 hours after fertilization, an interval of less than 0.76 hours between division to 3 and 4 cells, and a cell cycle 2 duration of less than 11.9 hours. Aberrant behaviors like multi-nucleation or uneven blastom
This study analyzed 522 embryos from 285 couples undergoing ICSI that were transferred and monitored using time-lapse photography every 15 minutes for 64 hours. The study found that several morphokinetic parameters were correlated with embryo implantation, including the timing of cell divisions from 2 to 5 cells and the duration of cell cycles 2 and 3. Embryos displaying abnormal behaviors like multi-nucleation or uneven blastomere size were less likely to implant. The study aims to use these morphokinetic parameters to develop a model to predict embryo implantation potential and improve embryo selection.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of a polyvalent endometrial treatment on patients undergoing in vitro fertilization with oocyte donation who had recurrent implantation failure. The study found:
1) Chronic endometritis and endometrial thinning were common in the patients and treatment improved endometrial thickness and reduced abnormal histopathology.
2) Treatment modified the immunology and histopathology of the endometrium and increased the live birth rate compared to pre-treatment.
3) Changes in endometrial leukocyte populations after treatment, such as increases in certain T-cells and uterine killer cells, correlated with improved implantation when values neared those of a control group.
This study examined 1213 human embryos at the cleavage and blastocyst stages to assess the relationship between morphological appearance and chromosomal abnormalities. The researchers found that at the cleavage stage, many embryos with the best morphological scores were still chromosomally abnormal, indicating little effect of aneuploidy on appearance at this stage. However, at the blastocyst stage aneuploidies were less common in embryos with optimal morphology, though some chromosomally abnormal blastocysts still received high scores, particularly for clinically relevant aneuploidies like trisomy 21. While morphology provides some information about chromosomal status at the blastocyst stage, comprehensive chromosome testing remains important for accurate assessment of embryo viability
External factors such as culture conditions, stimulation protocols, and patient characteristics can affect the morphokinetic development of human embryos observed through time-lapse monitoring. Specifically, higher FSH doses, higher estrogen levels, underweight BMI, smoking, and PCOS are associated with slower embryo development. Differences in culture media brands and oxygen concentration can also influence timing of developmental stages. While time-lapse monitoring provides more detailed data on embryo development and a tool for quality control, further randomized clinical trials are still needed to determine the impact on pregnancy outcomes.
Endometrial receptivity assay, by Dr.Gayathiri Morris Jawahar
The accuracy and reproducibility of the endometrial receptivity array (ERA) is superior to histology as a diagnostic method for endometrial receptivity. An study of 86 healthy ovum donors found that ERA dating showed near perfect concordance with LH peak levels, whereas histology dating showed only moderate concordance between two pathologists. The ERA test was also found to be 100% reproducible when repeated in the same patients 29-40 months later, demonstrating it is a more accurate and reproducible method for assessing endometrial receptivity compared to standard histology.
Stem cells and infertility by Dr. GayathiriMorris Jawahar
Stem cells offer potential treatments for many conditions like diabetes, Parkinson's disease and heart disease. Research is focused on better understanding stem cell types like embryonic, adult and induced pluripotent stem cells. Challenges include identifying growth factors, avoiding immune rejection, and safety issues like preventing malignancy. Recent studies show stem cells improving conditions in animal models of diseases like hemophilia and spinal cord injury. Clinical trials are beginning to test stem cell therapies for conditions like ALS. Overall stem cells represent an exciting area of research towards regenerative medicine.
Time lapse observation of embryos through incubation allows continuous monitoring of development from fertilization. This non-invasive technique creates a developmental timeline used to assess embryo health and select the best embryo for transfer based on adherence to normal timing of cleavages and divisions. Precise timing data of early embryonic events like pronuclear fading and cell divisions correlates with implantation potential, with substantial deviations linked to lower success rates. Abnormal cell patterns or asynchronous cell cycles seen through time lapse also indicate higher risk of aneuploidy.
The researchers analyzed genomic data from 367 tissue samples from 18 locations and 20 ethnic groups in India and found evidence of 5 distinct ancestral components among the Indian population. They compared the Indian genomic data to the HUMAN GENOME DIVERSITY PANEL. In a separate study, scientists used algorithms to digitally analyze and sort cells by their cell cycle phase, providing a less toxic alternative to traditional staining methods. This new computational approach opens up opportunities for further cell cycle research and other areas of science. Studying genomic differences in populations can provide insights into disease susceptibility and help tailor medical treatments based on a person's ancestral origins and genome.
This document discusses endometrial receptivity and the need for objective biomarkers to diagnose it. While past research identified some potential molecular markers, none have proven clinically useful. Recent transcriptomic analyses using microarrays have defined a gene expression signature that can classify endometrial status, including receptivity, regardless of histological appearance. This led to the development of the Endometrial Receptivity Array (ERA) tool, which uses a customized microarray and algorithm to identify the personalized window of implantation in individual patients, improving outcomes over histological dating alone.
This document analyzes 2,204 human oocytes and embryos from fertilization through the blastocyst stage using microarray comparative genomic hybridization to determine chromosome abnormalities. It finds that aneuploidy rates increase dramatically with female age and that complex abnormalities are common. Chromosome errors originate from failures in meiotic cell division and early mitosis. Most aneuploid embryos survive until the blastocyst stage but likely fail to implant, indicating selection against aneuploidy occurs late in preimplantation development.
Human placental explants in culture approaches and assessmentsdjrivelli
This document describes techniques for culturing human placental explants in vitro. It discusses that placental explant cultures can be used to study tissue functions like cellular uptake, secretion, interactions, proliferation, differentiation, and disease processes. It notes that different culture conditions are needed to mimic the in utero environment at different gestational ages, including varying oxygen levels, extracellular matrices, and culture media. The document then reviews approaches for culturing and assessing explants from first and third trimester placental tissue, addressing culture methods, conditions, and validation.
Embryo selection methods aim to improve IVF success rates but current options have limitations. [1] Embryo morphology is the most common assessment but can vary between labs and observers. [2] Genetic testing provides direct information but techniques like PGS remain controversial due to concerns about invasiveness and mosaicism. [3] Metabolomic analysis using techniques like near-infrared spectroscopy show promise as a non-invasive marker correlated with implantation potential but require more validation. Overall, no single method is ideal and a personalized, multifactorial approach may be needed along with advances in other areas like culture conditions, freezing, and endometrial receptivity.
The document discusses time lapse observations of pre-implantation embryos and factors affecting implantation potential. It notes that time lapse allows non-invasive analysis of morphological parameters and temporal markers that can help identify embryos with the highest implantation potential, such as early cleavage and cell division timing. However, abnormalities like uneven cell numbers, fragmentation, and abnormal timing are linked to lower developmental potential. Future adaptations may allow more detailed membrane and metabolic analysis to better predict embryo viability.
The document summarizes research on analyzing gene expression in the human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle using microarray technology. It discusses that the endometrium undergoes regulated changes in its cell types' gene expression across the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases of the cycle in response to hormones. Studies have identified phase-specific gene expression profiles and common temporal patterns. The research aims to better understand normal endometrial function and characterize the receptive phase to prevent reproductive failures like infertility.
The document discusses factors that affect the quality of in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories and techniques. It outlines various quality control measures, culture conditions, embryo assessment techniques, and emerging technologies like metabolomics and microfluidics that can help optimize IVF outcomes. Regulatory standards for air quality, equipment, and procedures in IVF labs are also summarized.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Biocoagulation Activity of Moringa oleifera Seeds for Water Treatmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Determination of Erodibility Index (K) Of Soil in Michael Okpara University o...theijes
1. The study determined the erodibility indices of soil samples from 5 locations in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture using the Wischmeier and Smith formula.
2. Location B had the highest erodibility index (K) of 0.07 and the highest predicted average annual soil loss. Location E had the lowest K value of 0.03 and soil loss.
3. On average, the soils had high sand content, low clay content, and K values between 0.03-0.07, indicating the soils are erodible according to standards. Adequate conservation was recommended to protect against erosion.
Data Mining Applied To Construct Risk Factors For Building Claim on Fire Insu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Mathematical Calculation toFindtheBest Chamber andDetector Radii Used for Mea...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The document compares the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to model and estimate electricity distribution patterns using land use and demographic data. OLS regression provided moderately good results with an R2 value of 31.9% but showed spatial autocorrelation. GWR accounted for spatial non-stationarity and provided better results with an R2 of 51.65%. GWR also had a lower Akaike information criterion score, indicating it was a better model. The study area of Manali, India was classified into land use types from satellite imagery and population growth was also considered. GWR was found to provide a more effective model for estimating patterns of low tension electricity distribution networks
Models for predicting body dimensions needed for furniture design of junior s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Techno-Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis of A Passive Solar Cooker f...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Stem cells and infertility by Dr. GayathiriMorris Jawahar
Stem cells offer potential treatments for many conditions like diabetes, Parkinson's disease and heart disease. Research is focused on better understanding stem cell types like embryonic, adult and induced pluripotent stem cells. Challenges include identifying growth factors, avoiding immune rejection, and safety issues like preventing malignancy. Recent studies show stem cells improving conditions in animal models of diseases like hemophilia and spinal cord injury. Clinical trials are beginning to test stem cell therapies for conditions like ALS. Overall stem cells represent an exciting area of research towards regenerative medicine.
Time lapse observation of embryos through incubation allows continuous monitoring of development from fertilization. This non-invasive technique creates a developmental timeline used to assess embryo health and select the best embryo for transfer based on adherence to normal timing of cleavages and divisions. Precise timing data of early embryonic events like pronuclear fading and cell divisions correlates with implantation potential, with substantial deviations linked to lower success rates. Abnormal cell patterns or asynchronous cell cycles seen through time lapse also indicate higher risk of aneuploidy.
The researchers analyzed genomic data from 367 tissue samples from 18 locations and 20 ethnic groups in India and found evidence of 5 distinct ancestral components among the Indian population. They compared the Indian genomic data to the HUMAN GENOME DIVERSITY PANEL. In a separate study, scientists used algorithms to digitally analyze and sort cells by their cell cycle phase, providing a less toxic alternative to traditional staining methods. This new computational approach opens up opportunities for further cell cycle research and other areas of science. Studying genomic differences in populations can provide insights into disease susceptibility and help tailor medical treatments based on a person's ancestral origins and genome.
This document discusses endometrial receptivity and the need for objective biomarkers to diagnose it. While past research identified some potential molecular markers, none have proven clinically useful. Recent transcriptomic analyses using microarrays have defined a gene expression signature that can classify endometrial status, including receptivity, regardless of histological appearance. This led to the development of the Endometrial Receptivity Array (ERA) tool, which uses a customized microarray and algorithm to identify the personalized window of implantation in individual patients, improving outcomes over histological dating alone.
This document analyzes 2,204 human oocytes and embryos from fertilization through the blastocyst stage using microarray comparative genomic hybridization to determine chromosome abnormalities. It finds that aneuploidy rates increase dramatically with female age and that complex abnormalities are common. Chromosome errors originate from failures in meiotic cell division and early mitosis. Most aneuploid embryos survive until the blastocyst stage but likely fail to implant, indicating selection against aneuploidy occurs late in preimplantation development.
Human placental explants in culture approaches and assessmentsdjrivelli
This document describes techniques for culturing human placental explants in vitro. It discusses that placental explant cultures can be used to study tissue functions like cellular uptake, secretion, interactions, proliferation, differentiation, and disease processes. It notes that different culture conditions are needed to mimic the in utero environment at different gestational ages, including varying oxygen levels, extracellular matrices, and culture media. The document then reviews approaches for culturing and assessing explants from first and third trimester placental tissue, addressing culture methods, conditions, and validation.
Embryo selection methods aim to improve IVF success rates but current options have limitations. [1] Embryo morphology is the most common assessment but can vary between labs and observers. [2] Genetic testing provides direct information but techniques like PGS remain controversial due to concerns about invasiveness and mosaicism. [3] Metabolomic analysis using techniques like near-infrared spectroscopy show promise as a non-invasive marker correlated with implantation potential but require more validation. Overall, no single method is ideal and a personalized, multifactorial approach may be needed along with advances in other areas like culture conditions, freezing, and endometrial receptivity.
The document discusses time lapse observations of pre-implantation embryos and factors affecting implantation potential. It notes that time lapse allows non-invasive analysis of morphological parameters and temporal markers that can help identify embryos with the highest implantation potential, such as early cleavage and cell division timing. However, abnormalities like uneven cell numbers, fragmentation, and abnormal timing are linked to lower developmental potential. Future adaptations may allow more detailed membrane and metabolic analysis to better predict embryo viability.
The document summarizes research on analyzing gene expression in the human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle using microarray technology. It discusses that the endometrium undergoes regulated changes in its cell types' gene expression across the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases of the cycle in response to hormones. Studies have identified phase-specific gene expression profiles and common temporal patterns. The research aims to better understand normal endometrial function and characterize the receptive phase to prevent reproductive failures like infertility.
The document discusses factors that affect the quality of in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories and techniques. It outlines various quality control measures, culture conditions, embryo assessment techniques, and emerging technologies like metabolomics and microfluidics that can help optimize IVF outcomes. Regulatory standards for air quality, equipment, and procedures in IVF labs are also summarized.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Biocoagulation Activity of Moringa oleifera Seeds for Water Treatmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Determination of Erodibility Index (K) Of Soil in Michael Okpara University o...theijes
1. The study determined the erodibility indices of soil samples from 5 locations in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture using the Wischmeier and Smith formula.
2. Location B had the highest erodibility index (K) of 0.07 and the highest predicted average annual soil loss. Location E had the lowest K value of 0.03 and soil loss.
3. On average, the soils had high sand content, low clay content, and K values between 0.03-0.07, indicating the soils are erodible according to standards. Adequate conservation was recommended to protect against erosion.
Data Mining Applied To Construct Risk Factors For Building Claim on Fire Insu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Mathematical Calculation toFindtheBest Chamber andDetector Radii Used for Mea...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The document compares the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to model and estimate electricity distribution patterns using land use and demographic data. OLS regression provided moderately good results with an R2 value of 31.9% but showed spatial autocorrelation. GWR accounted for spatial non-stationarity and provided better results with an R2 of 51.65%. GWR also had a lower Akaike information criterion score, indicating it was a better model. The study area of Manali, India was classified into land use types from satellite imagery and population growth was also considered. GWR was found to provide a more effective model for estimating patterns of low tension electricity distribution networks
Models for predicting body dimensions needed for furniture design of junior s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Techno-Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis of A Passive Solar Cooker f...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Real Time Monitoring And Controlling Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
The study revisits the environmental and health effects of the Nichemtex textile industry on local residents 10 years after a previous study. It finds that liquid waste constitutes the highest waste generated at 51.5% and is discharged into a local river without adequate treatment. A survey of 200 residents finds high rates of environmental problems like surface water pollution (4.28 rating) and offensive odors (4.29 rating). Common health issues reported include skin rashes, malaria, typhoid fever. The study concludes the industry's effluent discharge and other pollution remains high and has likely contributed to ongoing environmental health problems for residents.
1. The document summarizes a study on the effects of infiltrating stainless steel parts produced by selective laser sintering (SLS) with different materials, including bronze, brass, and bell metal.
2. Hardness, dimensional accuracy, bending strength, and surface roughness of the infiltrated stainless steel parts were evaluated. Bronze infiltration produced parts with the highest hardness while brass infiltration led to the best dimensional stability.
3. The study aims to determine the optimal infiltrant material for SLS stainless steel parts to improve mechanical properties and quality of final products.
Natural radiation levels and health hazard indices of soil in Owerri Nigeriatheijes
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The mean activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th were 167.2 ± 10.5 Bq/kg, 19.7 ± 1.9 Bq/kg and 18.1 ± 3.3 Bq/kg respectively. The radium equivalent activity was 58.5 Bq/kg, the absorbed dose rate was 27.1 nGy/h, and the annual effective dose was 132.78 μSv. The external and internal health hazard indices were 0.16 and 0.21, respectively, which are below permissible
Identification of Some of Low Temperature Waste Heat Utilization Potentials i...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Experimental Study of Load Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Different Ver...theijes
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The document summarizes a study that used GIS and network analysis to determine optimal school bus routes in Allahabad, India. The study aimed to find the fastest, shortest, and safest routes from SHIATS university to 10 schools in the city. ArcGIS Network Analyst and Dijkstra's algorithm were used to calculate the time and distance from SHIATS to each school and identify the suggested shortest path. The results showed travel times ranging from 5 to 18 minutes and distances from 3.5 to 12.5 km. The analysis provides transportation managers with an efficient way to design school bus routes to minimize travel time and distance.
The Effects of Population Growth on Economic Growth in Nigeriatheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Morphometric analysis of a Semi Urban Watershed, trans Yamuna, draining at Al...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
A Model for Assessment of Power System Outages on Nigerian Transmission Networktheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This study analyzed the timing of early cell divisions in 180 human embryos using time-lapse imaging. Embryos with uniform timing of cleavages and interphases were more likely to develop into high-quality blastocysts and result in pregnancies, while abnormalities in timing predicted poor development and implantation failure. Specifically, embryos with shortened or prolonged cell cycles showed higher rates of morphological anomalies, lower blastocyst formation rates, and zero implantation, even when blastocyst formation occurred. The study demonstrates that time-lapse imaging can identify viable embryos with high specificity by analyzing cleavage uniformity and rule out non-viable embryos with 100% specificity.
This document discusses the potential for using time-lapse embryo imaging to non-invasively determine embryonic aneuploidy (chromosomal abnormalities) through examination of embryo morphology and timing of developmental events. Recent studies have found that early cleavage timings observed through time-lapse imaging can provide insight into chromosomal status. However, the predictive ability is limited and embryo biopsy with preimplantation genetic screening remains the most reliable method to assess chromosomal complement. Continued research aiming to improve modeling may enhance the ability to detect aneuploidy without biopsy using morphokinetic data.
This document discusses the potential for using time-lapse embryo imaging to non-invasively determine embryonic aneuploidy (chromosomal abnormalities) through examination of embryo morphology and timing of developmental events. Recent studies have found that early cleavage timings observed through time-lapse imaging can provide insight into chromosomal status. However, the predictive ability is limited and embryo biopsy with preimplantation genetic screening remains the most reliable method to assess chromosomal complement. Continued research aiming to improve predictive models through analysis of multiple morphological features and timings may help select embryos less likely to be aneuploid.
This document reviews studies examining the relationship between embryo development patterns observed via time-lapse imaging and embryonic aneuploidy. It finds that while some early studies show timing of cleavages may indicate chromosomal complement, the predictive power is limited. Continued refinement of modeling may help improve ability to determine aneuploidy non-invasively, but biopsy with preimplantation genetic screening remains the most reliable method.
This document summarizes several adjunct techniques used in IVF laboratories including sperm DNA fragmentation testing, advanced sperm selection methods like IMSI and pICSI, embryo selection techniques like time-lapse imaging and PGS, and mitochondrial DNA load measurement. It reviews the current evidence for each technique, noting that while some like TL imaging show promise, the evidence is still limited and inconclusive for many techniques to recommend their routine use to improve IVF outcomes. Larger randomized controlled trials are still needed to prove effectiveness.
This document discusses innovations and breakthroughs in in vitro fertilization (IVF). It covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Genetic screening techniques like preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) are discussed to select embryos without genetic disorders or the highest chance of implantation. Time-lapse monitoring is presented as a way to continuously monitor embryo development in real-time without disruptions. Stem cell therapy and its potential role in inducing ovarian regeneration and sustained ovarian function is briefly covered.
This document discusses the advantages of blastocyst stage embryo transfer compared to cleavage stage embryo transfer, particularly in the context of oocyte donation. Key points include:
- Blastocyst stage transfer has been shown to improve outcomes like implantation and pregnancy rates compared to cleavage stage transfer based on evidence from IVF studies.
- In oocyte donation specifically, studies have found significantly higher implantation and pregnancy rates per embryo transfer with blastocyst stage transfer compared to cleavage stage.
- The development of improved embryo culture systems has made successful blastocyst development and transfer more routine. Blastocyst transfer also allows more information about embryo developmental potential.
This study prospectively compared pregnancy and implantation outcomes between two groups of patients undergoing preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). Group A embryos (n=582) were cultured and monitored using a time-lapse system, while Group B embryos (n=581) were cultured conventionally. Both groups underwent trophectoderm biopsy and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) testing on day 5. Euploid blastocysts displaying the most predictive morphokinetic parameters (Group A) or best morphology (Group B) were transferred. Clinical pregnancy, implantation, and ongoing pregnancy rates were significantly higher in Group A compared to Group B, demonstrating improved outcomes when selecting competent blastocysts combining time-lapse monitoring
In this study the distribution of binding sites of
Concanavaline A (Con A), Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ulex
europaeus agglutinin (UEA) and Peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectins
conjugated with fluorescence isothiocynate (FITC) with different
specific carbohydrates were studied on cell surface of sperms of
fertile and infertile men to determine whether the surface
characters of the spermatozoa of fertile men differs from that of
infertile men with or without obesity.
A total of 255 infertile and 319 fertile men were involved
in this study between Sep. 2006 and Dec. 2008. The body mass
index (BMI) was measured in all fertile and infertile men. All
semen parameters were assessed in both fertile and infertile men
with or without obesity to identify the values that would
distinguish fertile from infertile men.
The results of this study showed that there is a clear
significant difference between fertile and infertile men with or
without obesity in regard to all semen parameters. On the other
hand, all lectins used in this study were reacted differentially with
the various components of the sperms of fertile and infertile men
with or without obesity. This suggests that the obesity might alter
the cell surface changes of sperms with increasing of BMI.
Icsi cycle with a sperm from tese versus from ejaculate in oligospermic menAlexander Decker
This study compared embryo quality and fertilization rates between intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles using sperm from ejaculates of oligospermic men versus sperm retrieved from the testes of azoospermic men via testicular sperm extraction (TESE). The study found no significant differences in patient characteristics, hormone levels, number of oocytes retrieved, or fertilization rates between the two groups. However, the quality of embryos, as assessed on a 4-point grading scale, was significantly better in the oligospermic group compared to the TESE group, with more grade 1 and 2 embryos in the oligospermic group. The study concluded that while fertilization rates are unaffected by
This randomized controlled trial compared outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) when comprehensive chromosome screening (CCS) of blastocysts was used versus the standard of care. They found that using CCS resulted in significantly higher sustained implantation rates (66.4% vs 47.9%) and delivery rates per cycle (84.7% vs 67.5%) compared to the control group. CCS improved IVF outcomes by enabling selection of euploid embryos for transfer, leading to meaningful increases in the likelihood of successful implantation and delivery.
This randomized controlled trial tested whether performing blastocyst biopsy with comprehensive chromosome screening (CCS) improves in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes compared to routine care. They found:
1) Sustained implantation rates (probability of embryo implanting and resulting in delivery) and delivery rates per cycle were significantly higher in the CCS group compared to the routine care group.
2) In the CCS group, 61 of 72 treatment cycles led to delivery (84.7%) compared to 56 of 83 (67.5%) in the routine care group.
3) Use of CCS with blastocyst biopsy and rapid quantitative PCR-based screening resulted in statistically significantly improved IVF outcomes, with
EMBRYO QUALITY ASSESSMENT, WHICH TO SELECT? Rahul Sen
This document discusses various methods for assessing embryo quality and selecting the best embryo for transfer, including traditional morphology assessment, kinetic/time-lapse imaging assessment, pre-implantation genetic testing, and 'omics' techniques. It emphasizes that traditional morphology alone provides limited information and that incorporating multiple parameters like developmental timing, fragmentation levels, and ploidy status can improve embryo selection and lead to higher implantation and pregnancy rates.
This study compared pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients who underwent single embryo transfer where the embryo was selected based on (1) morphology alone or (2) morphology assessed with array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Patients were randomly assigned to one of the two selection methods. The clinical pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the group where aCGH was used in addition to morphology to select the embryo. No twin pregnancies occurred. The results suggest that aCGH may improve pregnancy outcomes compared to morphology alone by detecting chromosomal abnormalities.
This document discusses methods for scoring embryos at different stages of development during in vitro fertilization (IVF). It describes parameters evaluated for pronuclear zygotes, cleaved embryos on days 2-3 of development, and blastocysts on days 4-5. Parameters include pronuclear morphology, blastomere number and symmetry, fragmentation, compaction and expansion. Scoring systems assign quality grades based on these parameters to select the most developmentally advanced embryo for transfer. Precise embryo examination and selection of the highest quality embryo can reduce multiple pregnancies resulting from IVF.
Placental Elastography in Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case–control Studyasclepiuspdfs
Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is related to poor fetal outcome. Though, various tools are available for evaluation of IUGR they are notreliable inearly diagnosis of IUGR. Shear wave elastography (SWE) can be used to study the change in mechanical properties of various disease which can be a potential technique for early diagnosis of IUGR. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the differences in SWE values of placentas between IUGR and normal pregnancies. Methodology: Normal second- and third-trimester pregnancies and IUGR pregnancies between 24 and 42 weeks period of gestation (POG), meeting the inclusion criteria were matched for age group and POG. SWE of placenta was performed in supine position during quiet respiration. The SWE of placenta was measured by placing the region of interest in relatively homogeneous area. The placental elasticity values obtained in pregnancies complicated by IUGR were compared with that of normal controls. Umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler findings were correlated with placental elasticity value of IUGR pregnancies.
Studies show that about 20% of all recognized clinical pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion, mainly in the first trimester. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of a sporadic miscarriage have been established, with genetic factors being the most prevalent. As a problem that affects many couples, it is important to increase the quality of prognosis and diagnosis.
should the embryo be transfered on day 5parul verma
The document discusses whether all embryo transfers should be performed at the blastocyst stage. It reviews evidence from large randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses that live birth and pregnancy rates are higher with blastocyst transfers compared to cleavage stage transfers. However, extended culture may increase risks from oxygen levels and epigenetic effects. While blastocyst culture is beneficial, checking cleavage stage embryos on day 3 provides information and allows freezing some for future use, though this requires opening the incubator. Time lapse systems can monitor embryogenesis without disturbing embryos and select suitable embryos for transfer or biopsy at the blastocyst stage.
This study examined how often comprehensive chromosome screening (CCS) would alter the selection of embryos for transfer compared to traditional day 5 morphology-based selection. Out of 100 consecutive cycles:
- 22% of embryos selected based on day 5 morphology alone would have been aneuploid according to CCS results. This was lower than the 32% aneuploidy rate of all biopsied embryos.
- Patients aged 35 or older had a higher risk (31%) of an aneuploid best quality day 5 embryo being selected than younger patients (14%).
- Among cycles where CCS altered selection, 74% resulted in delivery including 77% for elective single embryo transfer cycles. Most patients
In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which oocytes are fertilized by sperm outside the women’s womb, in vitro. It still represents one of the most exciting modern scientific developments and continues to have a tremendous impact on
people's lives.
Here, we will discuss all about the embryo development inside the dish.
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First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF embryo – A Systematic Literature Review
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 4 || Pages || PP.41-48 || 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 41
First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF
embryo – A Systematic Literature Review
1
Shubhangi Kakade, 2
Amit Kamat, 3
Savita Datar
1
Embryologist, Niramya IVF center,
2
Director, Kamat Hospital,
3
Head, Department of Zoology, S.P. College
-----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------
Background: In-Vitro-Fertilization (IVF) is a technique in which an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the
body i. e. in vitro ("in glass"). It is a procedure designed to enhance likelihood of conception in couples for
whom other fertility therapies have been unsuccessful or are not possible. Importance of various stages of IVF
embryos for successful IVF treatment has been reported. However, there are studies which assume that embryo
that shows first mitotic division within 27 hr post insemination (Early Cleavage –EC) has higher potential to get
implanted than embryo that cleaves later. Objective: To correlate all the available literature on studies related
to selection of EC embryos for IVF treatment and the subsequent outcome of the procedure. Inference: Present
study advocates selection of EC embryo as a dependable criterion for IVF success.
KEY WORDS - Embryo potential, Embryo quality, First mitotic division, Invitro fertilization, Pregnancy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 11-April-2015 Date of Accepted: 25-April-2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Over a period of time there is a gradual development in drugs used for controlled ovarian hyper
stimulation in IVF therapy. Improved oocyte retrieval technique and culture conditions have resulted in high
fertilization rate and availability of more number of good quality embryos for transfer. It was observed that
pregnancy rate increases with the number of embryos transferred. However this may result in multiple
pregnancies, which is undesirable. Goal of an IVF unit is to avoid multiple pregnancies without affecting
success rate. This can be achieved by identifying potential embryo from a cohort and limiting the number of
embryos to be transferred.
Assessment of zygote morphology, cleavage pattern, embryo morphology and degree of fragmentation
are the routinely used parameters for the selection of potential embryos. The intention of all these evaluation
systems is to find out an easy, non invasive and non subjective assessment of potential embryo. Common
selection method is to evaluate the embryo for cell number and symmetry prior to transfer [1]. Early onset of
first mitotic division is defined as a cell division resulting in a two celled embryo at 25 to 27 hour after Intra
Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Edward et al, have shown for the first time that embryos which show early
cleavage have more chance to implant than non early cleaved embryos, which is subsequently confirmed by
many studies [2-18]. Assessment of embryos for early onset of first mitotic division is easy, noninvasive and
non subjective.
This review is focused on studying the importance of onset of Early Cleavage (EC) as a useful tool for
selection of potential embryo. Correlation of onset of EC with subsequent quality of embryos at all possible
stages during invitro culture along with Implantation Rate (IR) and Pregnancy Rate (PR) is also studied.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
a. Literature search
An electronic literature search of published articles on Pub med, Medline, NCBI about prognostic value
of early cleavage of human IVF embryos was performed. All the published articles during last 25 years were
reviewed for content, along with the references of interest. The search was limited to English language
literature. Only studies concerned with early onset of first mitotic division were analyzed. Case studies with
retrospective or prospective data were included in the search.
2. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 42
b. Study selection
All studies were assessed and publications to be included were selected independently by all three
authors. At the first screening, the titles were investigated and studies with lack of any relevance were excluded.
The second screen was performed by reading the selected abstracts. For third screen, all available full papers
were read with a focus on EC criteria for selection of IVF embryos. Selected studies were grouped according to
their scope i.e. correlation of EC with Pronuclear (PN) morphology, quality, cleavage pattern, ability to develop
up to blastocyst stage, IR and PR. Correlation of EC with IR, PR and blastocyst development was concluded
with graphical representation.
III. RESULT
The search of databases resulted in 102 titles. Irrelevant publications were excluded after first screen.
The second screen was performed on basis of abstracts of the remaining 53 relevant publications. 32 items did
not meet selection criterion and were excluded for the further considerations. Thus 24 publications were
subjected to third screen. The third screen was performed by reading the available full papers. After this
investigation 3 papers having completely different emphasis were excluded from the present study. This process
of selection is illustrated in Fig 1.
Fig.1
Figure1. Flow chart:-Systematic review of literature investigating use of early cleavage assessment
Out of 21 selected relevant publications there were seventeen studies correlating PR with EC, 12
correlating IR and PR, nine studies correlating multiple parameters of subsequent embryo development. Two
studies compared the EC system with the system which scores PN morphology for embryo assessment.
Literature search indicated the correlation between EC and PN morphology, cleavage pattern, blastocyst
formation, multinucleation, rate of spontaneous abortion and birth rate.
3. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 43
Fertilization is a complex process involving many steps viz. activation of oocyte, decondensation of
sperm head, extrusion of second polar body, formation of male and female PN and their rearrangement for the
formation of zygote. This single celled embryo is now ready for first mitotic division [19]. IVF program
involves controlled ovarian hyper stimulation, surgical oocyte retrieval, invitro fertilization and embryo transfer
at certain stage by selecting viable embryo from a cohort.
3.1 Pronuclear morphology
PN morphology is one of the criteria used in assessment of embryo viability. Several studies designate
importance of PN morphology for embryo selection [20-25]. Pronuclear morphology has a potential to predict
EC and subsequent quality of embryo. According to these studies assessment of progression of embryos in
addition to PN score is not necessary in the selection for transfer on D3 [27]. Embryo quality assessment at the
time of embryo transfer in combination with PN morphology is recommended by some studies [28-30].
However some studies fail to show any correlation between zygote score and PR. [31-33]. This discrepancy may
be because the PN morphology changes over time and the grading may vary with observer. As compared to EC
assessment the PN assessment needs careful observation which may need more time for embryos to be kept
outside the incubator. Positive correlation was observed with good PN morphology and early onset of first
mitotic division [26, 27].
3.2 Early cleavage and Non Early Cleavage (NEC)
All embryos from a cohort do not have ability to cleave earlier. Positive correlation of EC embryos with IR and PR
was observed in conventional IVF cases where oocyte maturity and time of fertilization is not defined [3, 34].To understands
the influence of these factors; studies were carried out on cases where fertilization was achieved using ICSI technique.
During ICSI cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte are removed to assess oocyte maturity and sperm is mechanically
inseminated into oocyte cytoplasm where difference in oocyte maturity and timing of fertilization were ruled out. Studies
showed positive relation of EC with IR and PR when fertilization was achieved by ICSI technique [7, 35]. Improvement in
the PR of an IVF unit was observed when early cleavage parameter was included in assessment protocol [7].
Results of IR and PR with transfer of EC and NEC embryos, analyzed by different studies are tabulated (Table 1
and Table 2 respectively) and graphically represented in Fig. 2 and Fig.3
During retrospective evaluation of merits of two grading systems i.e. PN morphology and EC assessment no
difference was found in IR and PR with transfer of embryos having different zygote patterns, however significant difference
in IR and PR has been reported between EC and NEC embryos [36]. Studies also document better prediction of implantation
potential when both the criteria were considered together [27, 36].
3.3 Cleavage pattern
It has been established that duration of the cell cycle is usually around 10-12 h. It is a time required for a cell to
undergo cytokinesis and replication of whole cell genome. Abnormal length of the cell cycle i. e. prolonged or shorter
duration negatively influences embryo competence [17, 37- 39]. Division of ooplasm by meridian axis results in even
distribution of cellular and genetic material, producing exactly equal sized blastomres. Uneven distribution of cellular and
genetic material results in unequal sized blastomeres which are detrimental to embryo viability and negatively correlate with
IR and PR. The significantly higher percentage of early cleaved embryos show normal cleavage pattern and even sized
blastomeres as compared to non early cleaved embryos [17, 37,39, 40].The results suggest a positive correlation of normal
cleavage pattern with normal morphology, blastocyst formation rate and pregnancy rate [41]. Morphological anomalies in
first few cleavages and poor quality of embryonic development are strongly associated with error in duration of cell cycle
[38, 40-42]. EC embryo showing even blastomeres shows higher potential for implantation [43].
Table 1. -Summary of the studies analyzing IR with EC and NEC embryos.
Year Author IR with EC IR with NEC
1 1997 Youssef Shoukir1 et al 23.60% 7.50%
2 2001 Sakkas et al 25.50% 14.80%
3 2001 K.lundin et al 28.00% 19.50%
4 2001 A bos-Mikich etal 18.00% 11.60%
5 2002 J. Fenwick et al 21.40% 6.00%
6 2002 Y.C Tsai 18.80% 11.60%
7 2003 E.Neuber 21.90% 14.30%
8 2003 Brezinová J 38% 33%
9 2004 Denny Sakkas et al 14.00% 3.20%
10 2004 Brezinová J 27% 25%
11 2012 Meng et at 48.10% 24.00%
12 2013 Edessy M 58.60% 35.00%
4. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
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Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Comparison of IR with EC and NEC embryos in different studies.
Table 2. -Summary of the studies analyzing PR with EC and NEC embryos.
Sr.No Year Author PR with EC PR with NEC
1 1997 Youssef Shoukir1 et al 33.30% 14.70%
2 1998 Denny Sakkas et al 25.90% 3.20%
3 2001 Sakkas etal 45.00% 23.80%
4 2001 K.lundin et al 40.50% 31.30%
5 2001 A bos-Mikich etal 55.00% 25.00%
6 2002 J. Fenwick et al 31.30% 10.50%
7 2002 Y.C Tsai 38.80% 25.60%
8 2003 Salumets et al 50.00% 26.40%
9 2003 E.Neuber 40.00% 26.00%
10 2003 Brezinová J 61% 56%
11 2004 Denny Sakkas et al 25.90% 3.20%
12 2004 M.L. Windt 41.30% 20.20%
13 2004 Aafke PA Van Montfoort 46.00% 18.00%
14 2004 Brezinová J 40% 33%
15 2007 Giorgetti C1 42.40% 25.90%
16 2012 Meng et at 68.00% 51.00%
17 2013 Edessy M 43.30% 21.80%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1997 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2012 2013
IR with EC
IR with NEC
Linear (IR with EC)
Linear (IR with NEC)
IR
rate
Years
5. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
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Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Comparison of PR with EC and NEC embryos in different studies.
3.4 Mononucleation
One of morphological criteria for selection of potential embryo in IVF treatment is to observe the
nuclear status of the blastomeres. IVF embryos frequently exhibit multinucleated blastomers[44] which is
usually associated with developmental incompetence, poor IR and impaired cleavage. [44-46]. Mononucleated
blastomeres on the other hand are an index of chromosomal normality of blastomere nucleus [43-48].
Improvement in the rate of implantation has been documented in early cleaved mononucleated embryos [49].
Availability of higher percentage of EC embryos showing mononucleated blastomeres than NEC embryos has
been reported[13,41, 49].
3.5 Blastocyst development
Extending the culture up to blastocyst stage allows selection of more advanced embryos with stronger
developmental competence for IR and PR than cleavage stage embryo [50-53]. However some studies do not
recommend the benefit in transferring blastocyst stage embryo over cleavage stage embryo in terms of IR and
PR [54-56]. Whereas there are studies insisting upon the need to carry out properly designed work to compare
the benefit of blastocyst stage embryo transfer over cleavage stage embryo transfer [54]. Standard IVF culture
conditions support only about 25 to 60% of human embryos to progress up to the blastocyst stage after 5 days of
invitro culture. This is attributed to the inherent weakness of the particular human embryos or weak culture
environment which imparts stress on development of the embryo. Comparative studies on the development of
EC and NEC embryos up to blastocyst stage have been reported (Table 3). Positive correlation has been
observed between early onset of first mitotic division and ability to develop up to blastocyst stage invitro as
compared to non early cleaved embryos [9, 11, 14]. Time lapse monitoring system supports close relation
between exact timing of overall early development events and potential to develop up to blastocyst [39].
Effective selection of embryos at earlier stages which will help to identify the ability of embryos to develop up
to blastocyst stage for successful IR and PR is necessary.
Table 3. Results of Blastocyst development of different studies with EC and NEC embryos.
Sr. No Year Author Blastocyst With EC
Blastocyst with
NEC
1 2002
J. Fenwick et al 32.20% 16.60%
2 2003
E.Neuber 39% 19%
3 2004
Aafke PA Van Montfoort 66% 40%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1997 1998 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2007 2012 2013
PR with EC
PR with NEC
Linear (PR with EC)
Linear (PR with NEC)
PR rate
Years
6. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
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Fig .4
Fig .4 Comparison of blastocyst development of EC and NEC with different studies.
3.6 Birth rate
Improvement in birth rate or take home baby rate is the ultimate goal of IVF unit. It has been found
through the literature search that implantation of EC embryos show reduction in rate of spontaneous abortion as
compared to implantation of NEC embryos. This also results in improvement in IR and PR as well as birth rate.
[6, 17, 37].This is trend lines demonstrate the gradual improvement in success of IVF outcome in terms of
pregnancy and implantation rate over a period of time with persistent difference with transfer of EC and NEC
embryos.
Very few embryos reach the 2 cell stage at 25h post ICSI and few patients benefit from such an early
assessment and selection to transfer. It is not known, however, at which time point of completion of the first cell
cycle embryo viability starts to drop. 50% of embryos show cleavage at 29hr. post insemination and has equal
potential. This extended period maximize the number of potential embryos available to be transferred [5].
IV. DISCUSSION
Present review makes a systematic literature search of the articles related to the importance of first
mitotic division in selection of embryos for successful IVF treatment in last twenty five years. Development in
biotechnology enables manipulation of human gametes for in-vitro-fertilization (IVF) treatments. Developments
in IVF protocols have enable the availability of more number of good quality embryos for implantation. This
has resulted in increasing the rate of implantation and rate of pregnancy in the subsequent years. Increase in the
rate of take home baby – which is the aim of every IVF unit has also been improved due to the research and
developments in this field. However, since the total success is too far there is a scope for probing into the
selection criteria for potential IVF embryos.
In IVF programs most routinely used criteria for embryo selection has been based on cell number and
morphology at the time of embryo transfer. Biochemical methods analyzing follicular fluid or metabolic activity
of embryo are also available to assess gametes and embryo quality. These methods are very complex, time
consuming, expensive and impractical in most of the busy IVF laboratories. Hence, in the present scenario the
selection of potential IVF embryo on the basis of study of its morphology has been, and will remain the first
choice for selection. Study of zygote morphology (PN score) and morphology at cleavage as well as blasocyst
stage are also considered for selection. PN assessment requires expertise, is subjective and time consuming.
Whereas, cultivation up to blastocyst stage may impart stress to the embryo resulting decrease in IR and PR.
Analysis of publications suggests that early onset of first mitotic division is a strong biological marker of
embryo viability, quality as well as developmental potential. Within a cohort of embryos, embryo that shows
first mitotic division within 27 hr post insemination (Early Cleavage –EC) has always been assumed to have
higher potential to get implanted than embryo that cleaves later. Comparative results showed significantly
higher pregnancy and implantation rate with early cleaving embryos than non early cleaving embryos [2-18].
The quality of pre-implantation embryos changes over a time during in-vitro culture and it is disagreed to use
this criterion as an independent tool for embryo selection. Effective selection of embryos at earlier stages which
will help to identify the ability of embryos to develop up to blastocyst stage for successful IR and PR is
necessary. The recent data suggests early cleavage ability is a good marker for embryo selection but should be
used in accordance with other parameters like PN score and morphology at cleavage as well as blasocyst stage
at the time of transfer. Better results are observed when different scoring systems are used jointly. Most of the
studies correlate one or the other subsequent development stage with early onset of mitotic division. It is
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2002 2003 2004
Blastocyst With EC
Blastocyst with NEC
Linear (Blastocyst With EC)
Linear (Blastocyst with NEC)
Blastosyst
rate
Year
7. First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 47
necessary to correlate early cleavage status with quality of embryo at all possible stages during in-vitro culture
as well as with pregnancy and implantation rate cumulatively. Early cleavage assessment is noninvasive, non-
subjective and less time consuming thus giving a great advantage for selection process of potential embryo.
Trend lines revealed a gradual improvement in IR and PR over a period of time with persistent
difference in IR and PR by transfer of EC and NEC embryos. Present review validates the selection of early
cleaved embryo for successful IVF treatment. Coordinated and intensive work with large sample size will
endorse importance of the selection of EC embryos for transfer.
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