Nt1310 Tm Test Report

Nt1310 Tm Test Report
Where Оµff = Effective dielectric constant Оµr = Dielectric constant of substrate h = Height of dielectric substrate
W = Width of the patch
Consider Figure 4.6 below, which shows a rectangular microstrip patch antenna of length L , width W resting on a substrate of height h . The
co–ordinate axis is selected such that the length is along the x direction, width is along the y direction and the height is along the z direction.
Figure 4.6 Strip antenna with coordinate axis
In order to operate in the fundamental 10 TM mode, the length of the patch must be slightly less than О» / 2 where О» is the wavelength in the
dielectric medium and is equal to О»0 / Оµ ff where О» is the free space wavelength. The 10 TM modes implies that the field varies one ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The equation for radiation resistance is given in (1). As can be seen, the greater the radiation resistance, the more energy is radiated or received by the
antenna. When the radiation resistance of the antenna matches the resistance of the transmitter or receiver, the system is optimized. Antennas also
have ohmic or loss resistance which decreases efficiency. It can be shown that an efficient antenna must be comparable to a wavelength in size.
(4.6)
A second parameter of antennas is the
Antenna pattern. This gives a distribution of radiated power as a function of direction in space. Generally, planar sections of the radiation pattern will
be shown instead of the complete three–dimensional surface. The most important views are those of the principal E–plane and H–plane patterns. The
E–plane pattern contains the plane in which the electric field lies. Similarly, the H–plane pattern is a sectional view in which the magnetic field lies. An
example of each type is shown in Figure 4.1, which gives the antenna pattern for a half–wave dipole orientated in the z–direction.
(a)
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Design of a Rectangular Patch Antenna Using Computer...
(
Design of A Rectangular Patch Antenna using Computer Simulation Technology (CST)
Nik Nurul Azuin Bt Nik Abdul Rahman, ID No.: 2010702499, GROUP: EE2405A
Abstract– A design of a microstrip rectangular patch antenna is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna was simulated using Computer
Simulation Technology (CST) CAD Package and design on a microstrip with relative permittivity of 4.6, and substrate and copper thickness of 0.5 mm
and 0.035 mm respectively with 4.5 GHz of frequency.
Keywords– CST Microwave Studio, circular array antenna, frequency, microstrip, permittivity, substrate thicknesses, copper thickness, RT/ Duroid
5880 result
INTRODUCTION
Microstip antenna which is also known as the printed antenna is very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patch antenna, microstrip transmission line and ground plane are made of high conductivity metal (typically copper). The patch is of length L,
width W, and sitting on top of a substrate (some dielectric circuit board) of thickness h with permittivity. The thickness of the ground plane or of the
microstrip is not critically important. Typically the height h is much smaller than the wavelength of operation, but not much smaller than 0.05 of a
wavelength.
[pic] Figure 1: Top view of patch antenna
The strip (patch) and the ground plane are separated by a dielectric sheet as shown in Figure 2.
[pic]
Figure 2: Microstrip feed line
Typical variations, as a function of frequency, of the effective dielectric constant for a microstrip line with three different substrates as shown in Figure

3.
[pic]
Figure 3: Effective dielectric constant versus frequency for typical substrate
[pic]
Figure 4: Rectangular microstrip patch and its equivalent circuit transmission–line model
Each radiating slot is represented by the parallel equivalent admittance. This is shown in Figure 4.

Nt1310 Unit 5 Project Report
This antenna is designed on FR–4 substrate. It has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. copper material is used for ground plane and patch. We
provided microstrip line feeding to this antenna.
2.1 Simple microstrip patch antenna
Here first we design a simple rectangular shaped microstrip patch antenna with dimension 14 X 14 X 1.60 mm^3 shown in Fig.1. In this antenna the
dimension of patch is 10 X 13 mm^2. We are using microstrip line feed to this rectangular patch with length 4mm and width 1.6mm. By simulating this
simple patch antenna we were getting only two frequency bands as shown in Fig2. Fig.1. Simple microstrip patch antenna Fig.2. Return loss of simple
MSP Antenna
2.2 Microstrip patch antenna with four rectangular slots ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For improving results we cut four rectangular slots S1, S2, S3 and S4 in which two horizontal slots S1 and S2 are of same dimensions with length
L1 and width W1 and the vertical slots S3 and S4 are of same dimensions with length L2 and width W2 as shown in Fig.3. With these four slots we
are getting good return loss for the above resonant frequencies as shown in Fig.4 but the return loss and bandwidth at all resonant frequencies can be
improved by using cylindrical slot. Fig.3. MSP with four rectangular slots Fig.4. Return loss of MSP with four slots
2.3 Microstrip patch antenna with cylindrical slot
Here we cut a cylindrical slot in the patch with outer radius R1 and inner radius R2 (R1>R2) as shown in Fig.5. By using cylindrical slot in the
above rectangular slot antenna we get all three bands as with improved return loss and bandwidth as shown in Figure 6. The three bands which we are
getting are better as compared to previous result of microstrip patch antenna with four rectangular slots. Fig.5. MSP with four rectangular slots and one
cylindrical

Wireless Technology : A Growing Expansion Of Wireless...
A growing expansion of wireless systems and applications operating at centimetre–and millimetre–wave frequencies motivates the development of
effective and affordably–priced technologies for manufacturing cm– and mm–wave components like antennas, filters, directional couplers, etc.
Advances in technology associated with signal processing, R.F. components and batteries have stimulated more innovative applications in wireless that
has in turn stimulate for extensive research to find new solutions to the problems in the antenna engineering.
With the rise in demand for handheld wireless communication equipment, the antenna can be realized as microstrip structure and its realization is
becoming and overall system design requirement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In present scenario, Microstrip patch antennas [3–5] are drawing much attention in broad range of wireless communication systems due to their light
weight, simple structure, easy reproduction, conformability, low manufacturing cost, and very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization,
pattern and impedance at the particular patch shape and model. In its most fundamental form, a microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch
on one side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side as shown in figure 1.1. The patch is generally made of conducting
material such as copper and gold and can take any possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric
substrate.
In order to simplify analysis and performance prediction, the patch is generally square, rectangular, circular, triangular and elliptical or some other
common shape as shown in figure 1.2. In the work, circular and rectangular microstrip antenna both loaded with U–slot are the ones under
consideration. The height (h) of the dielectric substrate is usually 0.003 О»0 в‰¤ h в‰¤ 0.05 О»0. The dielectric constant of the substrate (Оµr) is
typically in the range 2.2 в‰¤ Оµr в‰¤ 12. Microstrip patch antennas are becoming increasingly useful as they can be printed directly on a circuit
board. There are some important parameters which need to be considered to characterize all antenna designs. These are the voltage standing

Radiometric System : UTM 37n Coordinate System
Prior to atmospheric correction and radiometric calibration, both sentinel and Landsat 8 images were geo referenced to UTM 37N coordinate system
(WGS 84 datum and Spheroid) and subset image was created. Landsat 8 image acquired in the form of digital number (DN) were converted to
radiance and TOA reflectance values using ENVI 5.3 software. Atmospheric correction was also employed using dark object subtraction module of
ENVI 5.3 (ExelisVisual Information Solutions, 2010). The DN of Sentinel–2A LIC productwere divided by 10000 to obtain TOA reflectance. The false
color composite of Sentinel 2 and Landsat 8 image of the study site after preprocessing is shown in fig 3. Figure 3: False color composite of Sentinel
2(a) and Landsat8 (b)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By doing so, the effectiveness of different water extraction (spectral) index at 10m and 20m spatial resolution were evaluated. Selecting appropriate
panchromatic band (high resolution) is a key factor to downscaling SWIR band of Sentinel –2A image (Yun et al., 2106). In this study, the PAN
–like
band was selected from 10–m Bands (band 2, 3, 4 and 8) by considering the correlation coefficient between them and the SWIR band. To do this, first,
bands 2, 3, 4 and 8 were re–sampled to 20 m using nearest neighbor method and their correlation with SWIR band was then determined using ArcGIS
band collection statistics tool. 10 m bands with the highest correlation coefficient are chosen as the PAN–like band and used to downscale SWIR band
resolution from 20 m to 10 m. After this, high pass filter resolution merge algorithm were chosen and applied to downscale SWIR, because this method
reduces radiometric fidelity substantially as compared to other algorithms (Chavez et al., 1991). 3.4.Selection of threshold for segmenting water
extraction indices Appropriate threshold selection is very important to estimate the lake area with better accuracy. Lin (2005) used Ostu algorithm to
determine the optimal threshold values to separate the water boundary from the land surface. Komeil (2014)

Research Paper On Graphene
In this paper, the copper and п¬‚exible printed graphene with highly conductive are used as patches antennas for wideband applications. The copper
antenna has been designed to operate for a dual band from 2.65 to 3.2 GHz and from 4.59 to 5.34 GHz, with maximum gain 2 and 3.37, dBi for first
and second respectively. But the п¬‚exible graphene patch mounted on an elastic substrate introduces more wide impedance bandwidths, from 2.6 to
3.2 GHz and from 4.84 to 7 GHz with maximum gain 1.04 and 1.33 dBi for first and second respectively. The copper structure has been fabricated and
measured. The return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and the gain of the structures are investigated. All the simulated results are analyzed, it is
concluded that graphene... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The graphene as a Patch Antenna is able to radiate electromagnetic waves in the terahertz band (0.1 –10.0 THz) [22]. It is utilized to construct antennas
and transmissions lines on elastic substrate, but the copper cannot. For the same geometry, the metal antennas working at the same frequencies are
narrowband but the graphene antenna is a wideband antenna[23].The conductivity of graphene is very frequency–dependent but has completely
different behavior at RF/microwave respect to THz and optics Properties of graphene depend on a a number of parameters including magnetic and
electrical field bias, electron velocity, temperature and scattering rate. The printed graphene can be mechanical п¬‚exibility, lightweight, low cost
consumable wearable electronics and environmental friendliness. Using the Kubo formula, [24] to calculat the conductivity of single layer graphene,
that can be reduced to a simple Drude model if uc >> Д§П‰, where Вµc is the Fermi level of graphene and П‰ is the frequency:
Пѓ=(2e^2 П„)/(ПЂД§^2 ) гЂ–k_B TlogгЂ—вЃЎгЂ–(coshгЂ—вЃЎгЂ–Ој_c/(гЂ–2kгЂ—_B T))1/(1+jП‰П„)гЂ— (1)
Where, П„ is a scattering time, T is a temperature, kB is a Boltzmann constant, and e is unit electron charge. The

Limitations Of Wireless Communication
INTRODUCTION
There are lots of challenges occurs for reliable wireless communication which occurs due to physical limitations of the wireless medium. There has been
massive growth occurs in wireless communication which is due to the techniques that improves spectral efficiency and mitigate various channel
impairments such as fading and interference. Moreover there is always demand for high speed wireless internet and technologies which are capable of
providing higher capacities and link reliabilities. Multiple–input–multiple–output (MIMO) is based on communication system which is able to fulfil
these objectives. MIMO is an expansion of smart antennas systems. There were traditional smart antennas which occupy multiple antennas at receiver,
whereas In MIMO system multiple antennas are engaged at both sides at transmitter as well as receiver side. The multiple antennas at the transmitter
and the receiver side provide a major advantage over traditional smart antenna systems–in terms of capacity and diversity advantage. The multipath
propagation by MIMO system is a remarkably advantage over other antennas system. Moreover it is able to provide independent fading channels
between every pair of transmitter and receiver antennas.
The rapid improvement in communication system with high data rates and improved channel capacity has pondered towards the study of both
theoretical and practical in wireless communication systems. Wireless communication system has made great effort to

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microstrip Antennas
i23
2.7 Advantages & Disadvantages
Microstrip antennas are low profile, conformable to planar and non planar surfaces, simple and inexpensive to manufacture using modem
printed–circuit technology, mechanically robust and compatible with MMIC designs. When the particular patch shape and mode are selected they are
very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, pattern and impedance. In addition by adding loads between the patch and the ground plane,
such as pins and varactor diodes. adaptive elements with variable resonant frequency, impedance, polarization and pattern can be designed. Since it is
of planar structure, it has all the advantages of printed circuit technology. The major operational disadvantages of microstripantennas ... Show more
The microstrip feed line is easy to fabricate, simple to match by controlling the inset position and rather simple to model. However as the substrate
thickness increases, surface waves and spurious feed radiation increase, which for practical designs limit the bandwidth.
2.8.2 Coaxial feed
In this type, the inner conductor of the coaxial cable is attached to the patch while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. This is the
widely used type of feeding. The coaxial probe feed is also easy to fabricate and match, and it has low spurious radiation. However, it also has
narrow bandwidth and it is more difficult to model, especially for thick substrates (h>0.02 1.0). 2.6.3 Aperture coupling: The aperture coupling of is
the most difficult of all four to fabricate and it also has narrow bandwidth. However, it is somewhat easier to model and has moderate spurious
radiation. The aperture coupling consists of two substrates separated by a ground plane. On the bottom side of the lower substrate there is a microstrip
feedline whose energy is coupled to the patch through a slot on the ground plane separating the two

Designing A Seven Band Stacked Patch Antenna Design For C,...
Abstract:– In this paper a seven–band stacked patch antenna design for C, X and Ku band is considered. To generate multiband frequencies micro strip
stacked patch antenna is introduced. The proposed structure is a planar structure having all the dimensions in mm and is designed by using a substrate
of FR4 having thickness 1.6 mm. This proposed antenna is having seven bands of operation. The considered antenna consists of H–slot loaded fed
patch, stacked with dual U–slot loaded rectangular patch. The size of the antenna is 39.25 x 29.25 x 1.66 mm2. The patch antenna is studied and
simulated using IE3D simulator. The antenna is analyzed by circuit theory concepts to practically verify the results. The results pertaining to various
functional parameters of the multiband micro strip patch antenna such as RL, Gain and Radiation pattern versus frequency are obtained.
Keywords:–Dual U– Slot Loaded Stacked Patch, H–Slot loaded Fed Patch, RL(Return Loss), IE3D,Microstrip Patch antenna, Multiband Antenna
I. Introduction
Every communication system is primarily focused on the usage of antenna as it plays a vital role in transmitting and receiving the information signals.
An antenna is made itself a mandate component of communication system. The stupendous growth of wireless communication systems along with
wonderful use of radars opens a huge demand to new kind of antennas like small antennas, multi frequency antennas, and broadband antennas [2]–[1].
Planar multi–resonators and

Printed Microstrip Patches
The narrow bandwidth are available from the printed microstrip patches are the major handicap factor which limits the widespread application of these
classes of the antennas. Several techniques for the bandwidth widening of the microstrip antennas had been reported in the literature, such has the use
of the thick substrates and the multiple dielectric resonator. In all these cases the impedance bandwidth are found to be less than the 10%. The usage of
shorting pins and the high dielectric constant substrate and the superstrates could be used to reduce the antenna size, but in these cases the bandwidth
are found to be very narrow in the nature. Recently, the T–probe–fed patch antenna used to enhance the impedance bandwidth up to the 40% were
reported, however, it is the overall system that are highly complex and bulky. The rectangular microstrip patch antenna on the unity permittivity
substrate within the internal U–shaped slot. Recently, the researchers had proposed the similar design on the microwave substrate, that was better
preserve the thin profile characteristics. These researches had focused the almost entirely on the top plate of the antenna element, while the effect of the
size of the ground plane on which they are mounted had not been the fully studied. According to the published literature reducing the size of the ground
plane and the making of the ground plane resonate at the desired frequency, both the bandwidth enhancement and the size reduction could be

Wireless Local Area Network Technology Project Analysis
This project aims to design, analyze, fabricate and testing of Air Filled Stacked Microstrip patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth and gain.
Bandwidth and gain enhancement technique takes the advantage of use of the air gap for the stacked antenna. This bandwidth and gain enhanced
Microstrip antenna can be deployed for the WLAN application operating at a 5GHz ISM frequency band.
1.2Wireless Local Area network :
Now a day's wireless communication is the basic part of our life because we are using various wireless devices in day to day life. Like Mobile phones,
Bluetooth, Wi–Fi system, GPS etc. These devices are based on Wireless communication which involves the transmission of information over a distance
without help of wires, cables or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"802.11 n" is becoming the new standard with faster speed, transfer rates and range of usage. Because of these advantages we have decided to go with
"IEEE 802.11 n" standard. Fig 1.2 shows "802.11 n" channels.
Channels: 802.11n (2.4GHz or 5GHz) When 802.11n was introduced in 2009 with the ability to communicate at speeds up to 600Mbps, 802.11n also
included the ability to work in either the 2.4GHz or 5Ghz spectrum. In this project we have used IEEE 802.11n standard, because our antenna is
designed for 5GHz ISM frequency band for Wi–Fi application. Bandwidth requirement for Wi–Fi is 100MHz for that operating frequency band shown
in table 1.1.
Figure 1.2: "802.11 n" channels.
Table 1.1 : Various types of wireless applications and its frequency band.
Wireless ApplicationsFrequency Band (MHz)Bandwidth (MHz)
GSMGSM 900890–96070 GSM 18001710–180595 GSM19001850–1990140
IMT 2300–2400100 2700–2900200 3400–4200800 4400–4900500
WLAN 2400–248484 5150–5350200 5725–5850100

Bluetooth2400–2500100
Wi–MAX2500–2690190 3400–3690290 5250–5850600 Table 1.1 shows various types of wireless applications and its frequency band. As of today,
Wi–Fi (also known as WLAN) has become a standard in most computers. Almost every modern mobile phone and other gadgets are being implemented
with Wi–Fi technology. Wi–Fi makes it possible for the user to connect to the internet or a

Antenna Is The Main Component Of Every Communication System
Antenna is the main component of every communication system. The design of UWB antennas is one of the major factors affecting the progress of
UWB technology. As a result, UWB antenna design has been studied much in recent years. UWB antennas must be electrically small and inexpensive
without compromising on performance. Omni directional radiation pattern is desired in order to be well suited for ad hoc networks with arbitrary
azimuthally orientations. Gain п¬‚aterns and phase linearity, i.e., constant group delay, are also required for an UWBantenna in order to not distort the
waveform of an ultra narrow–on the order of nanoseconds–electromagnetic energy pulse. In addition, the time domain impulse response is another
important criterion of UWB antenna performance. The antenna must transmit UWB signal with minimal dispersion effect. In this thesis all the
antennas have been simulated in ANSOFT HFSS–13. This chapter contains the п¬Ѓnal design of antennas, the parasitic study of antenna in term of
impedance band width. The peak gain, radiation efficiency, peak directivity has been calculated in whole operating band and radiation pattern at some
frequencies has been studied. The time domain analysis also has been done in this chapter. The total design of antenna include the two parts– first is the
designing on the software and second one is hardware part where the testing of the antenna is done on the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).
5.1 About HFSS The simulation technique used to

A Study On Microstrip Antenna
Chapter 3
Overview of Microstrip Antenna
3.1 Microstrip Antenna A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch and a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. This concept was
undeveloped until the revolution in electronic circuit miniaturization and large–scale integration in 1970. The early work of Munson on microstrip
antennas for use as a low profile flush mounted antennas on rockets and missiles showed that this was a practical concept for use in many antenna
system problems. Various mathematical models were developed for this antenna and its applications were extended to many other fields. The number
of papers, articles published in the journals for the last ten years. The microstrip antennas are the present day antenna designer,s choice. Low dielectric
constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. The conducting patch can take any shape but rectangular and circular configurations
are the most commonly used configuration. Amicrostrip antenna is characterized by its length, width, input impedance, gain and radiation patterns.
Various parameters, related calculation and feeding technique will be discussed further through this chapter. The length of the antenna is about half
wavelength of its operational frequency. The length of the patch is very critical and important that result to the frequency radiated. Antennas are key
components of any wireless communication system and it

Essay On Patch Antenna
2 2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Fed by Substrate Integrated Waveguide
for Radar Applications
Chandan Baranwal, ME, BIT Mesra
Abstract–A 2 2 microstrip patch antenna array fed by a sub–strate integrated waveguide (SIW) feeding network for 24–GHz radar applications is
suggested in this paper. The microstrip patches are aperture–coupled with the feeding network comprising of a perpendicular coax–to–SIW transition
and two Y–junction power dividers. The antenna design is performed in the ANSYS HFSS using finite element method for EM solutions and the
procured results have been verified by measurement in Lab. At the frequency 24.4 GHz, the prototype has a gain of 9.28 dBi.
Index Terms–Antenna array, microstrip patch, power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this paper, an AC–MPA element fed by an SIW is used as a building block for the design of a small antenna array. The proposed antenna combines
the benefits of microstrip patch antennas with the advantages of SIW technology. SIW is utilized in order to minimize transmission losses in the
feeding part. In addition, an SIW– based feeding network does not radiate any spurious radiation that could affect the radiation pattern of the antenna
array. Therefore, any additional shielding of the feeding part or the reflector is not required in comparison to the microstrip line feeding technique for
AC–MPAs. The antenna array design is carried out for a 24–GHz radar system. The paper presents the simulated and experimental results of the
proposed antenna array.
II.ANTENNA ARRAY CONFIGURATION
The structure of the proposed antenna array is shown in Fig. 1. The antenna consists of 2 2 aperture–coupled microstrip patch antennas fed by an
SIW–based feeding network. The in –phase uniform feeding for the array consists of three SIW–based power dividers. The antenna array is fed by a
coaxial connector.
The configuration of a single AC– MPA element used for the antenna array design is shown in Fig. 2. The rectangular microstrip patch of width and
length is placed on

The Neural Network Model
In the present chapter determining the radius for a given resonant frequency of centre feed circular microstrip antenna has been estimated using the
FFBP ANN
In the present chapter the radius for a given resonant frequency of a centre feed circular microstrip patch antenna has been analysed using two layer
neural network structures FFBP ANN model. The Levenberg– Marquardt training algorithm and the transfer function tansig have been used to
implement the neural network model. The simulated values for training and testing the neural network model are obtained by analysing the circular
microstrip patch antenna using CST Microwave Studio Software (CST–MWS). The results obtained using ANNs are compared with the simulation
findings and found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 3.1 shows the training performance graph that indicates the best validation performance and number of epochs required to achieve the
minimum mean square error level. The number of epochs required for training the aforesaid neural network to achieve mean square error (MSE) is
668. The training time is 3 seconds and the training algorithm used in the analysis model is Levenberg – Marquardt training algorithm.
Figure 3.2 shows the training state of the FFBP ANN model, the training state condition is shown by 3 different graphs in the first graph gradient value
is shown at different epochs, in the next graph Mu which indicates the error values at different epochs are shown and the third figure shows the
validation check points at different epochs. All the three graphs are showing the values at epoch 674.
The network is tested for 10 patterns and the table 3.1 shows the comparison of results of CST and FFBP–ANN with 5 neurons for radius with the
variation of the resonant frequency of the circular patch microstrip antenna computing MSE function with constant substrate height and dielectric
constant.
The network is realized using FFBP architecture. In the model, developed for the analysis of radius there are 10

Literature Review Of Vast Rectenna
7
CHAPTER 2
AMBIENT RF ENERGY HARVESTING COMPONENTS AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 RECTENNA & ITS COMPONENT A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a sort of antenna that is used to convert microwave energy or radio
frequency energy into direct current signal that can power low sensor devices. They are modelled as a part of wireless power transmission systems that
transmit power through radio waves or electromagnetic waves. A basic rectenna, comprises of a microstrip patchantenna with a RF diode. It is
nonlinear rectifying element (for example Schottky diode, Zener diode, IMPATT diode.... etc.). The diode rectifies the alternating current or
bidirectional current induced in the patch antenna by the RF waves, to generate DC or unidirectional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.1.2 RECTIFIER A rectifier is an electrical device that converts bi–directional current or alternating current (AC), to unidirectional current or direct
current (DC). This process is called rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including high–voltage direct current power transmission systems, in DC
power supplies and in detection of radio signals. There are two types of rectifier, the half wave rectifier and the full wave rectifier. In our case, given
the need of matching as the less number of components, half wave rectifier has been used.
2.1.2.1 Half Wave Rectifier The half wave rectifier rectifies only half cycle of the AC input waveform. The half wave rectifier consists of a step down
transformer, a diode connected to the transformer and a load resistance connected to the cathode side of the diode.
2.1.2.2 Full Wave Rectifier The circuit of full wave rectifier uses two rectifier elements and the transformer with secondary center tapped. One for the
positive half cycle and other for the negative half cycle. The output DC in full wave rectifier is twice that of half wave rectifier and the frequency is
twice that of the supply frequency.
2.1.3 IMPEDANCE MATCHING Impedance matching is one of the most eminent part of the RF circuits. It is utilized for the purpose of transferring
maximum

Using Compact And High Performance Wireless Communication...
Chapter 1
Introduction
The patch antenna plays a very important role in today's world of wireless communication systems .There is always a large demand for high
performance ,small size and low cost wireless communication systems .in order to get these requirements ,planar patch antenna is preferred because of
their various advantages such as light weight ,low volume ,low cost and ease for fabrication .although the microstrip patch antenna has various
advantages it has various disadvantages which are low gain ,narrow bandwidth and low efficiency .These disadvantages can be overcome by
constructing many patch antennas in array configuration. Recently there has been increasing demand in the use of DGSs for performance
enhancement of microstrip patch antennas and planar array antennas .there are basically two types of structures which are used for the design of
compact and high performance wireless communication systems named as defected ground structures (DGS) and electromagnetic band–gap structures
(EBG) which is also known as photonic band–gap structure(PBG). These structures have been used to obtain the functions such as unwanted frequency
rejection and circuit size reduction. Recently defected ground structures have been introduced; DGSs are realized by simply etching off simple shape
(called as defect) from the ground plane .Depending upon the shape and the dimensions of the defects ,the current distribution in the ground plane is
disturbed and resulting in a controlled

Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design
A B S T R A C T
The main aim of this paper is to give overview on Micro strip patch antenna design using different defected ground structures for improving the
performance parameters of the antenna such as Gain, Directivity, and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. Return Loss. By giving proper patch length ,patch
width, substrate material such as FR4 with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm,boundary material such as Vacuum/air, most important the
patch material such as nickel and by adding array with DGS we can improve the performance of patch antenna.
Index Term:– Array antenna, Defected Ground Structure, HFSS, S–Parameter, VSWR , Radiation pattern
________________________________________
I.INTRODUCTION In today's generation of wireless communication system, the Micro strip patch antenna plays very important role. There are
different advantages of high performance Micro strip patch antenna such as small size, light weight ,low cost, low volume and easy to fabricate .Like
no of advantages Micro strip Patch antenna has some drawbacks such as low gain, narrow bandwidth, low efficiency. These drawbacks can be
minimizing by changing the design parameters of patch antenna or by applying array structure with improved DGS structure in it. Recently there has
been increasing demand in the use of Defected Ground Structure for performance improvement of Micro strip patch antenna and array antenna. There
are basically two important type of structures used in designing of high

Types Of Any Wireless Communication System
A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch and a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. The early work of Munson on microstrip
antennas for use as a low profile flush mounted antennas on rockets and missiles showed that this was a practical concept for use in many antenna
system problems. Different mathematical models were developed for this antenna and its applications were extended to many other fields. The number
of articles published in the journal papers for the last ten years. The microstrip antennas are the first antenna designer's choice. Low dielectric constant
substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. The conducting patch can have many shape but rectangular and circular configurations are
the most commonly used configuration. Amicrostrip antenna is characterized by its length parameter, width parameter, input impedance, and gain and
radiation patterns. Various performance parameters, mathematical calculation and Microstrip feeding technique will be discussed further through this
chapter. Antennas are key components of any wireless communication system and it is a device that provides a way for radiation or receiving
electromagnetic waves. IEEE standard definitions for antenna (IEEE Std 145–1983) defines antenna as a means for radiating or receiving radio wave.
Figure 3.1 shows an antenna as transition device. The arrows displayed in Figure 3.1 shows the electric field lines

Voltage Between The Antenna And Antenna
3.6.6 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
There should be a maximum power transfer between the transmitter and the antenna for the antenna to perform very well. This happens only when the
impedance Zin is matched to the transmitter internal impedance, Zs.
In the process of accomplishing this particular configuration for an antenna to perform very well, there is always a reflecting power which leads to the
standing waves, which is categorized by the VoltageStanding Wave Ratio (VSWR).
This is given by [30]:–
VSWR=V_max/V_min =(1+|О“|)/(1–|О“| )=(1+S_11)/(1–S_11 ) –––––––––––––– Eq. (2.31)
As the reflection coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, the VSWR ranges from 1 to в€
ћ.
3.6.7 Input Impedance
It is the ratio of the voltage to current at the input terminals or the ratio of the proper components of the electric fields to the magnetic fields at a
particular point. Or in other words we can say it is the impedance presented by the antenna at the input terminal.
Zin = (Rin + jXin) –––––––––––––––––– Eq. (2.32)
Rin – the real part, representing the power dissipated though heat or through radiation losses.
Xin – imaginary part, representing the reactance of the antenna & the power stored in the near field of the antenna [32].
3.6.8 Bandwidth
Bandwidth can be said as the frequencies on both the sides of the center frequency in which the characteristics

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Arrays
What is meant by array? An antenna is a system of similar antennas oriented similarly to get greater directivity in a desired direction.
2. What is meant by uniform linear array.? An array is linear when the elements of the array arespaced equally along the straight line. If the elements
arefed with currents of equal magnitude and having a uniform Progressive phase shift along the line, then it is calleduniform linear array .
3. What are the types of array?
a. Broad side array.
b. End fire array
c. Collinear array.
d. Parasitic array.
4. What is Broad side array? Broad side array is defined as an arrangement inwhich the principal direction of radiation is perpendicularto the array axis
and also the plane containing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tapering is done fromcenter to end.
19.What is a binomial array? It is an array in which the amplitudes of theantenna elements in the array are arranged according to thecoefficients of the
binomial series.
20.What are the advantages of binomial array? Advantage:
No minor lobes
Disadvantages:
Increased beam width
Maintaining the large ratio of current amplitude in large arrays is difficult
21. What is the difference between isotropic and nonisotropicsource

Isotropic source radiates energy in alldirections but non–isotropic source radiates energy only in some desired direction.
Isotropic source is not physically realizablebut non–isotropic source is physically realizable.
22.Define Side Lobe Ratio Side Lobe Ratio is defined as the ratio ofpower density in the principal or main lobe to the powerdensity of the longest
minor lobe.
23. List the arrays used for array tapering
Binomial Array:Tapering follows thecoefficient of binomial

Discrete Fiber Angle Representation : What Is Laminates?
(1)Discrete Fiber Angle Representation: The laminate is directly modelled with discrete fiber orientation angles at each point in the structure yielding
different stacking sequences. The laminate is usually discretized based on the underlying discretization of the structure such as the finite element [17]
or cellular automata discretization [18]. Several authors have used direct fiber orientation angle modelling to design variable stiffness laminates. Hyer
and Charrete were among the first to investigate variable stiffness laminates by aligning the fibers with the principal directions of the stress field where
strength was enhanced without accounting for buckling [19]. A follow up study was conducted by Hyer and Lee to improve buckling... Show more
The major benefit of using a GA is that it does not require gradient information which is generally computationally expensive. Several authors worked
on developing genetic algorithms and improving the genetic operators as well as fine tuning parameters [29,30,31]. However, they can be
computationally expensive for more complex design problems and suffer from local optima and convergence issues especially when coupled with
finite element analysis [32,33]. (2)Fiber Path Parameterization: This is achieved by using a curvilinear function to describe the fiber path. GГјrdal and
Olmedo were the first to introduce a fiber path parameterization where the fiber orientation angle varies linearly [34]. The linear angle variation was
later generalized by Tatting and GГјrdal to vary linearly along an arbitrarily defined axis where it was used to design variable stiffness laminates for
strength [7,35,36], thermomechanical response [37], and coupled strength–buckling optimization problems [38,39]. Nagendra et al. used global fiber
paths constructed by linear combination of non–uniform rational B–splines (NURBS). They studied optimal frequency and buckling load design where
the design variables where multipliers of the different basis fiber paths [40]. Alhajahmad et al. used a non–linear fiber path expressed in terms of more
complex functions such as Lobatto polynomials to increase the number of design variables and achieve better

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microstrip Antenna
CHAPTER 3
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
3.1INTRODUCTION
In high–performance spacecraft, satellite and aircraft, where low size, low weight, moderate cost, ease of installation are constraints, low profile
antenna may be required. To meet these requirements, microstrip antennas can be used [1], [18]. Microstrip antenna technology has been the most
rapidly developing topic in the antenna field in the last fifteen years, receiving the creative attentions of academic, industrial, and government engineers
and researches throughout the world.
Microstrip antenna has quickly evolved from academic novelty to commercial reality with applications in a wide variety of microwave systems. In fact
rapidly developing markets in a personal communications systems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patch is generally made of conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are
usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate.
3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
Microstrip antennas have several advantages compared to conventional microwave antennas and therefore many applications over the broad frequency
range from 100MHz to 50GHz. Some of the principle advantages are: Light weight, low volume, low profile planar configurations which can be made
conformal. Low fabrication cost ; readily amenable to mass production. Can be made thin ; hence, they do not perturb the aerodynamics of host
aerospace vehicles. The antennas can be easily mounted on missiles, rockets and satellites without major alterations. These antennas have low
scattering cross section. Linear, circular (left hand or right hand) polarizations are possible with simple changes in the feed

Rpa Essay
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OF COMPACT RMPA AT 0.56 GHz
3.1 Introduction Firstly, this chapter presents the design of a conventional RMPA at 5.8 GHz .Then at the same size, there is a discussion of the
proposed design of compact RMPA at 0.56 GHz. The compactness is achieved in this proposed design by using the combination of patch modification
and defected ground structures techniques. The both conventional and proposed RMPAs are designed with inset line feeding mechanism by using CST
microwave studio [21]. The relevant formulas and calculations are also described in this chapter. The comparison of simulated and measured result is
well discussed in this chapter.
3.4 Design of Proposed compact RMPA using patch modification and Defected... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No.NameTypeDimensions
1.ASquare8 mm
2.BTriangle6 mm
3.CTriangle4.5 mm
Figure 3.4 Simulated graph of the proposed RMPA after miniaturization effects
Figure 3.4 consists of the simulation result in frequency (GHz) v/s magnitude of S11 parameter of proposed compact RMPA. We can see from the
above graph that the proposed antenna is resonant at lowest frequency of 0.56 GHz after the use of patch modification and defected ground structures in
combination. The point should be noted here is that in order to achieve the desired result, the length and width of feed and cut is varied several times
by using hit and trial method.
3.5 Fabrication of Proposed Antenna The photographs of the fabricated patch and ground of the proposed compactmicrostrip antenna are shown in fig.
3.5 and in 3.6 respectively. Figure 3.5 Fabricated view of the patch of the proposed compact RMPA Figure 3.6 Fabricated view of the ground of the
proposed compact RMPA
3.6Result Comparison and Discussion The comparison graph of the simulated result in return loss (dB) versus frequency (GHz) between the
conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna and proposed compact antenna is shown in of fig. 3.7 and the comparison graph of the measured and
simulated result of the compact antenna is shown in fig. 3.9.Antenna is fabricated and experimentally tested to valid the design of the antenna

The Importance Of Data Analysis
offer high data rates at short distances with low power, primarily due to wide resolution bandwidth [3].
Different Techniques Used – Wide band phased array antenna is implemented to scan in the range of (+–45) degree in wideband. A novel wideband
mono conical antenna in the shape of tears drop is implemented with good radiation directivity and frequency response. A dual spiralantenna for ultra
wideband capsule endoscope system is implemented. The capsule endoscope system transmits the image data of internal human body to an external
receiver wirelessly. This system contains sensors, a tiny camera, LEDs, a wireless IC transceiver and antenna and these are encased in small capsule.
The antenna has omni directional radiation pattern to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These two modes should be with 90 degree phase difference, equal amplitude, and orthogonal to each other in polarization. Such antenna can be
actualized using a single feed or dual feeds. Wideband U slot micro strip antenna operating in the frequency range of 5.18 to 5.8 GHz and improving
directivity. Two radiation beams off broadside are obtained by operating the patch antenna at the higher order mode instead of the fundamental mode,
which radiates a broadside beam. Broadening the antenna bandwidth is achieved by using the U slot technique. Micro strip antennas have been
widely used in modern communication systems, because of its robustness, planar profile, and low cost. Most of these antennas operate at their
fundamental mode, which gives a broadside beam. Micro strip antenna operating at the higher order mode has dual symmetric radiation beams [2]. It
is well known that the major drawback of a micro strip antenna is its narrow bandwidth (3%). One of the popular techniques for broadening the patch
antenna bandwidth is to incorporate a U slot on its surface as proposed [5].
Ultra wideband millimeter wave stack patch antenna achieving high efficiency >90% and high gain of 6 to 8 db.
Antenna is fabricated on silicon and takes advantage of cavity etching and BCB membranes fabrication process of an UWB
60–GHz antenna based on silicon micromachining and BCB
(BenzoCycloButene) membranes to achieve high efficiency and large band performances the use of membranes

The Problem Of Using Microstrip Patch Antenna Has...
2.6.2 Radiation Pattern
Microstrip Patch Antenna has radiation patterns that can be simply calculated. The source of the radiation of the electric field at the gap of the edge of
the Microstrip element and the ground plane is main factor to the accurate calculation of the pattern for the patch antenna.
Simply it can be said that the power radiated or received by the antenna is the function of angular position and radial distribution from the antenna
[24]. In the fig.24 [9] below we can see the side view of the rectangular Microstrip element associated with source, and also the radiating of E fields.
The radiation pattern of a common dimensional antenna can be seen below, which has side lobe, black lobes which are undesirable as they represent
the energy that is wasted for transmitting Antennas and noise sources at the receiving end.
2.6.3 Gain & Directivity
The gain of the antenna defines the performance of the antenna or the capability to concentrate energy through a direction which give a better picture
of the radiation pattern. It is expressed in dB, in a simple way we can say that this refers to the direction of the maximum radiation [24].
The expression for the maximum gain of an antenna is as follows:–
G=О·xD –––––––––––––––––––– Eq. (2.29)
О· – The efficiency of the antenna.
D– Directivity.
In order to receive or transmit the power it can be chosen to maximize

Lab Report
Abstract– A compact frequency reconfigurable slot antenna containing A U
–shaped slot with short ends and an L–shaped slot with open ends are
engraved in the ground plane to realize dualband operation By implanting 2 PIN diodes in tothe slots,accesible reconfigurability of three frequency
bands over a frequency ratio of 2.62:1 can be achieved. For reducing the cross polarization of the antenna, one more L–shaped slot is introduced
proportionally. In this proposed method, less VSWR, optimum return loss and high efficient radiation pattern will be obtained.
Settled monopole bearing empty–headed regulations are achieved at all operating frequencies. From the simulated and measured results, we observe
that the antenna is switched between 2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reconfigurable
E.Kirubasankari is with the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College,
Melmaruvathur, India.; e–mail: spacegirlkiruba@gmail.com
M.Jenath, and V.Nagarajan are with the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College,
Melmaruvathur, India. slot antenna with three switchable frequencies is presented and three PIN diodes, the antenna can switch between three
single–band modes, three dual–band modes and a triple–band
In this letter, a frequency tunable reconfigurable slot antenna is presented. capacitor (trimmer) is used to control the frequency of the antenna.
Therefore, in this paper, a frequency reconfigurable micro strip patch switchable to slot antennawith 2.62:1 frequency ratio is introduced. The size of
the antenna is reduced by etching slots with open ends in the ground plane.The simulated and measured results are presented and the performances of
the antenna are investigated. II. ANTENNA DESIGN
The configuration of the antenna is shown in Fig.1. On one side of the substrate is the ground plane and on the other side of the substrate is the
stepped feed line. A U–shaped slot with short ends and an L–shaped slot with open ends are used to realize dual–band operation (2.3 and 4.5 GHz). By
inserting two PIN diodes (D1 and D2) inside the slots, the antenna can
switch

Dgs Is More Advantageous Than Pbg Or Ebg Structures
DGS is more advantageous than PBG or EBG structures:
(1) For implementing EBG structures, a very large area is required to implement the periodic pattern and it is also very difficult to define the unit
element of EBG structure whereas DGS structures has properties similar to EBG and the geometry of DGS can be one or very few etched structures
which is very simpler and also does not require large area for implementation of it.
(2) DGS can be easily designed and implemented. It has higher precision with rectangular shaped defect structures. Therefore it is very good option to
extend its practical applications. In my project, I have designed and simulated microstrip patch antenna at operating frequency 2.4GHz using HFSS
software .It has Substrate (FR4) having dielectric constants of 4.4.I have designed single patch antenna without DGS, 2x1 array antenna and 4x1 array
antenna without DGS ,4x1 array antenna with DGS (Dumbbell shaped , Double Circular shaped, E–shaped) and analyze the results. I analyze that I
god improved results in 4x1 array antenna configuration with E–shaped DGS structure in terms of VoltageStanding Wave Ratioof 1.12, Return loss of
–22.12 dB, Bandwidth of 404 MHz, Gain of 7 dB etc.
1.1Problem Statement : Design Microstrip array antenna with Improved DGS structure for Performance Improvement.
1.2 Objectives
1)Design a single patch antenna at operating frequency 2.4 GHz.
2)Design Array antenna of two by one

Design Techniques For Microstrip Patch Antenna Design
Design techniques for Microstrip Patch Antenna
Miss Borhade M. V.(ME Signal Processing) 1 Prof. Mrs. Dhede V. M.(Ph.D. Registered) 2 JCEI'S JCOE ,Kuran megh888@gmail.com
vaishali_dhede@rediffmail.com
Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to give overview on Micro strip patch antenna design using different defected ground structures for improving the
performance parameters of the antenna such as Gain, Directivity, and VoltageStanding Wave Ratio. Return Loss. By giving proper patch length ,patch
width, substrate material such as FR4 with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm,boundary material such as Vacuum/air, most important the
patch material such as nickel and by adding array with DGS we can improve the performance of patch antenna.
Key Terms– Array antenna, Defected Ground Structure , HFSS , S–Parameter , VSWR ,Radiation pattern
I.INTRODUCTION In today's generation of wireless communication system, the Micro strip patch antenna plays very important role. There are
different advantages of high performance Micro strip patch antenna such as small size, light weight ,low cost, low volume and easy to fabricate .Like
no of advantages Micro strip Patch antenna has some drawbacks such as low gain, narrow bandwidth, low efficiency. These drawbacks can be
minimizing by changing the design parameters of patch antenna or by

Analytical Modal Of Circular Patch
ANALYTICAL MODAL OF CIRCULAR PATCH USING FSS AT 5.8GHZ FOR WLAN APPLICATION
Amit Kirti Saran1, Gaurav Bhardwaj 2, Geeta 3
1,2EC Student, Apex Institute of Technology, Rampur, Uttar
–Pradesh, India
3Assistant Professor, Apex Institute of Technology, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, India
1amitkirtisaran@gmail.com
2gbhardwaj772@gmail.com
3geetikarock@gmail.com
Abstract – In this letter, we describes the planning and comparative analysis of circular patch with FSS layer with regard to dimensional
characterization. Patch and substrate can play the important role within the performance of the antenna. Dimensions and material of the substrate has
an influence on the output parameters of the antenna. A comparative analysis is finished for the 2 models and Simulation output parameters return
loss, VSWR, gain, radiation patterns and field distributions for each the cases square measure bestowed during this work. Substrate utilized Roger RT
/Duroid 5880(TM) which has a dielectric constant of 2.2. The result demonstrates the wideband radio wire (antenna) to work exactly from 5.8GHz
frequency band with ideal resonant frequency at 5.8GHz. This antenna mainly designed for wireless application as WLAN, Bluetooth and etc.
Index Terms– Circular Patch, FSS, Coax–feed method, Return loss, Gain, HFSS 13.0 . I.INTRODUCTION
MIRCOPATCH ANTENNA are divided into four categories they are:
Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna
FSS
Slot antenna
Coax–feed
For remote correspondences, multi–band and

Modern Communication Devices, And Day
modern communication devices, and day–to–day communication is done through it. Study of literature of past few year shows that, the leading work
on Microstrip Patch
Antenna (MPA) is focused on designing for dual frequency and dual polarized operation on arbitrary shape of patch with commercially simulated
software. This review paper demonstrates some commonly engaged techniques to fabricate
Microstrip patch antenna with dual frequency and dual polarized operation since last few decades.
Index Terms– Patch Antenna, Simulator Software,
Frequency, Polarization, Gain. I. INTRODUCTION
Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) is commonly used because of its low profile, low cost and ease of manufacturing. A patch antenna is made by etching
metal on one side of dielectric substrate whereas on the opposite side there is continuous metal layer of the substrate which forms a ground plane. MPA
are inherently a narrowband antenna so; various bandwidth enhancement techniques are engaged while keeping its size as compact as possible with
that the wireless communication systems are often faced with many problems of multiple path fading. Recently, research work has focused on
frequency reuse and polarization diversity. A number to techniques available for analysing Microstrip patch antenna. The analytical techniques include
transmission line model and cavity model. The most common numerical techniques are moment method and the finite element method. The later
technique is time consuming while the

Design Of An Antenna For Wireless Sensor Network
Design of an Antenna for Wireless sensor Network ZIA UDDIN Student ID: 1318104
BEng Telecommunications and Networks Engineering
Supervisor: Dr. Masood Ur Rehman
Undergraduate Project Final Report, Academic year 2014/2015 DISCLAIMER
This is the final report for the chosen undergraduate project in the area related to "BEng Telecommunications and Networks Engineering" taught at
University of Bedfordshire. It is hereby confirmed that the work done in the report is all owned by the author leaving which is referenced in text and
at the end of the report.
This report is submitted for examination to internal and external examiners. The content of the report is copyrighted and should not be used without
permission or correct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusions are drawn at the end and future work is discussed.
DEDICATION
I am dedicating this project to my parents whom I love very much. Thank you for all the encouragement, affection, prayers, and warmth, moral and
financial support which you have given me throughout my studies to make me overcome the challenges and achieve my target successfully.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I acknowledge the support and guidance given by my supervisor Dr. Masood Ur Rehman throughout my whole final year project and am really
grateful to him for his thorough help in making my project success possible in reality. There was no possibility to complete the project without your
guidance and supervision. I will be thankful to you always for this support, guidance and knowledge that I gained from you throughout the project.
CONTENTS
DISCLAIMERiii
ABSTRACTiv
DEDICATIONv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTvi
CONTENTSvii
FIGURESx

ACRONYMS
TABLES
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION1–4
1.1Introduction1
1.2Motivation2
1.3Objectives2
1.4Challenges3
1.5Organization of the report3
Chapter 2: Literature Review5–21
2.1Introduction5
2.2Wireless Sensor Networks5
2.3Role of Antenna in WSNs6
2.4History of Antenna8
2.5Antenna11

A Method For Efficiency Enhancement And Size Miniaturization
A Method for Efficiency Enhancement and Size Miniaturization in the design of UWB Planar Antennas
Laxman Pillalamarri
Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Radio Frequency and Microwave Laboratory,
Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College (Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad), Hyderabad, Telanagana–State, India.
Corresponding Author: laxmanpillalamarri85@gmail.com
Abstract
The printed antenna is one of the most preferred antenna structures for low cost and compact design of wireless communication systems. In this paper
we have investigated a new approach for improving the radiation efficiency and performance of the antennas with the size miniaturization, in particular
we have simulated two types of UWB printed monopole antennas for proving this approach with results: circular patch and Compact Miniaturized
Semi–Circular patch UWB monopole antennas and in detail investigation was presented on size miniaturization in order to achieve very compactness
and high radiation efficiency with out degradation of the functional parameters and overall performance. Simple rectangular microstrip lines are used
for feeding the printed monopole antennas. This UWB monopole antenna designed works well for the whole UWB frequency band 3.1–10.6GHz.
Key Words: UWB, Semicircular, Miniaturization printed monopole antennas, Microstrip lines.
I INTRODUCTION
Ultra–Wideband (UWB) commonly refers to signal or system that

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mimo Formatss
There is a number of different MIMO configurations or formats that can be used. These are termed SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO. These different
MIMO formats offer different advantages and disadvantages – these can be balanced to provide the optimum solution for any given application.
The different MIMO formats – SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO require different numbers of antennas as well as having different levels of complexity.
Also dependent upon the format, processing may be needed at one end of the link or the other – this can have an impact on any decisions made.
SISO, SIMO, MISO, MIMO terminology
The different forms of antenna technology refer to single or multiple inputs and outputs. These are related to the radio link. In this way the input is the
transmitter as it transmits into the link or signal path, and the output is the receiver. It is at the output of the wireless link.
therefore the different forms of single / multiple antenna ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of SIMO may be quite acceptable in many applications, but where the receiver is located in a mobile device such as a cellphone handset, the
levels of processing may be limited by size, cost and battery drain.
There are two forms of SIMO that can be used:
Switched diversity SIMO: This form of SIMO looks for the strongest signal and switches to that antenna.
Maximum ratio combining SIMO: This form of SIMO takes both signals and sums them to give the a combination. In this way, the signals from both
antennas contribute to the overall signal.
MIMO – MISO
MISO is also termed transmit diversity. In this case, the same data is transmitted redundantly from the two transmitter antennas. The receiver is then
able to receive the optimum signal which it can then use to receive extract the required data.
MISO – Multiple Input Single

The Concept of MSA
LITERATURE SURVEY
The concept of MSAs was first proposed by Deschamps in 1953. A patent were issued in France in 1955 in the names of Gutton and Baissinor. After the
1970, the research publications started to flow within the appearances of the first design equation. Since the, different authors started investigation on
microstrip patch antennas like James hall, David M. Pozars and there are also some who contributed a lot. Throughout the years, the authors has
dedicated there investigations to create a new designs or variations to the original antenna that, to some extent; produce either the wider bandwidth or
the multiple frequency operation with in a single element. However most of these innovations bear some disadvantages related to size, height,width or
overall volume of the single element and the improvement in the bandwidth suffers usually from degradation the other characteristics. Line feeding
technique of microstrip antenna are also attracted researchers because of several advantages over other feeding techniques. Since the feed layout and
patches could be etched on one board, it could makes the fabrication easier. The level of the input impedance are easily controllable. Line patches of
microstrip had bandwidth and gain characteristics which is relatively narrow. These techniques are also suffers from poor surface wave efficiency and
the relatively high spurious feed radiation .
In 1987, the Rigorous Analysis of a Microstrip line Fed Patch Antenna are

Taking a Look at Antenna Technology
The field of antennas is vigorous and dynamic, and over the last 60 years antenna technology has been an indispensable partner of the communication
revolution. Antenna has been considered an important component in the development of modern wireless communication devices. In addition to
receiving and transmitting energy, anantenna in an advanced wireless system is usually required to optimize the radiation energy in some directions and
suppress in others. For wireless communication systems the antenna is one of the most critical components. A good design of the antenna can relax
system requirements and improve overall system performance.
The planar antenna configurations such as microstrip and patch antennas have been found suitable for such systems. These antenna configurations are
of low profile, lightweight, simple and inexpensive to fabricate. The main design goal of antenna design for modern communication systems is to
achieve the better performance for desired frequency bands. But the main disadvantage of using microstrip antenna for recent day's wireless
communication is to achieve multi frequency operation with single antenna, maintaining the performance the antenna for all desired frequency.
One solution for multi frequency operation is to design different antennas for each frequency, results in bulky structure and the mutual coupling
between different feed elements will become a problem. Stack structure is the solution to achieve multiple band operation with

Microstrip Antennas : An Analysis
The Microstrip patch antenna has a dielectric substrate with a radiating patch and the feed lines are etched on one side and a ground plane on the other
side. The shape of the patch is not constrained (could be square, rectangular, circular, triangular or elliptical) and it is generally made of conducting
material such as copper or gold. These antennas are mostly used at microwave frequencies, the fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground
plane cause the microstrip patch antennas to radiate. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal of various shapes on the surface of a
PCB, with a metal ground plane on the other side of the board. Most microstrip antennas consist of multiple patches in a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Further the consideration of space domain either with space diversity, smart antennas, and nowadays, MIMO systems has also pushed the evolution of
propagation modeling toward more complex spatio–temporal considerations [1].The MIMO antenna for wireless communications is required to have a
multiple bandwidth to cover the GSM, and ISM bands. On the other hand, it is said that about 70% of the user demands and mobile flow for
high–speed data services occur in indoor environments [2–3]. In modern antenna design multiple–input multiple–output are employed so that the
multipath effects is taken as advantage to transmit multiple data stream. Designing MIMO antennas have their own challenges such as mutual coupling
because of electromagnetic interaction between antenna elements [4–5].
2.1.2APPLICATIONS OF MICROSTRIPPATCH ANTENNA
Microstrip patch antenna can be used for Mobile and satellite communication, Global
Positioning System, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Radar, Telemedicine,
Rectenna and Medicinal.Mobile communication requires small, low profile and low–cost antennas. Microstrip patch antennas are meet all
requirements and various types of microstrip antennas have been designed for use in mobile communication systems.In the case of satellite

Basic Fundamentals And Design Parameters Of Patch
CHAPTER 3
BASIC FUNDAMENTALS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF PATCH
3.1Introduction As we all know, Selection of antenna is very important in designing of successful rectenna because antenna is responsible for how
much power is received by the circuitry following after the antenna. This chapter describes the theory of antenna and its property, design process,
simulations and fabrication of an Microsrip antenna that operates within the microwave frequency range. First we start with a brief explanation of the
main design parameters of an antenna then we briefly explain the advantages of using microstrip antennas in these applications [4–18]. Also a brief
introduction of the software used for the design and simulations stages. Then we will explain how making some changes to the shape of the ground
plane and the radiating patch of the antenna can improve the performance. After all the parametric simulations a final antenna version was chosen and
subsequently built.
An antenna also known as midair is an electrical expedient which translates electric power into radio waves, and apposite to it. It is typically cast–off
with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In broadcast, a radio transmitter deliveries an electric current wavering at radio frequency (i.e. a high
frequency alternating current ) to the antenna 's terminuses, and the antenna produces the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio
waves). In reception, an antenna interrupts certain of the power of an

Laboratory of the Microwave and Radar
Recently in 2010, Hocine Kimouche, Djamel Abed and Brahim Atrouz from the Laboratory of the Microwave and Radar, Ecole Militarie
Polytechnique ( EMP), Algeria proposed the novel microstrip patch antenna design within the inverted stepped cone slot ground antenna. The
dependence of the bandwidth on the main parameters design had been investigated. It would found that by choosing the suitable combinations of the
feed and slot shapes and the tuning their sizes, the optimum operating bandwidth could be obtained. The proposed antenna has an omni–directional
pattern at (x–y) plane for all the measured impedance bandwidth, which are covered the commercial Ultra–wide band.
In 2010, Li Zhiyong, Zhang Qian, Wang Huilong and Liu Yunlin from the Laboratory of the Electromagnetic and Microwave, Southwest Jiaotong
University, Chengdu, China presented Ultra–wide band microstrip–fed antenna with L shape ground application. The current path of the ground plane
would enlarged by using the L shaped ground which are improved the impedance bandwidth performance. The notch would inserted on the ground
plane under the microstrip line to enhance the impedance matching of the antenna. The proposed antenna are designed to the operate over a 3.3GHz to
12GHz for the S11 less than the –10dB and they provides a good omnidirectional radiation patterns. The Simulated results showed that the proposed
antenna can be a good candidate for the hand held Ultra–wide band applications owing to its attractive

Nt1310 Tm Test Report

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