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Cns Anatomy Slides
- 1. Brain Anatomy Slidescourtesy of Dr. Maria Rubio General Rule: The functional and anatomical organization of sensory processing networks is hierarchical 3rd order neuron 2nd order neuron 1st order neuron
- 2. Gross Anatomy ofthe Spinal Cord Spinal Nerves: 8 Cervical nerves Neck, shoulder, arms and hands 12 Thoracic nerves Shoulders, chest, and upper abdomen 5 lumbar nerves Lower abdomen, hips and legs 5 sacral nerves Genitals and lower digestive tract Figure 16-1 M Figure 13-2 Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord Cross Section: Gray matter Gray due to cell bodies In CNS, gray matter also = synapses White Matter White due to myelin; = axons (both myelinated and unmyelinated) Dorsal Horn Ventral Horn Ventral Root Dorsal Root Cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons No synapses Dorsal Root Ganglion
- 3. Note functional Sectional organization of gray matter Anatomy of the Spinal Cord See 16.4M Figure 6-41 V; 16.3M Dorsal Columns Fiber Tracts: Fasciculus cuneatus Fasciculus gracilis Ascending (Sensory) Anterolateral columns Tracts Note functional E.g., spinothalamic tracts organization of WHITE Spinocerebellar tracts matter
- 4. Fiber Tracts: Descending(Motor) Tracts Ventromedial System Reticulospinal Vestibulospinal Tectospinal Anterior Corticospinal Dorsolateral System Rubrospinal Lateral Corticospinal Pyramidal; extrapyramidal terminology is outdated! Spinal Nerves Peripheral Nerve Structure
- 5. Dermatomes Figure16.6 M Nerve Plexuses A network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves Rami (pl.) ramus – primary division of a nerve or blood vessel Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus
- 6. Cervical Plexus C1– C4 Innervates neck (sensory and motor) Phrenic nerve (C3 - 4) Innervates diaphragm (so you can breathe!) Figure 16.8 M Brachial Plexus C5 – T1 Sensory/motor innervation of upper extremity More complex than cervical plexuses Anterior rami Trunks Divisions Cords Figure 16.9 M
- 7. Lumbar Plexus L1– L4 Supply lower limb of each side Less complex than brachial plexus Figure 16.10 M Sacral Plexus L4 – S4 Supply gluteal region, plevis, perineum, and lower limb of each side Together with Lumbar plexus as lumbosacral plexus Figure 16.11 M
- 8. Components of ReflexArc See also Figure 16.12 M Example of Deep Tendon Reflex Patellar tendon (“knee jerk”) reflex Clinical usefulness
- 9. Monosynaptic (Knee Jerk)and Disynaptic (Flexor Withdrawal) Reflexes Figure 16.13 M Clinical usefulness of reflexes – see table 16.6 M Muscle tone
- 10. Slides courtesy ofDr. Maria Rubio Sagittal Plane Coronal Plane
- 11. Brainstem Brainstem Medulla Pons Midbran Rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors Posterior View Medulla • Centers for cardiovascular and respiratory regulation • Cranial nerve nuclei • Reticular Medulla formation Pons • Cranial nerve nuclei, tracts • Reticular formation Pons
- 12. Midbrain • Superior Colliculus • Eye / Head orientation movements • Inferior Colliculus • Tracts, nuclei • Reticular formation Midbrain RETICULAR FORMATION • > 100 Nuclei • Extends throughout brainstem • Receives info from all over brain • Projects throughout brain Cerebellum Cerebellar peduncles • Receives visual, vestibular, proprioceptive input • spinocerebellar tracts • Functions include coordination Figure 15-22 M
- 13. (Brainstem and) Diencephalon Posterior View Diencephalon Epithalamus Thalamus • Sensory relay center Hypothalamus • “Homeostasis”
- 14. Sagittal Thalamus Coronal Sagittal Hypothalamus Coronal Autonomic Functions
- 15. Cerebral Hemispheres Superior View Anterior View Lateral View Ventral View Posterior View Superior View
- 16.
- 17. Cortex: Correlate Lobeswith Function ridges Shallow separation Frontal Motor, speech, personality, emotion Frontal lobotomies Parietal Somatosensory cortex, voluntary movement Occipital Vision Temporal Hearing, balance, visual processing Figure 15-1 M Lateral View
- 18. White Fiber Tracts Projection fibers Commisural fibers Association fibers
- 19. Human Brain: coronalsections Frontal Caudal Basal Ganglia Nuclei important in motor control Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus Subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra
- 20. Internal Capsule Between putamen-globus pallidus and thalamus Major projection of fibers to/from cortex Common CVA (stroke) site Rhinencephalon Phylogenetically ancient cortex Olfactory bulb + tract Fornix Limbic system Amygdala Hippocampus
- 21. Limbic System Emotionalbrain Shape of a ring (around diencephalon) Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampus Amygdala Olfactory bulbs Fornix Diencephalon nuclei Corpus Callosum: connects cerebral hemispheres (with commisural fibers) Figure 15-3 M Cerebral Hemispheres: Frontal section at a: Gray matter (cell bodies – in CNS, also SYNAPSES) White matter (axons)
- 22. Figure 15-3 M Cerebellumand Brainstem (section at b): Gray matter (cell bodies + synapses) White matter (axons) Figure 15-3 M Medulla (lower brainstem; section at c): Gray matter (cell bodies + synapses) White matter (axons)
- 23. Figure 15-3 M SpinalCord (section at d): Gray matter (cell bodies + synapses) White matter (axons) Cranial Nerves See lecture outline for functions of each. Ventral View
- 24. Ventricles (with CSF) Research Martin Styner The brain is a hollow organ Brain Ventricles Figure 15-6 M
- 25. Cranial Meninges Figure 15-5 M Cranial Meninges Dura mater Arachnoid Arachnoid Pia mater
- 26. Spinal Meninges Figure 16.2 M Figure 13–3 Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) Surrounds brain & spinal cord; circulates through ventricles Cushions; protection Formed in choroid plexus by ependymal cells Blood-brain barrier limits the flow of solutes into CSF Materials which easily pass across the BBB: Glucose, AAs, certain ions, fatty acids, nicotine, CO, CO2 BBB restricts these materials: Recall role of ASTROCYTES and Blood, wastes (e.g. urea), TIGHT JUNCTIONS in forming BBB proteins, K+ ions
- 27. See also Figure15-8 M Vascularization
- 28. The major arterialsupply to the brain Middle Cerebral A. Anterior Cerebral A. Posterior Cerebral A. Bas ilar a Internal Carotid A. Vertebral A. Circle of Willis collateral circulation
- 29. Anterior cerebral art. Middle cerebral art. Posterior cerebral art.