1. The document provides mnemonics and summaries to aid in remembering various anatomical structures and their relationships. 2. It covers gastrointestinal system structures, embryological development, retroperitoneal structures, muscles of the larynx, and branches of the internal pudendal artery. 3. Further topics include the liver and its ligaments, lengths of the duodenum, vitamins and associated conditions of hypervitaminosis.

1. By the Name of Allah, The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful
GI system mnemonics
embryo
Endodermal pouches
Endodermal pouches form the following organs / glands:
You have 1 tongue and 2 tonsils
 So from Ventral part of 1st Endodermal pouch forms the tongue
 From ventral part of 2nd Endodermal pouch forms tonsils
From THIrd endodermal pouch forms THymus and Inferior parathyroid
Note that superior parathyroid and follicular C - cells of thyroid forms
from the 4th endodermal pouch (The superior and more complicated
one arises from the fourth)
Foregut derivatives
"Little Embryo People Do Like Swallowing, Producing Gas":
Lungs
Esophagus
Pancreas
Duodenum (proximal)
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Gall bladder
anatomy
Liver: side with ligamentum venosum/ caudate lobe vs. side with
quadrate lobe/ ligamentum teres "VC goes with VC":
The Venosum and Caudate is on same side as Vena Cava [posterior].
Therefore, quadrate and teres must be on anterior by default.

2. Retroperitoneal structures list
SAD PUCKER:
Suprarenal glands
Aorta & IVC
Duodenum (half)
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending & descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus (anterior & left covered)
Rectum
Lengths of 4 parts of Duodenum ( Remember : 1-2-3-4 = 2-3-4-1 ) :
1st part = 2 inches
2nd part = 3"
3rd part = 4"
4th part = 1"
To remember the lengths , remember the story of a tiger, which ate a
dozen doctors who had gone to the forest for a picnic, including the
famous Doctor Indiana Jones. News reported in
Radio: One (tiger) Ate 12 (1-8-12) , includingDr. Indiana Jones referring
to 1, 8 and 12 feets, which are the respective lengths
of Duodenum, Ileum and Jejunum.
All muscles of LARynx are supplied by RECcurent laryngeal nerve
except the CRICothyroid"
Medial pterygoid closes your mouth - When you say "M" you have to
close your mouth.
Lateral pterygoid opens your mouth - When you say "L" you have to
open your mouth.

3. Hyoid bone: muscle
attachments "Christ, He Didn't Screw Girls Much. That's Obvious, Stupi
d":
· The first sentence is for 6 muscles attaching superiorly, the second
sentence is for 3 muscles attaching inferiorly.
· Both sentences are in order from lateral to medial:
Constricter (middle)
Hyoglossus
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Myloyoid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Internal pudendal branches "I Pee Pee But Don't Dump!":
Inferior rectal
Posterior scrotal (or labial)
Perineal
Bulb
Deep artery
Dorsal artery
Pharma
Drugs causing hepatic necrosis
Remember "Very Angry Hepatocytes":
Valproic acid
Acetaminophen
Halothane
Somatostatins inhibits G4TIP:
Growth hormone
Gastrin
Glucagon

4. Gastric acid
TSH
Insulin
Pancreatic enzyme
Vitamins and Hypervitaminosis
Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E, K (Remember FADEK)
Hypervitaminosis A causes Anomalies (teratogenicity)
Hypervitaminosis E causes necrotising Enterocolitis
Hypervitaminosis K causes Kernicterus due to hemolysis
patho
Ulcerative colitis: definition of a severe attack A STATE:
Anemia less than 10g/dl
Stool frequency greater than 6 stools/day with blood
Temperature greater than 37.5
Albumin less than 30g/L
Tachycardia greater than 90bpm
ESR greater than 30mm/hr
What is the problem in Criggler NaJJar & Gillbert syndrome?
The defect is in CoNJuGatIon
(SF-LP)
Sago spleen - Amyloid deposit in Follicles
Lardaceous spleen - Amyloid deposits mostly in Pulp
Causes of Chronic Diarrhoea
Remember the 5 Cs as Causes of Chronic diarrhoea:
Crohn's disease
Colitis (Ulcerative) or Ulcerative Colitis
Coeliac diseases
Cystic fibrosis
Cow's milk intolerance

5. Bilirubin: common causes for increased levels "HOT Liver":
Hemolysis
Obstruction
Tumor
Liver disease
Ulcerative colitis: complications "PAST Colitis":
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Ankylosing spondylitis
Sclerosing pericholangitis
Toxic megacolon
Colon carcinoma
Crohn's disease: morphology, symptoms CHRISTMAS:
Cobblestones
High temperature
Reduced lumen
Intestinal fistulae
Skip lesions
Transmural (all layers, may ulcerate)
Malabsorption
Abdominal pain
Submucosal fibrosis
Cirrhosis: causes of hepatic cirrhosis HEPATIC:
Hemochromatosis (primary)
Enzyme deficiency (alpha-1-anti-trypsin)
Post hepatic (infection + drug induced)
Alcoholic
Tyrosinosis
Indian childhood (galactosemia)
Cardiac/ Cholestatic (biliary)/ Cancer/ Copper (Wilson's)

6. Whipple's disease: clinical manifestations SHELDA:
Serositis
Hyperpigmentation of skin
Eating less (weight loss)
Lymphadenopathy
Diarrhea
Arthritis
Liver failure (chronic): signs found on the arms CLAPS:
Clubbing
Leukonychia
Asterixis
Palmar erythema
Scratch marks
Splenomegaly: causes CHIMP:
Cysts
Haematological ( eg CML, myelofibrosis)
Infective (eg viral (IM), bacterial)
Metabolic/ Misc (eg amyloid, Gauchers)
Portal hypertension
Micro
Enteric fever
The investigations to be done in enteric fever: (Remember BASU)
1st week - Blood,
2nd week - Agglutination(WIDAL),
3rd week - Stool,
4th week - Urine

7. H. Pylori treatment regimen (rough guidelines)
· Alternatively: TOMB:
Tetracycline
Omeprazole
Metronidazole
Bismuth
B vitamin names
"The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":
· In increasing order:
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)