The document outlines various water treatment techniques for industrial and domestic use, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate methods based on water quality, cost, space, and environmental impact. It also discusses the chemistry of fuels, including their combustion processes, and defines polymerization, detailing types of polymers and their properties. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of polymers in everyday products and their diverse applications in modern life.

1. PROFICIENCY PRESENTATION
SUBMITTED BY –YASH JAIN SUBMITTED TO – DR. SUNITA SHARMA
0901AI231077 PROFESSOR
MADHAV INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,
GWALIOR
CHEMISTRY

2. CO1 SELECT THE BEST TECHNIQUE FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
DOMESTIC WATERTREATMENT
 Water treatment is crucial for ensuring
safe and clean water in both industrial
and domestic settings. The selection of
the most appropriate water treatment
technique is paramount for meeting
water quality standards and ensuring
public health.

3. CO1 SELECT THE BEST TECHNIQUE FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
DOMESSTIC WATERTREATMENT
• Industrial Techniques:
• Filtration (Reverse Osmosis, Ion Exchange):
Removal of dissolved solids and ions through
membranes or exchange resins.
• Electrodeionization: Continuous removal of
ions from water using ion-exchange
membranes and an applied electrical potential.
• Domestic Techniques:
• Chlorination: Disinfection by adding chlorine
compounds.
• UV Disinfection: Use of ultraviolet light to
destroy pathogens.
• Filtration (Activated Carbon, Membrane):
Removal of impurities through adsorption or
physical barriers.

4. CO1 SELECT THE BEST TECHNIQUE FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
DOMWSTIC WATERTREATMENT
• Water Quality Requirements: Consider
parameters such as pH, hardness, and
microbiological contaminants.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Evaluate initial capital costs,
operational expenses, and maintenance
requirements.
• Space and Maintenance Needs: Assess available
space for installation and the level of expertise
required for maintenance.
• Environmental Concerns: Consider the
environmental impact of the treatment process,
including energy consumption and waste
generation.

5. CO2 : DISTINGUISH THE CHEMISTRY OF
VARIOUS FUELS AND THEIR COMBUSTION
Fuel Types and their Chemical Composition
 Fuels come in many forms, each with a unique chemical
makeup. Gasoline, for example, is a complex mixture of
hydrocarbons, while natural gas is primarily composed of
methane. Understanding the chemistry of these fuels is crucial
for optimizing their combustion and minimizing environmental
impact.

6. CO2 : DISTINGUISH THE CHEMISTRY OF
VARIOUS FUELS AND THEIR COMBUSTION
The Chemistry of Combustion Reactions
Ignition : Combustion begins with the ignition of the fuel, which
starts a rapid, exothermic reaction.
Oxidation : The fuel molecules react with oxygen, breaking down
and releasing energy in the form of heat and light.
Byproducts : The combustion process also produces various
byproducts, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and potentially
harmful emissions.

7. CO4 : DESCRIBE POLYMERIZATION MECHANISM AND TYPES OF
POLYMERS,THEIR PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION
What Is Polymerization?
 Polymerization is a process through which a large number of monomer molecules
react together to form a polymer. The macromolecules produced from a
polymerization may have a linear or a branched structure. They can also assume
the shape of a complex, three-dimensional network. There exist several categories
of polymerization reactions; the most important ones are step-growth
polymerization, chain-growth polymerization (both fall under the category of
addition polymerization), and condensation polymerization.
 A polymer is a substance that is made up of very large molecules that are, in turn,
made up of many repeating units called monomers. Polymerization is the process
through which these monomers come together to form the macromolecules that
constitute polymers.

8. CO4 : DESCRIBE POLYMERIZATION MECHANISM AND TYPES OF
POLYMERS,THEIR PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION
 Mechanism of Polymerization : Generally, polymerization consists of three steps which
include initiation, propagation, and termination. As for the reaction mechanism, the process of
polymerization mainly involves two different methods, the step-growth mechanism and the chain-
growth mechanism.
 Types of Polymers
• Natural Polymers : They occur naturally and are found in plants and animals. For example,
proteins, starch, cellulose and rubber. To add up, we also have biodegradable polymers called
biopolymers.
• Semi-synthetic Polymers : They are derived from naturally occurring polymers and undergo
further chemical modification. For example, cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate.
• Synthetic Polymers: These are human-made polymers. Plastic is the most common and widely
used synthetic polymer. It is used in industries and various dairy products. For example, nylon-6, 6,
polyether, etc.

9. CO4 : DESCRIBE POLYMERIZATION MECHANISM AND TYPES OF
POLYMERS,THEIR PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION
Properties and Application of Polymers
 Physical Properties
• As chain length and cross-linking increase, the tensile strength of the polymer increases.
• Polymers do not melt, and they change state from crystalline to semi-crystalline.
 Chemical Properties
• Dipole-dipole bonding side chains enable the polymer for high flexibility.
• Polymers with Van der Waals forces linking chains are known to be weak but give the polymer a low melting point.
 Optical Properties
• Due to their ability to change their refractive index with temperature, as in the case of PMMA and HEMA: MMA, they are used in lasers for
applications in spectroscopy and analytical applications.
 The rapid increase in demand for the manufactured products introduce the new materials. These new materials are polymers, and their impact on the
present way of life is almost incalculable. Product made from polymers are all around us: clothing made from synthetic fibers, polyethylene cups,
fiberglass, nylon bearings, plastic bags, polymer-based paints, epoxy glue, polyurethane foam cushion, silicone heart valves, and Teflon-coated cookware.
The list is almost endless.

10. THANKYOU