Culling newly hatched male chicks in industrial hatcheries poses a serious ethical problem. Both laying
and broiler breeders need males, but it is a problem because they are produced more than needed. Being
able to determine the sex of chicks in the egg at the beginning or early stage of incubation can eliminate
ethical problems as well as many additional costs. When we look at the literature, the methods used are
very costly, low in applicability, invasive, inadequate in accuracy, or too late to eliminate ethical problems.
Considering the embryo's development, the earliest observed candidate feature for sex determination is
blood vessels. Detection from blood vessels can eliminate ethical issues, and these vessels can be seen
when light is shined into the egg until the first seven days. In this study, sex determination was made by
morphological analysis from embryonic vascular images obtained in the first week when the light was
shined into the egg using a standard camera without any invasive procedure to the egg.
Identifying the genus of chicken or chicken cells has biological and industrial
significance. Specifying sex in bird species is one of the main points of bird breeding.
The mechanisms for controlling or detecting the sex of eggs are not yet known in birds,
but the nature of the variation in the size of the egg, as well as some surface and natural
contrasts differences for the chick or chicken between the sexes, may shed some light
on the procedures involved. In this research conducted a review of a number of ways
to know the sex of eggs as well as for newly chick hatching
Background: Chemical changes occur in the epididymis when the testicular sperm grows. When sperm and seminal fluids mix during ejaculation, a substance called semen is formed. The cervical mucus of a fertilized egg screens out the best possible sperm. For infertility, Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) can be necessary. Test sperm that are DNA efficient, normal, and motile using Swim Up. Sperm could be damaged by reactive oxygen species that are produced during centrifugation. All infertility treatments should take these factors into account. Methods: The in vitro fertilization (ICSI) procedure was administered to fifty male patients who were 35 years old or younger and tested positive for normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligozoospermia. After obtaining informed consent, a Swim-Up was performed using both the full semen and a washed pellet. With sperm obtained from both methods, six Metaphase-2 stages of oocytes (MII oocytes) were implanted in each patient. A Tri-gas Bench-top incubator was used to put each injected oocyte in its 37°C setting. Results: The study showed that the age differences were insignificant (p=0.722), but significant variations emerged in sperm concentration before processing (p=1.030) and after (p=1.064). Sperm morphology differences were evident before processing (p=0.004) and after (p=0.002). No significant differences were noted in the number of Day 3 cleavage stage embryos. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is no significant difference between the two techniques regarding sperm washing efficiency.
Key-words: Sperm preparation methods, Swim-up, Centrifugation, ICSI, Fertilization, Day 3 Embryo
National guidelines for stem cell research-2017akshaya tomar
The document provides guidelines for stem cell research in India. It classifies stem cell research into permissible, restrictive, and prohibited areas based on ethical and safety concerns. It outlines responsibilities of researchers and institutions in obtaining approvals and ensuring informed consent, safety, and oversight for stem cell derivation, manipulation, and clinical applications. The aim is to promote rigorous scientific research while preventing premature commercialization of unproven stem cell therapies.
Prenatal testing consists of screening and diagnosis to detect problems with the pregnancy as early as possible. Screening can detect issues like neural tube defects, chromosome abnormalities, and genetic disorders. Prenatal diagnosis allows for medical treatment, decisions about continuing the pregnancy, and preparation if issues are diagnosed. Methods include invasive tests like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, and non-invasive tests like ultrasound and maternal serum screening. Ethical issues include the impact on women's autonomy and sense of control, as well as disability rights and social justice concerns. Most religions address when termination of pregnancy is allowed, such as when the mother's life is endangered or serious fetal anomalies exist, with Islam generally permitting termination before 120 days
This document discusses innovations and breakthroughs in in vitro fertilization (IVF). It covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Genetic screening techniques like preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) are discussed to select embryos without genetic disorders or the highest chance of implantation. Time-lapse monitoring is presented as a way to continuously monitor embryo development in real-time without disruptions. Stem cell therapy and its potential role in inducing ovarian regeneration and sustained ovarian function is briefly covered.
This document discusses the impact of various biotechnologies on animal breeding and genetic progress. It describes technologies like artificial insemination, embryo transfer, cloning, and transgenic animals that have increased genetic selection and distribution of superior genetics. Embryo transfer in particular enhances genetic progress by increasing the number of offspring from superior females and shortening generation intervals. The document also provides historical details and examples of different species that have been cloned.
Identifying the genus of chicken or chicken cells has biological and industrial
significance. Specifying sex in bird species is one of the main points of bird breeding.
The mechanisms for controlling or detecting the sex of eggs are not yet known in birds,
but the nature of the variation in the size of the egg, as well as some surface and natural
contrasts differences for the chick or chicken between the sexes, may shed some light
on the procedures involved. In this research conducted a review of a number of ways
to know the sex of eggs as well as for newly chick hatching
Background: Chemical changes occur in the epididymis when the testicular sperm grows. When sperm and seminal fluids mix during ejaculation, a substance called semen is formed. The cervical mucus of a fertilized egg screens out the best possible sperm. For infertility, Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) can be necessary. Test sperm that are DNA efficient, normal, and motile using Swim Up. Sperm could be damaged by reactive oxygen species that are produced during centrifugation. All infertility treatments should take these factors into account. Methods: The in vitro fertilization (ICSI) procedure was administered to fifty male patients who were 35 years old or younger and tested positive for normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligozoospermia. After obtaining informed consent, a Swim-Up was performed using both the full semen and a washed pellet. With sperm obtained from both methods, six Metaphase-2 stages of oocytes (MII oocytes) were implanted in each patient. A Tri-gas Bench-top incubator was used to put each injected oocyte in its 37°C setting. Results: The study showed that the age differences were insignificant (p=0.722), but significant variations emerged in sperm concentration before processing (p=1.030) and after (p=1.064). Sperm morphology differences were evident before processing (p=0.004) and after (p=0.002). No significant differences were noted in the number of Day 3 cleavage stage embryos. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is no significant difference between the two techniques regarding sperm washing efficiency.
Key-words: Sperm preparation methods, Swim-up, Centrifugation, ICSI, Fertilization, Day 3 Embryo
National guidelines for stem cell research-2017akshaya tomar
The document provides guidelines for stem cell research in India. It classifies stem cell research into permissible, restrictive, and prohibited areas based on ethical and safety concerns. It outlines responsibilities of researchers and institutions in obtaining approvals and ensuring informed consent, safety, and oversight for stem cell derivation, manipulation, and clinical applications. The aim is to promote rigorous scientific research while preventing premature commercialization of unproven stem cell therapies.
Prenatal testing consists of screening and diagnosis to detect problems with the pregnancy as early as possible. Screening can detect issues like neural tube defects, chromosome abnormalities, and genetic disorders. Prenatal diagnosis allows for medical treatment, decisions about continuing the pregnancy, and preparation if issues are diagnosed. Methods include invasive tests like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, and non-invasive tests like ultrasound and maternal serum screening. Ethical issues include the impact on women's autonomy and sense of control, as well as disability rights and social justice concerns. Most religions address when termination of pregnancy is allowed, such as when the mother's life is endangered or serious fetal anomalies exist, with Islam generally permitting termination before 120 days
This document discusses innovations and breakthroughs in in vitro fertilization (IVF). It covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Genetic screening techniques like preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) are discussed to select embryos without genetic disorders or the highest chance of implantation. Time-lapse monitoring is presented as a way to continuously monitor embryo development in real-time without disruptions. Stem cell therapy and its potential role in inducing ovarian regeneration and sustained ovarian function is briefly covered.
This document discusses the impact of various biotechnologies on animal breeding and genetic progress. It describes technologies like artificial insemination, embryo transfer, cloning, and transgenic animals that have increased genetic selection and distribution of superior genetics. Embryo transfer in particular enhances genetic progress by increasing the number of offspring from superior females and shortening generation intervals. The document also provides historical details and examples of different species that have been cloned.
This document provides draft guidelines for stem cell research and therapy in India. It discusses the promise and ethical issues related to stem cell research. It proposes a separate review mechanism for stem cell research projects, including a National Apex Committee for Stem Cell Research and Therapy (NAC-SCRT) and Institutional Committees (IC-SCRT). The guidelines classify human stem cells, categorize research areas as permissible, restricted or prohibited, and provide guidance on derivation of new stem cell lines, umbilical cord blood and fetal stem cell research, and the responsibilities of investigators and institutions.
First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF embryo – A ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF embryo – A S...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
1. The document discusses alternatives to animal experiments, including in vitro methods like cell and tissue culture, computer modeling, and microdosing.
2. Specific alternatives mentioned include the embryonic stem cell test, Limulus amoebocyte lysate test, organ-on-chip models, and the local lymph node assay.
3. The principles of replacement, reduction and refinement of animal experiments are also covered, along with relevant laws and the need to minimize harm to animals in research.
This document analyzes 2,204 human oocytes and embryos from fertilization through the blastocyst stage using microarray comparative genomic hybridization to determine chromosome abnormalities. It finds that aneuploidy rates increase dramatically with female age and that complex abnormalities are common. Chromosome errors originate from failures in meiotic cell division and early mitosis. Most aneuploid embryos survive until the blastocyst stage but likely fail to implant, indicating selection against aneuploidy occurs late in preimplantation development.
This study analyzed 2,204 human oocytes, embryos, and blastocysts to investigate the origin and impact of chromosomal abnormalities during early human development. The results showed that aneuploidy rates increased dramatically with female age and many abnormalities were present until the blastocyst stage, suggesting selection against aneuploid embryos occurs late in development. Mechanisms like anaphase lag and congression failure contributed to errors in the first cell divisions. A wide variety of chromosome abnormalities were detected, with implications for understanding the sources of aneuploidy and how they influence embryo viability.
Optimal Timing of Oocyte Preincubation for Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection ...theijes
This study analyzed the effect of different durations of oocyte pre-incubation prior to intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on fertilization rates. The study retrospectively analyzed data from 100 ICSI cycles performed between 2010-2015. Oocytes were divided into 5 groups based on pre-incubation time: Group I (0-1 hr), Group II (1-3 hrs), Group III (3-5 hrs), Group IV (5-7 hrs), Group V (>7 hrs). The highest fertilization rate was observed in Group III oocytes incubated 3-5 hours prior to ICSI, with a fertilization rate of 86%. Oocytes incubated immediately (Group I) or for more than
In vitro studies are experiments conducted using isolated cells, biological molecules, or tissues that have been removed from their usual biological context. These "test tube experiments" allow for a more detailed analysis than can be done with whole living organisms. Some key advantages of in vitro studies are their simplicity, ability to study human cells directly, and potential for high-throughput screening. However, results must be carefully extrapolated to make predictions about living organisms, as cellular responses in vitro do not always translate to whole body responses in vivo. Mathematical modeling is often used to bridge this gap between in vitro and in vivo data.
Report on elective oocyte freezing in singapore apr 2013Harpreet Bedi
This document provides background information and objectives for a study on elective oocyte freezing in Singapore. It discusses how oocyte freezing has been used internationally and notes that major medical societies in the US and Europe no longer consider it experimental. However, they do not endorse its routine elective use. The objective of the study is to evaluate the need for and position on elective oocyte freezing in Singapore by examining factors like the medical risks and limited data on success rates and child outcomes. The scope includes assessing perspectives from the public and fertility experts through surveys.
Report on elective oocyte freezing in Singapore April 2013BELRIS LTD
This document provides background information and objectives for a study on elective oocyte freezing in Singapore. It discusses how oocyte freezing has been used internationally and is no longer considered experimental by leading medical societies. However, its routine elective use is still debated. The study aims to evaluate the need for and position on elective oocyte freezing in Singapore by examining respondents' views and regulatory scenarios in other countries. It acknowledges medical risks to women from the procedure and limited data on success rates and child outcomes.
This document discusses endometrial receptivity and the need for objective biomarkers to diagnose it. While past research identified some potential molecular markers, none have proven clinically useful. Recent transcriptomic analyses using microarrays have defined a gene expression signature that can classify endometrial status, including receptivity, regardless of histological appearance. This led to the development of the Endometrial Receptivity Array (ERA) tool, which uses a customized microarray and algorithm to identify the personalized window of implantation in individual patients, improving outcomes over histological dating alone.
Preimplantation genetic screening (pgs) current ppt鋒博 蔡
This document summarizes preimplantation genetic testing techniques used to screen embryos for genetic disorders prior to implantation. It discusses the current status and future prospects of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). PGD determines an embryo's genotype to test for specific genetic disorders, while PGS assesses the embryo's chromosome number (karyotype) to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. The document outlines several techniques used for PGD and PGS, including multiplex PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and whole genome amplification from single cells. It provides examples of how these techniques are applied to test for conditions like spinal muscular atrophy, sickle cell an
This document discusses preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), which includes preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). PGD determines an embryo's genotype to test for genetic disorders, while PGS assesses the embryo's chromosome number. The document outlines the history and development of PGT, including key milestones. It also describes current technologies used for PGT, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The document provides an example of how one clinic uses PGT to screen for chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders.
This document discusses preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), which includes preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). PGD determines an embryo's genotype to test for genetic disorders, while PGS assesses the embryo's chromosome number. The document outlines the history and development of PGT, including key milestones. It also describes current technologies used for PGT, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The document provides an example of how one clinic uses PGT to screen for chromosomal abnormalities with FISH and test for genetic disorders and HLA matching.
This document summarizes preimplantation genetic testing technologies used to screen embryos for genetic disorders prior to implantation. It discusses the current status and applications of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), which allow couples at risk of passing on genetic disorders to have unaffected children. Key technologies that enable and support PGD/PGS are also described, including intracytoplasmic sperm injection, laser-assisted embryo biopsy, sperm sorting, and cryopreservation of biopsied embryos. Current methods for PGD/PGS involving multiplex PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and whole genome amplification from single cells are also summarized.
Preimplantation genetic screening (pgs) current ppt鋒博 蔡
This document summarizes preimplantation genetic testing techniques used to screen embryos for genetic disorders prior to implantation. It discusses the current status and future prospects of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). PGD determines an embryo's genotype to identify genetic disorders, while PGS assesses the embryo's chromosome number (karyotype) to screen for aneuploidies. The document outlines several techniques used for PGD and PGS, including multiplex PCR, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), whole genome amplification via multiple displacement amplification, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). It also discusses milestones in the development of
Alternatives to animal studies in Pharmaceutical research has been explained on the basis of replacement, reduction and refinement. Also newer pre-clinical animal models like use of genetically modified animals were presented.
Human organoid are miniature sized, self-organized structures, that are derived from stem cells or tissues in culture. The progress, potential, limitations and challenges are discussed.
Latest advances in animal biotechnology and its current status in PakistanFyzah Bashir
The document discusses recent advances in animal biotechnology techniques such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, cloning, and genetic engineering. It then provides an overview of the current status of animal biotechnology in Pakistan, noting that techniques like genomics and certain vaccines are used but cloning and genetic engineering are still in early stages. The dairy industry is growing in Pakistan with public demand for productive but affordable animal products.
The document discusses alternatives to animal experiments that can be used in biomedical research and testing. It covers 3R strategies like refinement, reduction and replacement of animal experiments. Some alternatives mentioned include in vitro cell and tissue culture methods, computer-based models, microdosing studies and quantitative structure-activity relationships. The summary provides an overview of the different alternative methods discussed in the document like in vitro toxicity testing, in chemico tests, computer-assisted learning programs, microfluidic chips and in silico models. The use of these alternatives can help reduce animal experiments while making toxicity testing more accurate and reliable.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
In the era of data-driven warfare, the integration of big data and machine learning (ML) techniques has
become paramount for enhancing defence capabilities. This research report delves into the applications of
big data and ML in the defence sector, exploring their potential to revolutionize intelligence gathering,
strategic decision-making, and operational efficiency. By leveraging vast amounts of data and advanced
algorithms, these technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for threat detection, predictive analysis,
and optimized resource allocation. However, their adoption also raises critical concerns regarding data
privacy, ethical implications, and the potential for misuse. This report aims to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the current state of big data and ML in defence, while examining the challenges and
ethical considerations that must be addressed to ensure responsible and effective implementation.
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This document provides draft guidelines for stem cell research and therapy in India. It discusses the promise and ethical issues related to stem cell research. It proposes a separate review mechanism for stem cell research projects, including a National Apex Committee for Stem Cell Research and Therapy (NAC-SCRT) and Institutional Committees (IC-SCRT). The guidelines classify human stem cells, categorize research areas as permissible, restricted or prohibited, and provide guidance on derivation of new stem cell lines, umbilical cord blood and fetal stem cell research, and the responsibilities of investigators and institutions.
First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF embryo – A ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF embryo – A S...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
1. The document discusses alternatives to animal experiments, including in vitro methods like cell and tissue culture, computer modeling, and microdosing.
2. Specific alternatives mentioned include the embryonic stem cell test, Limulus amoebocyte lysate test, organ-on-chip models, and the local lymph node assay.
3. The principles of replacement, reduction and refinement of animal experiments are also covered, along with relevant laws and the need to minimize harm to animals in research.
This document analyzes 2,204 human oocytes and embryos from fertilization through the blastocyst stage using microarray comparative genomic hybridization to determine chromosome abnormalities. It finds that aneuploidy rates increase dramatically with female age and that complex abnormalities are common. Chromosome errors originate from failures in meiotic cell division and early mitosis. Most aneuploid embryos survive until the blastocyst stage but likely fail to implant, indicating selection against aneuploidy occurs late in preimplantation development.
This study analyzed 2,204 human oocytes, embryos, and blastocysts to investigate the origin and impact of chromosomal abnormalities during early human development. The results showed that aneuploidy rates increased dramatically with female age and many abnormalities were present until the blastocyst stage, suggesting selection against aneuploid embryos occurs late in development. Mechanisms like anaphase lag and congression failure contributed to errors in the first cell divisions. A wide variety of chromosome abnormalities were detected, with implications for understanding the sources of aneuploidy and how they influence embryo viability.
Optimal Timing of Oocyte Preincubation for Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection ...theijes
This study analyzed the effect of different durations of oocyte pre-incubation prior to intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on fertilization rates. The study retrospectively analyzed data from 100 ICSI cycles performed between 2010-2015. Oocytes were divided into 5 groups based on pre-incubation time: Group I (0-1 hr), Group II (1-3 hrs), Group III (3-5 hrs), Group IV (5-7 hrs), Group V (>7 hrs). The highest fertilization rate was observed in Group III oocytes incubated 3-5 hours prior to ICSI, with a fertilization rate of 86%. Oocytes incubated immediately (Group I) or for more than
In vitro studies are experiments conducted using isolated cells, biological molecules, or tissues that have been removed from their usual biological context. These "test tube experiments" allow for a more detailed analysis than can be done with whole living organisms. Some key advantages of in vitro studies are their simplicity, ability to study human cells directly, and potential for high-throughput screening. However, results must be carefully extrapolated to make predictions about living organisms, as cellular responses in vitro do not always translate to whole body responses in vivo. Mathematical modeling is often used to bridge this gap between in vitro and in vivo data.
Report on elective oocyte freezing in singapore apr 2013Harpreet Bedi
This document provides background information and objectives for a study on elective oocyte freezing in Singapore. It discusses how oocyte freezing has been used internationally and notes that major medical societies in the US and Europe no longer consider it experimental. However, they do not endorse its routine elective use. The objective of the study is to evaluate the need for and position on elective oocyte freezing in Singapore by examining factors like the medical risks and limited data on success rates and child outcomes. The scope includes assessing perspectives from the public and fertility experts through surveys.
Report on elective oocyte freezing in Singapore April 2013BELRIS LTD
This document provides background information and objectives for a study on elective oocyte freezing in Singapore. It discusses how oocyte freezing has been used internationally and is no longer considered experimental by leading medical societies. However, its routine elective use is still debated. The study aims to evaluate the need for and position on elective oocyte freezing in Singapore by examining respondents' views and regulatory scenarios in other countries. It acknowledges medical risks to women from the procedure and limited data on success rates and child outcomes.
This document discusses endometrial receptivity and the need for objective biomarkers to diagnose it. While past research identified some potential molecular markers, none have proven clinically useful. Recent transcriptomic analyses using microarrays have defined a gene expression signature that can classify endometrial status, including receptivity, regardless of histological appearance. This led to the development of the Endometrial Receptivity Array (ERA) tool, which uses a customized microarray and algorithm to identify the personalized window of implantation in individual patients, improving outcomes over histological dating alone.
Preimplantation genetic screening (pgs) current ppt鋒博 蔡
This document summarizes preimplantation genetic testing techniques used to screen embryos for genetic disorders prior to implantation. It discusses the current status and future prospects of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). PGD determines an embryo's genotype to test for specific genetic disorders, while PGS assesses the embryo's chromosome number (karyotype) to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. The document outlines several techniques used for PGD and PGS, including multiplex PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and whole genome amplification from single cells. It provides examples of how these techniques are applied to test for conditions like spinal muscular atrophy, sickle cell an
This document discusses preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), which includes preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). PGD determines an embryo's genotype to test for genetic disorders, while PGS assesses the embryo's chromosome number. The document outlines the history and development of PGT, including key milestones. It also describes current technologies used for PGT, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The document provides an example of how one clinic uses PGT to screen for chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders.
This document discusses preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), which includes preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). PGD determines an embryo's genotype to test for genetic disorders, while PGS assesses the embryo's chromosome number. The document outlines the history and development of PGT, including key milestones. It also describes current technologies used for PGT, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The document provides an example of how one clinic uses PGT to screen for chromosomal abnormalities with FISH and test for genetic disorders and HLA matching.
This document summarizes preimplantation genetic testing technologies used to screen embryos for genetic disorders prior to implantation. It discusses the current status and applications of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), which allow couples at risk of passing on genetic disorders to have unaffected children. Key technologies that enable and support PGD/PGS are also described, including intracytoplasmic sperm injection, laser-assisted embryo biopsy, sperm sorting, and cryopreservation of biopsied embryos. Current methods for PGD/PGS involving multiplex PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and whole genome amplification from single cells are also summarized.
Preimplantation genetic screening (pgs) current ppt鋒博 蔡
This document summarizes preimplantation genetic testing techniques used to screen embryos for genetic disorders prior to implantation. It discusses the current status and future prospects of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). PGD determines an embryo's genotype to identify genetic disorders, while PGS assesses the embryo's chromosome number (karyotype) to screen for aneuploidies. The document outlines several techniques used for PGD and PGS, including multiplex PCR, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), whole genome amplification via multiple displacement amplification, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). It also discusses milestones in the development of
Alternatives to animal studies in Pharmaceutical research has been explained on the basis of replacement, reduction and refinement. Also newer pre-clinical animal models like use of genetically modified animals were presented.
Human organoid are miniature sized, self-organized structures, that are derived from stem cells or tissues in culture. The progress, potential, limitations and challenges are discussed.
Latest advances in animal biotechnology and its current status in PakistanFyzah Bashir
The document discusses recent advances in animal biotechnology techniques such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, cloning, and genetic engineering. It then provides an overview of the current status of animal biotechnology in Pakistan, noting that techniques like genomics and certain vaccines are used but cloning and genetic engineering are still in early stages. The dairy industry is growing in Pakistan with public demand for productive but affordable animal products.
The document discusses alternatives to animal experiments that can be used in biomedical research and testing. It covers 3R strategies like refinement, reduction and replacement of animal experiments. Some alternatives mentioned include in vitro cell and tissue culture methods, computer-based models, microdosing studies and quantitative structure-activity relationships. The summary provides an overview of the different alternative methods discussed in the document like in vitro toxicity testing, in chemico tests, computer-assisted learning programs, microfluidic chips and in silico models. The use of these alternatives can help reduce animal experiments while making toxicity testing more accurate and reliable.
Similar to SEX DETECTION IN THE EARLY STAGE OF FERTILIZED CHICKEN EGGSVIA IMAGE RECOGNITION (20)
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
In the era of data-driven warfare, the integration of big data and machine learning (ML) techniques has
become paramount for enhancing defence capabilities. This research report delves into the applications of
big data and ML in the defence sector, exploring their potential to revolutionize intelligence gathering,
strategic decision-making, and operational efficiency. By leveraging vast amounts of data and advanced
algorithms, these technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for threat detection, predictive analysis,
and optimized resource allocation. However, their adoption also raises critical concerns regarding data
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understanding of the current state of big data and ML in defence, while examining the challenges and
ethical considerations that must be addressed to ensure responsible and effective implementation.
Cloud Computing, being one of the most recent innovative developments of the IT world, has been
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SMEs in the United States. Relevant literature connected to the variables of interest in this study was
reviewed, and secondary data was generated and utilized in the analysis section of this paper. The findings
of this paper revealed that there have been meaningful contributions that the usage of virtualization has
made in the commercial dealings of small firms in the United States, and this has also been reflected in the
economic growth of the country. This paper further revealed that as important as cloud-based software is,
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and hence have failed to adopt it. Apart from the SMEs, some notable large firms in different industries,
including information and educational services, have adopted cloud computing technology and hence
contributed to the economic growth of the United States. Lastly, findings from our inferential statistics
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adoption of cloud computing. Both categories of businesses adopt cloud computing in the same way, and
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Energy-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have garnered significant research interest in
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challenging and resource-constrained environments. By facilitating collaboration among sensor nodes,
Cooperative MIMO enhances reliability, coverage, and energy efficiency in WSN deployments.
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The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication. IJCSIT publishes original research papers and review papers, as well as auxiliary material such as: research papers, case studies, technical reports etc.
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and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking
Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This
gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are
utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the
server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost
to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be
connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
Welcome to AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT), your gateway to the latest advancements in the dynamic fields of Computer Science and Information Systems.
Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) are computer-based tutoring systems that deal with
linguistic skills. Adding intelligence in such systems is mainly based on using Natural Language
Processing (NLP) tools to diagnose student errors, especially in language grammar. However, most such
systems do not consider the modeling of student competence in linguistic skills, especially for the Arabic
language. In this paper, we will deal with basic grammar concepts of the Arabic language taught for the
fourth grade of the elementary school in Egypt. This is through Arabic Grammar Trainer (AGTrainer)
which is an Intelligent CALL. The implemented system (AGTrainer) trains the students through different
questions that deal with the different concepts and have different difficulty levels. Constraint-based student
modeling (CBSM) technique is used as a short-term student model. CBSM is used to define in small grain
level the different grammar skills through the defined skill structures. The main contribution of this paper
is the hierarchal representation of the system's basic grammar skills as domain knowledge. That
representation is used as a mechanism for efficiently checking constraints to model the student knowledge
and diagnose the student errors and identify their cause. In addition, satisfying constraints and the number
of trails the student takes for answering each question and fuzzy logic decision system are used to
determine the student learning level for each lesson as a long-term model. The results of the evaluation
showed the system's effectiveness in learning in addition to the satisfaction of students and teachers with its
features and abilities.
In the realm of computer security, the importance of efficient and reliable user authentication methods has
become increasingly critical. This paper examines the potential of mouse movement dynamics as a
consistent metric for continuous authentication. By analysing user mouse movement patterns in two
contrasting gaming scenarios, "Team Fortress" and "Poly Bridge," we investigate the distinctive
behavioral patterns inherent in high-intensity and low-intensity UI interactions. The study extends beyond
conventional methodologies by employing a range of machine learning models. These models are carefully
selected to assess their effectiveness in capturing and interpreting the subtleties of user behavior as
reflected in their mouse movements. This multifaceted approach allows for a more nuanced and
comprehensive understanding of user interaction patterns. Our findings reveal that mouse movement
dynamics can serve as a reliable indicator for continuous user authentication. The diverse machine
learning models employed in this study demonstrate competent performance in user verification, marking
an improvement over previous methods used in this field. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to
enhance computer security and highlights the potential of leveraging user behavior, specifically mouse
dynamics, in developing robust authentication systems.
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
Image segmentation and classification tasks in computer vision have proven to be highly effective using neural networks, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). These tasks have numerous
practical applications, such as in medical imaging, autonomous driving, and surveillance. CNNs are capable
of learning complex features directly from images and achieving outstanding performance across several
datasets. In this work, we have utilized three different datasets to investigate the efficacy of various preprocessing and classification techniques in accurssedately segmenting and classifying different structures
within the MRI and natural images. We have utilized both sample gradient and Canny Edge Detection
methods for pre-processing, and K-means clustering have been applied to segment the images. Image
augmentation improves the size and diversity of datasets for training the models for image classification
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
This research aims to further understanding in the field of continuous authentication using behavioural
biometrics. We are contributing a novel dataset that encompasses the gesture data of 15 users playing
Minecraft with a Samsung Tablet, each for a duration of 15 minutes. Utilizing this dataset, we employed
machine learning (ML) binary classifiers, being Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and
Support Vector Classifier (SVC), to determine the authenticity of specific user actions. Our most robust
model was SVC, which achieved an average accuracy of approximately 90%, demonstrating that touch
dynamics can effectively distinguish users. However, further studies are needed to make it viable option
for authentication systems. You can access our dataset at the following
link:https://github.com/AuthenTech2023/authentech-repo
This paper discusses the capabilities and limitations of GPT-3 (0), a state-of-the-art language model, in the
context of text understanding. We begin by describing the architecture and training process of GPT-3, and
provide an overview of its impressive performance across a wide range of natural language processing
tasks, such as language translation, question-answering, and text completion. Throughout this research
project, a summarizing tool was also created to help us retrieve content from any types of document,
specifically IELTS (0) Reading Test data in this project. We also aimed to improve the accuracy of the
summarizing, as well as question-answering capabilities of GPT-3 (0) via long text
In the realm of computer security, the importance of efficient and reliable user authentication methods has
become increasingly critical. This paper examines the potential of mouse movement dynamics as a
consistent metric for continuous authentication. By analysing user mouse movement patterns in two
contrasting gaming scenarios, "Team Fortress" and "Poly Bridge," we investigate the distinctive
behavioral patterns inherent in high-intensity and low-intensity UI interactions. The study extends beyond
conventional methodologies by employing a range of machine learning models. These models are carefully
selected to assess their effectiveness in capturing and interpreting the subtleties of user behavior as
reflected in their mouse movements. This multifaceted approach allows for a more nuanced and
comprehensive understanding of user interaction patterns. Our findings reveal that mouse movement
dynamics can serve as a reliable indicator for continuous user authentication. The diverse machine
learning models employed in this study demonstrate competent performance in user verification, marking
an improvement over previous methods used in this field. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to
enhance computer security and highlights the potential of leveraging user behavior, specifically mouse
dynamics, in developing robust authentication systems.
Image segmentation and classification tasks in computer vision have proven to be highly effective using neural networks, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). These tasks have numerous
practical applications, such as in medical imaging, autonomous driving, and surveillance. CNNs are capable
of learning complex features directly from images and achieving outstanding performance across several
datasets. In this work, we have utilized three different datasets to investigate the efficacy of various preprocessing and classification techniques in accurssedately segmenting and classifying different structures
within the MRI and natural images. We have utilized both sample gradient and Canny Edge Detection
methods for pre-processing, and K-means clustering have been applied to segment the images. Image
augmentation improves the size and diversity of datasets for training the models for image classification.
This work highlights transfer learning’s effectiveness in image classification using CNNs and VGG 16 that
provides insights into the selection of pre-trained models and hyper parameters for optimal performance.
We have proposed a comprehensive approach for image segmentation and classification, incorporating preprocessing techniques, the K-means algorithm for segmentation, and employing deep learning models such
as CNN and VGG 16 for classification.
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The security of Electric Vehicle (EV) charging has gained momentum after the increase in the EV adoption
in the past few years. Mobile applications have been integrated into EV charging systems that mainly use a
cloud-based platform to host their services and data. Like many complex systems, cloud systems are
susceptible to cyberattacks if proper measures are not taken by the organization to secure them. In this
paper, we explore the security of key components in the EV charging infrastructure, including the mobile
application and its cloud service. We conducted an experiment that initiated a Man in the Middle attack
between an EV app and its cloud services. Our results showed that it is possible to launch attacks against
the connected infrastructure by taking advantage of vulnerabilities that may have substantial economic and
operational ramifications on the EV charging ecosystem. We conclude by providing mitigation suggestions
and future research directions.
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
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- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
SEX DETECTION IN THE EARLY STAGE OF FERTILIZED CHICKEN EGGSVIA IMAGE RECOGNITION
1. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 15, No 2, April 2023
DOI:10.5121/ijcsit.2023.15202 19
SEX DETECTION IN THE EARLY STAGE OF
FERTILIZED CHICKEN EGGSVIA IMAGE
RECOGNITION
Ufuk Asil and Efendi Nasibov
Department of Computer Science, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Culling newly hatched male chicks in industrial hatcheries poses a serious ethical problem. Both laying
and broiler breeders need males, but it is a problem because they are produced more than needed. Being
able to determine the sex of chicks in the egg at the beginning or early stage of incubation can eliminate
ethical problems as well as many additional costs. When we look at the literature, the methods used are
very costly, low in applicability, invasive, inadequate in accuracy, or too late to eliminate ethical problems.
Considering the embryo's development, the earliest observed candidate feature for sex determination is
blood vessels. Detection from blood vessels can eliminate ethical issues, and these vessels can be seen
when light is shined into the egg until the first seven days. In this study, sex determination was made by
morphological analysis from embryonic vascular images obtained in the first week when the light was
shined into the egg using a standard camera without any invasive procedure to the egg.
KEYWORDS
In Ovo Sexing, Sexing of Chicken Embryo, Chicken Egg Gender, Image Processing
1. INTRODUCTION
If the chicks hatched in industrial hatcheries are male, the surplus of male chicks results in
culling. It is a serious ethical problem to annihilate male chicks in hatcheries when they are only
one day old. In Germany alone, approximately 42 million male chicks are culled annually. In
Europe, 300 million overall. In France, with the decree published in the Official Gazette in 2022,
killing the male chicks hatched from the eggs in the hatcheries that produce laying hens is
prohibited. The law states that eggs can be killed by selection in the first 15 days of the 21-day
incubation period, and any culling after 15 days is prohibited [1]. In Germany, a similar law will
be enacted in 2024, banning embryo culling after the first seven days [2]. It is foreseen that such
laws will become widespread daily, especially in Europe. In commercial hatcheries, eggs can be
used as food when sexing is known before the eggs are incubated. This does not seem possible
without an invasive method. Determining the sex in the early hatching stage can partially
eliminate the ethical problems and additional costs. Eggs of male embryos can be used as an
alternative feed raw material or as ingredients for industrial products.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
When we look at the literature, the methods used for sex determination in chicks can be divided
into two: classical and modern [3]. Classical methods include looking at the cloaca of the chicks
after hatching and looking at the color and shape of the feathers. Applying classical methods can
create severe economic expenses, such as occupying space in the incubators, energy costs, and
trained personnel, considering that half of the eggs in the facilities are male. Modern methods are
2. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 15, No 2, April 2023
20
accepted, such as measuring estrogen from allantoic fluid, observing vessels, detection of ZZ/ZW
chromosomes, and feather color analysis of the embryo. These methods could not be
commercialized industrially due to the high cost, partial damage to the egg, low accuracy, or late-
stage sex determination. In addition, invasive methods such as needle insertion and perforation
cause low hatching rates [4].
2.1. Pre-Incubation Methods
The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique can determine the exact location of the
blastodermin the yolk [5]. Sex gene sequences can be obtained from 4-400 cells in the blastoderm
by biopsy, and sex can be determined by PCR[6][7] With flow cytometry, cells in a suspension
are passed through a chamber illuminated by laser light. The analysis is done by evaluating the
fluorescent signals cells give as they pass in front of the light. Feedback may be the physical
properties of the cell, such as size, as well as the information on the various fluorochromes that
bind to the cell. Thus, information about multiple properties, such as cell DNA content, enzyme
activities, cell membrane potential, and viability, can be collected [8] [9].
In some studies, it has been determined that there is a low correlation between the shape index of
Branta canadensis goose eggs and embryo sex [10].
2.2. Incubation Methods
The level of estrogen hormone from the mother decreases in the first developmental stage of the
embryo in the egg, and each sex produces its hormone as the embryo develops. Hormones differ
in growing embryos [11]. Sex can be determined by taking 20 μl of allantoic fluid from the
incubated eggs (between 15-17 days) and analyzing oestradiol by the radio-immune method.
Studies are ongoing to make this method commercially available [12] [13].
In another method developed by Weissmann et al., oestradiol, estrone sulfate, and testosterone
levels in the allantoic fluid are analyzed by enzyme immunoassay Elisa method on the 9th day of
incubation.This method can be used for gender determination at a rate of 98% [14]. However,
this method is complex and invasive since a needle is inserted into the egg. Since the test results
can be obtained in about 4 hours, its applicability in industrial poultry is low.
Ultrasonography gets information by reflecting high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) applied
to incubated eggs from different tissue surfaces. Using real-time B-mode ultrasonography, the
embryo's morphological structure, and developmental stage in the egg can be monitored every
period [15].
The number of heartbeats may differ according to gender in the embryo [16]. It isn't easy to
monitor the heartbeat in embryos before the 15th day. Studies have shown that, as in adults, the
heart rate of females in embryos between 15 and 20 days is different from that of males.
Although the study is old, it is inspiring as the beginning of modern methods.
Researchers at the University of Dresden, Germany, reported that using spectroscopic techniques,
gender can be determined with an accuracy of 95% by studies based on the embryo's blood
vessels in the egg [4]. On the 3rd day of embryo development, blood vessels begin to form, while
nerve cells are not functional [17]. For this reason, the researchers idealized the 3rd day ethically
in their studies.In the method, a small hole was drilled in the upper part of the egg without
damaging the membrane, blood vessels and heart on the yolk were monitored, and the
biochemical properties of the embryo vessels were visualized with a spectrometer. Researchers
claim that 3.5-day-old male and female embryos can be classified with the help of computers [4].
3. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 15, No 2, April 2023
21
In this method, the researchers stated that they could distinguish between sexes with 90% success
by performing spectrum analysis in the blood circulating in the vessels of the outer part of the
embryo [4]. The first day that the feathers of the embryos appear during the incubation period is
the 9th day. Brown chickens are one of the dominant breeds in industrial chicken breeding farms.
Gender discrimination can be made by looking at the color of thefeathers of these chickens after
hatching. Studies claim that 95% of sex determination is made between 11-14 days of incubation
with hyperspectral imaging [18]. It has not been foreseen that this gender determination method
could be performed in all genders.
2.3. Post-incubation methods
The vent method, one of the industry's most widely used traditional methods, was first described
by Japanese scientists [19]. This method, in which 1-day-old chicks are selected by looking at the
cloaca, is also known as the Japanese technique. Experts who receive serious training are
expected to discriminate between 800-1200 chicks per hour with 1-3% error to meet industrial
standards.
Gender discrimination can be made by using the length of the feathers on the wings of a few
days-old chicks [20] [21]. This feathering rate in chicks is determined by genes related to sex.
Slow pubescence dominates fast pubescence [22]. Therefore, the difference in length between the
wing feathers and cover feathers of a few day-old chicks can be easily distinguished. By using
this feature, gender discrimination in many races can be made widely [23].
Figure 1. Chick sex determination methods in the literature
In Figure 1, the primary methods in the literature are visualized. Considering the methods, our
method is an excellent candidate to eliminate ethical problems as it does not harm the egg and
can only be observed in the first stage of the egg. Currently, various devices called ovoscopes are
used in commercial hatcheries to check for anomalies in the egg and whether the egg is fertilized.
The method we have developed provides an additional gain rather than an additional expense, as
it can make all the diagnostics made by the ovoscope based on artificial intelligence.
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study used broiler and Atak-S chicken eggs, the most used chicken breeds in industrial egg
production. As seen in Figure 2a, the eggs were examined in 2 different incubation periods, with
approximately 120 eggs in each incubation. Two 200-lumen LED light sources were given from
two opposite poles to the inside of the eggs. LED light sources that emit less heat have been
chosen because high heat can potentially damage embryo development in the egg. The light was
turned on only during data collection so that the egg did not encounter high temperatures. Photos
were taken on days 3,5 and 7 by rotating it in 10 steps to make a full tour.
4. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 15, No 2, April 2023
22
Figure 2. Data collection process
As the eggs are numbered on the 18th day of hatching, as seen in Figure 2b, the eggs were placed
in pouches so the chicks would not mix. The chicks hatched, as seen in Figure 2c, are
renumbered with bracelets.
4. IMAGE PROCESSING
It is well-known that image processing techniques in computer vision improve quality in
applications such as classification. When we look at the literature, as seen in Figure 3, the embryo
image in the first seven days of incubation is very similar to the eye image used for the diagnosis
of Diabetic Retinopathy[24]. Studies on sex determination from hatching eggs are still in their
infancy, and there is no pioneering method in the literature. A field of study investigating how
chick embryos' vascular structures in broods differ according to sex has not yet been developed.
For this reason, in this study, some morphological processes were applied sequentially, as in
Diabetic Retinopathy, to increase the visibility of embryo vessels as features.
Figure 3. Similarity between Diabetic Retinopathy diagnosis and Incubation Embryo image[24]
As shown in Figure 4 below, it aims to reduce unnecessary data input into the system in the
photos obtained from the egg. Since egg sizes vary a lot, a threshold was applied on the grey
image, and cropping was applied to all photos with this data. When we look at the overall photos
of the embryo in the egg, one of the most critical problems is the inability to visualize the vessels
originating from the eggshell. Although this blur effect seems to be a problem initially, the
Gaussian blur effect can have a positive impact when used to extract data from the picture using
methods such as Adaptive GaussianThresholding [25] [26]. Unfortunately, there is no study
investigating the effect of the blur effect of eggshells on sex determination.
5. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 15, No 2, April 2023
23
Histogram equalization (HE); aims to increase the features by spreading the region where the
values in the picture are most intense to its neighbors, that is, by extending the density range.
Contrast Limited Adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) unlike histogram equalization (HE),
performs an equalization by dividing the image into blocks instead of the overall photos. Looking
at the incubated eggs, it is seen that there are many different variable contrasts in vascularization.
J.A. Stark clearly stated that contrast differences in vessel imaging with CLAHE eliminate the
disadvantages of HE [27].
As shown in Figure 4, increasing the contrast with the Contrast Limited Adaptive histogram
equalization (CLAHE) method is helpful for better visualization of vessels [27].
It is known that some noise may occur in the image with Histogram equalization, as shown in
Figure 4. To reduce this noise effect, it is beneficial to apply Median blur to the photo [28].
The blood vessels were segmented, as shown in Figure 3 using the threshold So that The blood
vessels are slightly more visible than the rest of the image. It is obvious that highlighting the
features of segments carrying information in biological classifications will increase the success
rate. By following the flowchart shown in Figure 4, the picture in which noise was removed with
the median blur effect and the segmented picture of the veins were combined to maximize the
meaningful data in the picture [29].
Figure 4. Image processing techniques
6. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 15, No 2, April 2023
24
5. DATA ANALYSIS
While small scores were obtained that would not make sense in classifications made without
applying any image processing method, successful results were obtained in gender determination
in the incubation early stage after image processing. 112 photos independent of training photos
were taken from Atak-S and Broiler eggs on the 3,5 and 7 days of incubation and were classified
using the Resnet-50 [30], Vgg-16 [31], and Inception-V4 [32] models. The results were obtained
as in Table 1.
After 7 days, the images obtained from the fertilized egg in the incubator were not considered as
early stage and because the light transmittance of the egg was visibly reduced, no classification
was made. As can be seen from Table 1, the clarification of veining with image processing in
high-resolution photographs of fertilized eggs in the early hatching stage makes it partially
possible to determine the sex of the hatched chicks.
As seen in Table 1, the highest score belongs to the classification algorithm of the Inception V4
model on the 5th day. This result shows that the light-operated cameras, which are related to the
loss of light permeability of the fluid in the egg, can reveal the sex feature on the 5th day at best.
6. CONCLUSION
Considering the laws enacted by European countries regarding the culling of chicks, methods of
sex determination in chicks will change radically around the world. In parallel with this, when we
look at the literature, it is clear that pre-incubation and early-stage sex determinations are
permanent solutions. The main reason why most of these methods are not commercialized is the
cost, technical difficulty, and time factor. Our study is very open to improvement as it is the first
study in the literature. Although our study did not have a high success rate, providing
vascularization of the embryo close to the eggshell by methods such as obtaining the image from
the bottom or not moving the egg for the first three days may allow us to get a clear and stable
vascular picture in each egg. Likewise, since the data is not received with expensive industrial
equipment, the method can be functional even with a mobile phone outside the industry. More
stable methods can be developed by combining them with various methods.
7. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 15, No 2, April 2023
25
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AUTHORS
Ufuk Asil is a Ph.D. student at the Department of Computer Science, Dokuz Eylul
University, Izmir, Turkey. He has been a Police officer since 2010. He received his
master's degree in Nanoscience and Nanoengineering from Dokuz Eylul University.
His research interests include Image Processing and Neuromorphic chip design. My
personal website
Efendi Nasibov (Nasiboglu ) received a B.Sc. and M.Sc. Degrees in the Applied
Mathematics Department from Baku State University, Azerbaijan, and a Ph.D. degree
in Mathematical Cybernetics (Moscow) and a Dr.Sc. of Computer Science degree from
the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Science of Azerbaijan. He is currently a
full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir,
Turkey. His research interests are in the application of Fuzzy Modelling, Data Mining,
and AI techniques in Decision-Making problems.