This document discusses the anatomy and types of joints in the human body. It begins by defining kinesiology as the study of movement and notes that joints allow for locomotion even if in small amounts. There are three main types of joints based on movement: synarthrosis which allow little-to-no movement, amphiarthrosis which allow slight movement, and diarthrosis which allow more freedom of movement. Diarthrosis are further classified as synovial joints which have a synovial cavity and more mobility. The document then proceeds to describe the specific structures and examples of various joint types including fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and the six types of synovial joints. It concludes by detailing individual

1. Persendian(artrologi)
Kinesiology:ilmuyangmempelajari tentanggerakansepertilokomosi
Mempunyai kemampuanuntukmenggerakkanmeskipunsedikit
Sendi dibentukoleh2tulang(tulangdengantulang),cartilagodengantulang,gigi dengantulang
Persendian berdasarkan fungsinya :
1. Synarthrosis pergerakansedikit/tidakada  contohsutura,gigi,epiphyseal plate,costa
1
2. Amphiartrosis sedikittulangtibiafibula,diskusintervetebralis,symphisis pubis
3. Diarthrosis lebihleluasasendi glenohumeral,kneedantemporomandibularjoint
Semuadiartrosisadalahsendi synovial yangmempunyaoberbagai bentukdanperbedaan
dalampergerakan
Persendian berdasarkan strukturnya :
Structure Type Example
Cartilagenous Synchondrosis
Symphysis
Epiphyseal plates
Intervertebral discs

2. Fibrous Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphosis
Skull
Distal Tibia/fibula
Teeth in sockets
Synovial Glenohumeral joint
Knee joint
TMJ
 Cartilagenous
 Sychondrosis : Tulang dihubungkan oleh kartilago hialin contohnya antara
costa dan sternum, epiphyseal plate in children binds epiphysis and diaphysis
 Symphisis : 2 tulang dihubungkan oleh fibrocartilago
Contoh symphysis dan diskus intervetebral dan hanya terjadi sedikit
pergerakan

3.  As previously noted, fibrous joints lack a synovial cavity, and

4. the articulating bones are held very closely together by dense irregular connective tissue. Fibrous
joints permit little or no movement. The three types of fibrous joints are sutures, syndesmoses, and
interosseous membran
 Sutura adalah fibrous joint yaitu antara tulang tengkorak. Contohnya sutura coronalantara
tulang parietal dan tulang frontal. Karena sendi ini hampir tidak bergerak/ sedikit maka
diklasifikasikan ke dalam synarthrosis.
 Ghomphosis
Menghubungkan gigi dengan socket dengan ligamen periodontal fibrous, dengan sedikit
gerakan
 Syndesmoses
2 tulang dihubungkan oleh ligamen ex: membran interosseus pada radius-ulna dan tibia fibula,
dan terdapat sedikit gerakan

5.  Synovial joint

6. Sendi antara2 tulangterbagi olehcelah yangdisebut Joint cavity denganpergerakanyang
lebihlues

7.  Tendonattaches muscle to bone
 Ligament attaches bone to bone
Jenis Sendi synovial
1. Ball And Socket Joint/ Sendi Peluru
Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike
depression
a. head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula
b. head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
Multiaxial joint

8. 2. Pivot Joint/ Swivel Joint/ Sendi Kisar
One bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike ligament
of another
First bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the
other
a. atlantoaxial joint (dens and atlas)
b. proximal radioulnar joint allows the radius during
pronation and supination
3. Condyloid Joint/ Sendi Kondiloid
Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly
shaped depression on the next
a. radiocarpal joint of the wrist
b. metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the
fingers
Biaxial joints

9. 4. Saddle Joint/ Ellipsoidal Joint/ Sendi Pelana
Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave in
one direction and convex in the other
a. trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb
Biaxial joint
b. more movable than a condyloid or hinge joint
forming the primate opposable thumb
5. Gliding Joint/ Plane Joint/ Sendi Datar
Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each
other
Limited monoaxial joint
Considered amphiarthroses

10. 6. Hinge Joint/ Sendi Engsel
One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave
depression on other bone
a. ulna and humerus at elbow joint
b. femur and tibia at knee joint
c. finger and toe joints
Monoaxial joint

12. The Humeroscapular Joint
 Most freelymovable jointin the body
 shallownessandlooseness
 deepenedbyglenoidlabrum
 Supportedbyligamentsandtendons
 glenohumeral (superior,middle,inferior),coracohumeral,
transverse humeral and bicepstendonare importantjointstabilizer
 Supportedby rotator cuffmusculature
 tendonsfuse tojointcapsule andstrengthensit
 supraspinatus,infraspinatus,teres minorand subscapularis,
 4 Bursae associatedwithshoulderjoint

13. Penstabil soulderjoint
Tendonsof Rotator CuffMuscles

14.  ShoulderDisorders
The shoulderisthe mostcommonlydislocatedjointinthe body.The majorligamentscross
the superiorpartof the shoulderjoint,andnomajorligamentsormusclesare associatedwiththe
inferiorside.Asaresult,dislocationof the humerusismostlikelytooccurinferiorlyintothe axilla.
Because the axillacontainsveryimportantnervesandarteries,severeandpermanentdamage may
resultfromattemptstorelocate a dislocatedshoulderusinginappropriate techniques.Chronic
shoulderdisordersincludetendonitis(inflammationof tendons),bursitis(inflammationof bursae),
and arthritis(inflammationof joints).
Elbow joint
 Single jointcapsule enclosingthe humeroulnarand humeroradial joints
 Humeroulnar and humeroradial joint is supportedby collateral ligaments.
 Radioulnar joint ishead of radius heldin place by the anular ligamentencirclingthe head

15. The Coaxal (hip) Joint
 Head of femurarticulates with acetabulum
 Socket deepenedbyacetabular labrum
 Blood supplyto head of femurfound in ligamentof the head of the femur(round
ligament)
 Joint capsule strengthenedbyligaments
 Joint capsule strengthenedbyligaments
 pubofemoral
 ischiofemoral
 iliofemoral

16. Dissectionof Hip Joint

17. Hip Dislocation
 Dislocationof the hip may occur whenthe hipis flexedand the femuris drivenposteriorly,
such as when a person sittingin an automobile is involvedinan accident.The head of the
femurusually dislocates posteriorto the acetabulum,tearing the acetabular labrum, the
fibrouscapsule,and the ligaments.Fracture of the femurand the coxa often accompany
hip dislocation.
The Knee Joint
 Most complexdiarthrosis
 patellofemoral = glidingjoint
 tibiofemoral = glidingwith slight
rotation and glidingpossible in
flexedposition
 Joint capsule anteriorlyconsists
of patellarligamentand extensionsofquadricepsfemoristendon
 Capsule strengthenedbyextracapsular and intracapsular ligaments

18.  Anteriorand posteriorcruciate ligaments limitanterior and posterior slidingmovements
 Medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments preventrotation of extendedknee
 Medial and lateral meniscusabsorb shock and shape joint

19. Ankle Joint
 The distal tibia and fibula form a highlymodifiedhinge jointwith the taluscalled the
ankle,or talocrural joint

20.  Ankle Injury
The ankle is the most frequentlyinjuredmajorjoint in the body. The most common ankle
injuriesresultfrom forceful inversionofthe foot.A sprainedankle resultswhen the ligamentsof
the ankle are torn partiallyor completely.The calcaneofibularligamenttears most often,followed
in frequencyby the anterior talofibularligament.A fibular fracture can occur with severe inversion
because the talus can slide against the lateral malleolusand break it.
Artificial Joints
Range of Motion
 Degreesthrough which a joint can move
 Determinedby
 structure of the articular surfaces
 strength and tautness ofligaments,tendonsand capsule
 stretchingof ligamentsincreasesrange of motion

21.  double-jointedpeople have longor slack ligaments
 action of the musclesand tendons
 nervoussystem monitorsjoint positionand muscle tone
Axesof Rotation
 Shoulderjointhas 3 degreesoffreedom= multiaxial joint
 Other joints– monoaxial or biaxial
Types ofMovement
 GlidingMovements
Glidingmovementsare the simplestofall the types of movement.These movements
occur inplane jointsbetweentwo flator nearlyflat surfaces where the surfacesslide or glide over
each other. These jointsoftengive onlyslightmovement,such as betweencarpal bones.
Angular Movements
The most common angular movementsare flexionandextensionand abductionand
adduction.
Flexion,ExtensionandHyperextension
 Flexiondecreasesthe angle of a joint
 Extensionstraightensand returns to the anatomical position
 Hyperextension=extensionbeyond180 degrees

22. Abductionand Adduction
 Abductionis movementof a part away from the midline
 hyperabduction– raise arm over back or front of head
 Adductionis movementtowards the midline
 hyperadduction– crossingfingers

23. Elevationand Depression
 Elevationis a movementthat raisesa bone vertically
 mandiblesare elevatedduringbitingand claviclesduring a shrug
 Depressionisloweringthe mandible or the shoulders
Protraction and Retraction
 Protraction = movementanteriorlyon horizontal plane
 thrusting the jaw forward, shouldersor pelvisforward
 Retraction is movementposteriorly
Circumduction

24.  Movementinwhich one endof an appendage remains stationary while the otherend
makes a circular motion
 Sequence offlexion,abduction,extensionandadduction movements
 baseball player windingup for a pitch
Supinationand Pronation
 In the forearm and foot
 Supination
 rotation of forearm so that the palm faces forward
 inversionand abduction offoot (raising the medial edge of the foot)
 Pronation
 rotation of forearm so the palm facesto the rear
 eversionand abduction offoot (raisingthe lateral edge of the foot)
MovementsofHead and Trunk
 Flexion,hyperextensionandlateral flexionofvertebral column

25. Rotation of Trunk and Head
 Right rotation of trunk; rotation of head
MovementsofMandible
 Lateral excursion= sidewaysmovement
 Medial excursion= movementback to the midline
 side-to-side grindingduringchewing
 Protraction – retraction of mandible

26. MovementofHand and Digits
 Radial and ulnar flexion
 Abductionof fingersand thumb
 Oppositionis movementofthe thumb to approach or touch the fingertips
 Repositionismovementback to the anatomical position
MovementsOfThe Foot

27.  Dorsiflexionisraisingof the toesas whenyou swing the foot forward to take a step (heel
strike)
 Plantarflexionisextensionofthe foot so that the toespoint downward as in standing on
tiptoe
 Inversionis a movementin which the solesare turned medially
 Eversionis a turningof the solesto face laterally
Beberapa nama persendianpada tubuh manusia
 Sternoclavicularjoint
 Acromioclavicularjoint
 Shoulderjoint/ articulatio Glenohumoral
 Elbow joint/ Articulatiocubiti
 Proximal radioulnar joint
 Distal radioulnar joint
 Wristjoint
 Midcarpal joint
 Carpometacarpal joint
 Metacarpophalang joint
 Interphalangjoint
 Hip joint/articulatiocoxae
 Knee joint/articulatiogenus
 Superiortibiofibularjoint
 Inferiortibiofibularjoint
 Articulatio subtalar
 Articulatio talocalcaneonavicular
 Articulatio tarsometatarsal
 Metatarsophalang joint
 Interphalangjoint