CONSTRUCTION OF PAD FOOTING

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
INTEGRATED ASSIGNMENT:
MEASUREMENT I (QSB60104)
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY I (BLD 60104)
SITE VISIT REPORT
STUDENT NAME : LILY THEN
STUDENT ID NO : 0313973
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 27.11.2015

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover Page 1
Table of Content 2
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 Objective 4
3.0 Content/ Technical Observations 5
4.0 Foundation 6
4.1 Pad Footing 7
5.0 Casting of A Reinforced ConcretePad Footing 8-10
6.0 Conclusion / Learning Outcome 11
7.0 Photos 12-17

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1.0 Introduction
In this assignment, we were required to produce a report on the construction site visit for
combination of 3 subjects which are Building Materials, Construction Technology 1 and
Measurement 1.
The title of this site visit is “ Cadangan membina dan menyiapkan 96 unit rumah berkembar (40’
x 60’) serta infrastruktur yang berkaitan di Sekyen 2A, Antara Gapi, Hulu Selangor, Selangor.”
On 19 November 2015, about 88 students attended the site visit. We were to be divided into two
buses. We were required to wear safety helmet, long pants and sport shoe/safety shoe while visit
the construction site.
When we started our site visit, we were given a brief talk about the safety and rules at the site.
Then we kicked off our site visit. Our site visited was leaded by a site contractor. He explained
information of the building briefly and clearly.
Below is the construction site plan that I have obtained from the site. From this plan, we can
clearly see that there are three types of houses that are being built and that are Type 1, Type 2A,
Type 2B and Type 3.
CONTRACTOR:
Siak Siong Construction Sdn Bhd
A-6-3 Block A, MeganAvenue 1,
Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur.

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2.0 Objective
The main objective of this site surveying is to give exposure to students where they will be able
to describe, explain and understand the method and process of construction in accordance to the
sequence of work on site, especially the Pad Footing.
The other objectives of the site visit are:
 To let us experience the actual working environment and learn more about the life of
being a Quantity Surveyor on site.
 To allow us to have a better understanding of the types of the building materials involved
in the construction site.
 To aware the important of taking care of personal safety and the safety precautions that
may lead to accident.
 To enable us to understand the building structure and the sequence of constructing a
building.
 To gain more construction technology knowledge that new to us.
 To make it easier for us to get clearer image of how the structures look like in real life.
 To make us understand the important of teamwork and communication skills while
working together with the construction team such as engineers, project managers,
contractors and workers.
 To observe the usage of the construction equipment on site such as crane and bar bending
machine.
 To understand the basics of the construction process.
 To witness the usage of construction equipment on site including mechanical plants.
 To explore and identify various types of building materials and technology on site.
 To explain the construction of buildings and the scientific principles that underpin the
design and construction.

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3.0 Content / Technical Observations
When we reached the construction site, I saw a project information board that was placed outside
the fence. The function of the project information board is to state the role of each constructor
involved. Moreover, there are a few temporary works installed at the site which are
accommodation for workers, material storage, security and scaffolding.
Around the surrounding area of the structural buildings, there exists a few scaffolding with safety
net cast around it to protect people from falling down by limiting the distance they fail. It is used
to support people and hold materials that are to be used for construction or repair of buildings
and other structures. It aided the safety of the workmen and allowed easy access to areas that are
difficult to reach. They are constructed by using metal tubes with metal platforms. Besides that
around the inner part of the scaffolding, they have cleverly installed a series of stairs for the
purpose of easy movement of workers up and down the building structure.

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4.0 Foundation
The foundation used in this construction is the pad foundation. The construction site had chosen
the pad foundation due to the structure of the building constructed which were double storey
house. Pad foundations are used to support individual or multiple columns, spreading the load to
the ground below. They are generally square or rectangular in plan, with the plan area being
determined by the permissible bearing pressure of the soil. The shape in plan will be dictated by
the arrangement of the columns and the load to be transferred into the soil.
Footing is the lower part of the foundation which is constructed below the ground level in solid
surface. The purpose of footing is to transfer the live and dead loads of the structure to the soil
over a large enough area so that neither the soil nor the building will move and it resist
settlement and lateral load.
No matter what type of footing and foundation is used, a certain sequence should be followed.
The sequence can change slightly according to the method involved. The basic sequence is as
follows:
1. Find the amount of site preparation needed
2. Lay out footing and foundation shape
3. Excavate to proper depth
4. Level the footing corners
5. Build the foundation forms
6. Reinforce the forms as needed
7. Estimate concrete needs
8. Pour the concrete footing
9. Build the foundation forms
10. Reinforce the forms as needed
11. Pour the concrete into forms
12. Finish the concrete and embed anchors
13. Remove the forms
14. Waterproof and drain as required

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4.1 Pad Footing
Pad footing is the support used at a point load such as columns or framed structures. They may
be circular, square or rectangular and consist of a block or slab of the thickness. The pad footing
may be stepped if they are required to spread the load from a heavy column. The pads are usually
shallow but deeps one can be found depending on the structure.
Before the installation of pad footing, there are factors that need to be observed:
 Accessibility
 Condition of ground
 Nature of the load requiring support
 Proximity to other structures
 Water table
Advantages of Pad Footing
 Economic due to control of foundation size
 Shallow form of foundation needs little excavation
 Shape can be designed to accommodate tight sites
Disadvantages of Pad Footing
 Can become very large to cope if used for high point loads
 Limited foundation to dealing with point loads of framed building
 Weak against uplift forces, wind forces and earthquake forces
Cost of Pad Footing
Additional cost for timbering, high cost compared to Trench and Strip Footing
Process in Making Pad Footing
1. Clearing the site
2. Excavate : small excavation because pad foundation requires small size of space
3. Formwork for Pad filling
4. Install reinforcement : up to ground floor, extra reinforcement called starter bar
5. Pour concrete into the formwork : column stump
6. Let concrete cured then Earth backfill
7. Place formwork and install reinforcement for ground beam
8. Pour concrete then backfill slab base and soil compaction

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5.0 Method of Construction of Pad Footing
1. Clearing the site then pegging the site with correct position of foundation.
2. Excavation commences from the reduce level, down to the desired level (soffit of footing
with allowance for thickness of lean concrete).
3. Lay a layer of lean concrete to prepare a clean and firm base for the footing.

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4. Build the formwork to the side of pad footing and supported by other wood to prevent the
formwork collapse when the concrete is being pour into it.
5. Spacer blocks are placed before reinforcements been laid. This is to provide sufficient
concrete cover for rebars.
6. Rebars were bent and tied before the whole thing been lowered and placed inside the
formwork. Make sure the steel is place properly on spacer blocks, avoid touching the lean
concrete below.

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7. Stump reinforcements are then erected. Length of rebars should be extended beyond stump
level and act as starter bars for column above.
8. Provide addition ties to formwork, if necessary.
9. Concrete will set and curing shall be performed to avoid excessive lost of water during
hardening. When the concrete has gained sufficient strength, formwork can be dismantled.

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6.0 Conclusion/ Learning Outcome
After the meaningful construction site visit done by us on 19 November, there are countless of
valuable information of knowledge gained by me after the visit. Besides, I had the opportunity to
learn something that I couldn’t learn from the lectures and textbook. I have better understanding
about how a construction site works now after the visit.
I had seen and explored various materials and tools used during the construction period. This is
an eye opener for me as I have never had the chance to see it with my own eyes. Besides, I was
taught by the site contractor about the various professional construction technique used and its
application.
Most importantly, I had the chance to witness how much they emphasize on safeties in the
construction site. They demand every worker to have their proper safety equipment on when a
construction is going on. Even we, the visitors have to wear safety helmet just like other worker
to guarantee our safety during our visit since there might be bricks or rocks that might fall from
high ground and might hit our head. Moreover, safety signboard were seen everywhere to always
remind their worker to emphasize on their own safety.
Moreover, I can see that cooperation between workers is very important through this visit. Every
worker at the construction site is cooperating with each other in order to accomplish the task
given. This shows that cooperation is very vital in doing something important.
Besides, construction site manager also plays a very important role. As I can see during the visit,
the construction site was well planned. There was a site to throw all the domestic waste, and all
the materials or tools were kept safe and sound to ensure their stability and secureness when it is
being used in the future. Through this site visit, I was able to know further more about the
method of construction of pad footing.
This site visit really helps us to visual better in method of construction of pad footing. The site
visit was very interesting and insightful.
In conclusion, this visit has greatly enhanced my knowledge about construction site. I am very
grateful to have a chance to visit there as I have gained a lot of knowledge. I wish that I could
have more chances like this in the future as in really benefit me a lot.

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7.0 Photos
Figure 1 : Temporary Container Office
Figure 2 : Temporary Work – Wooden Cabin
Figure 3 : RC Store

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Figure 4 : Safety Board (Safety Committee Chart, Safety Policy & Construction Site Plan)
Figure 5 : List of Information about The Construction of The Site
Figure 6 : Single Drum Roller used for compaction applications in road construction.
Figure 7 : Backhoe used to dig trenches, including laying pipes, cables and foundations.

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Figure 8 : Bar Bending Machine used to bend the steel bars.
Figure 9 : PVC Pipes used for Plumbing.
Figure 10 : Casing for Bored Pile

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Figure 11 : Pile Caps
Figure 12 : BRC
Figure 13 : Formwork used as support structures and moulds to create structures out of concrete
which is poured into the moulds.
Figure 14 : Temporary Works – Scaffolding used to support people and hold materials that are to
be used for construction or repair of buildings and other structures.

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Figure 15 : Mesh Fabric
Figure 16 : Stirrup that have been tied together with the links.
Figure 17 : Roof Trusses used to support the roof.
Figure 18 : Big Concrete Block to test the compression or the stability of the site.

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Figure 19 : Excavator used to dig the ground.
Figure 20 : Reinforcement Bar
Figure 21 : Construction of Pad Footing.