4. Articulaciones fibrosas
Los huesos están unidos por tejido fibroso
La longitud del tejido fibroso determina el rango de
movimiento de las articulaciones
11. Cartilaginosas
Están unidas por cartílago hialino o fibrocartilago
ematic model Knee joint
cartilage
Tibia
Infrapatellar
fat pad
(C) Cartilaginous joints
Primary
yndesmosis
ous
e
Articular
cartilage
Intervertebral disc
Secondary
Head of
femur
Epiphysial
plate
Body of
vertebra
Femur
13. Sinfisis Diaphysis
(a) Synchondrosis
Hip bones
Pubic
symphysis
(b) Symphysis
joints are classified functiona
synovial joint are covered by
articular cartilage. The cartil
of the bones with a smooth, s
them together. Articular cartila
in the joint during movement a
Articular Capsule
A sleevelike articular (joint)
encloses the synovial cavity,
The articular capsule is compo
membrane and an inner syno
fibrous membrane usually co
tissue (mostly collagen fibers)
the articulating bones. In fact,
thickened continuation of the p
flexibility of the fibrous mem
ment at a joint, while its gr
stretching) helps prevent the bo
some fibrous membranes are
dense regular connective tissue
What is the structural difference between a synchondrosis
and a symphysis?
?
Fibrocartilago
Anfiartrosis
15. Sinoviales
Consta de una capsula
sinovial
Capa fibrosa
Membrana sinovial
Liquido sinovial
Articulating
bone
Articulating
bone
Articular
cartilage
Synovial (joint)
cavity (contains
synovial fluid)
Frontal
plane
(a) Frontal section
Articular (joint)
capsule:
Periosteum
Fibrous
membrane
Synovial
membrane
POSTERIOR
Articular (joint)
capsule
ANT
Hum
268 CHAPTER 9 • JOINTS
Figure 9.3 Structure of a typical synovial joint. Note the two layers of the articular capsule—the fibrous mem
the synovial membrane. Synovial fluid lubricates the joint cavity between the synovial membrane and
articular cartilage.
The distinguishing feature of a synovial joint is the synovial cavity between the articulating bone
16. Introduction to Clinically Oriented Anatomy
Schematic model(A) Synovial joint Knee joint
Periosteum
Ligament
Compact
bone
Joint cavity
(containing
synovial
fluid)
Fibrous
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Joint
capsule
Articular
cartilage
Femur
Tibia
Meniscus
Infrapatellar
fat pad
Compact
bone
Ulna
Suture
Articular
cartilage
Intervertebral disc
Head of
femur
Epiphysial
ploë (spongy
one between
wo layers of
ompact bone)
Synovial
membrane
Joint cavity
19. (a) Atlanto-occipital and cervical
intervertebral joints
(b) Shoulder joint (c) Elbow joint
(d) Wrist joint (e) Hip joint (f) Knee joint
Flexion
Flexion
Flexion
Extension
Extension
Extension
Extension
Hyperextension
Hyperextension
Flexion
Flexion
Flexion
Extension
Extension
Hyperextension
Hyperextension
following are examples of flexion (as you have probably alread
guessed, extension is simply the reverse of these movements):
Figure 9.5 Angular movements at synovial joints—flexion, extension, hyperextension, and lateral flexion.
In angular movements, there is an increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones.
21. (a) Shoulder joint (b) Wrist joint (c) Hip joint
(d) Metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers (not the thumb)
Abduction Adduction
Abduction
Adduction
Abduction Adduction
Abduction
Adduction
Figure 9.6 Angular movements at synovial joints—abduction and adduction.
Abduction and adduction usually occur along the frontal plane.
Is considering adduction as “adding your limb to your trunk” an effective learning device??
22. (a) Atlanto-axial joint
Rotation
Lateral
rotation
Medial
rotation
Medial
rotation
Lateral
rotation
(c) Hip joint(b) Shoulder joint
adduction. Therefore, circumduction does not occur along a
separate axis or plane of movement. Examples of circumduction
are moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder joint (Figure
9.7a), moving the hand in a circle at the wrist joint, moving the
thumb in a circle at the carpometacarpal joint, moving the fin-
gers in a circle at the metacarpophalangeal joints (between the
Another is turning the trunk from side to side at the in
bral joints while keeping the hips and lower limbs in the
ical position. In the limbs, rotation is defined relativ
midline, and specific qualifying terms are used. If the
surface of a bone of the limb is turned toward the mid
movement is called medial (internal) rotation. You can m
Figure 9.8 Rotation at synovial joints.
In rotation, a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.
How do medial and lateral rotation differ??
23. Elevation
Temporomandibular joint(a)
Depression
(b) Temporomandibular joint(c) (d)
Protraction
Retraction
(e) (f)
Inversion
Eversion
Intertarsal joints (g) Ankle joint
Dorsiflexion
Plantar
flexion
Palm
posterior
Palm
anterior Opposition
(h) Radioulnar joint (i) Carpometacarpal joint
Pronation Supination
Figure 9.9 Special movements at synovial joints.
Special movements occur only at certain synovial joints.
What movement of the shoulder girdle occurs when you bring your arms forward until the elbows touch??
27. Radius Ulna
Humerus
Trochlea
Trochlear
notch
Ulna
(b) Hinge joint between trochlea of humerus
and trochlear notch of ulna at the elbow
pe, a drawing of the actual joint and a simplified diagram are shown.
rincipal types based on the shapes of the articulating bone surfaces.
29. Radius Ulna
Lunate
Scaphoid
(d) Condyloid joint between radius and scaphoid
and lunate bones of carpus (wrist)
(b) Hinge joint between trochlea of humerus
and trochlear notch of ulna at the elbow
