This document provides information on different types of windows, window frames, window sashes, and ironmongery used in windows. It describes the key components and materials of double-hung and casement windows. It also discusses window frames, including the head, jambs, sill, and how to install them properly. Different types of fasteners used in windows like nails, screws, and cavity fixings are outlined. Finally, common hinge types such as butt hinges, rising hinges, and concealed hinges are described.

1. WINDOWS

2. • The most common types of windows are double-
hung and hinged (or casement) windows
• All windows consist of two parts, the frame and
the sash.
• The double-hung window (Figure 8-14) is made of
upper and lower sashes that slide vertically past
one another.
• Screens can be located on the outside of a
double-hung window without interfering with its
operation.
• Ventilators and window air conditioners may be
placed with the window nearly closed. However,
for full ventilation of a room, only one-half of the
area of the window can be used.

3. • Casement windows (out-swinging or in-swinging)
may be hinged at the sides, top, or bottom.
Casements have the advantage of catching a
parallel breeze and slanting it into a room.
· Out-swinging. The casement window that opens
out requires the window screen to be located on
the inside with a device cut into its frame to
operate the casement.
· In-swinging. In-swinging casements, like double-
hung windows, are clear of screens, but they are
extremely difficult to make watertight, particularly
against a driving rainstorm.

5. WINDOW FRAMES
• Window frames are made of four basic parts: the head,
the jambs (two), and the sill. (The sash is the
framework that holds the glass in the window.)
• Where openings are provided, cut away the studs and
for equivalent strength, double the studs on each side
of the opening to form trimmers.
• Insert a header at the top. If the opening is wide, the
header should also be doubled and trussed.
• At the bottom of the opening, insert the rough sill.
• Sills have a usual slope of 1 to 5 inches so that they
shed water quickly. They are wider than frames, usually
extending about 1 1/2 inches beyond the sheathing.
They also form a base for the outside finished casing.

6. WINDOW SASHES
• A window is normally composed of an upper and
a lower sash. There are two ordinary types of
wood sashes: fixed or movable.
• Fixed sashes are removable only with the aid of a
carpenter.
• Movable sashes may slide up and down in
channels in the frame (double-hung), or they may
swing in or out and be hinged at the side
(casement type).
• Sliding sashes are counterbalanced by sash
weights that weigh half as much as the sash.
Sashes are classified as single or divided,
according to the number of pieces of glass (or
lights).

9. Window terminology

10. Window terminology

11. Extruded aluminum frame assembly

12. Extruded aluminum frame section

13. Vinyl window section

14. Vinyl-clad wood windows

16. IRONMONGERY

17. IRONMONGERY
• Ironmongery is a general term which is
applied to builders hardware and includes
such items as nails, screws , bolts, hinges,
locks, window and door fittings

18. IRONMONGERY
Nails
• Nailing is the most basic and most commonly used
means of attaching members in wood frame
construction.
• Usually, nailing is used as a structural connection and
appearance is not a factor.
• Exceptions to this are nails used for cladding, decking
and finish work, where care in the selection of the
type of nail can lead to enhanced appearance.

19. Types of Nails
• ROUND WIRE NAIL - This is used for general
work. It is not attractive in shape and it can
split wood when hammered in position
• OVAL WIRE NAIL - This is a long nail and care
must be taken when it is hammered into the
wood. It is unlikely to split the wood.

20. Types of Nails
• LOST HEAD NAIL - This is ideal if it is necessary
to hide the head of the nail as a punch can be
used to hammer the head beneath the surface
level.
•
• PANEL PIN - A very popular way of joining
woods although glue is usually included as
part of the join

21. Types of Nails
• TACK - Can be used for fixing textile materials
to wood for example, fixing upholstery to
furniture.
• SPRIG - This no head and is generally used for
fixing glass to glass in wood frames.

22. Types of Nails
• ANNULAR NAIL - The teeth of this nail hold it
in place firmly. Therefore, it is used for fixing
plywood and other materials.
• HARDBOARD PIN - The diamond shaped head
is hidden when used in materials like
hardboard

23. Nail Types

25. Screws
Screws
• Screws rely on their threads to develop resistance to
withdrawal.
• Nails are faster to install but rely mainly on friction to resist
withdrawal.
• For this reason, designs should ensure that nails are loaded
laterally and that withdrawal loads are kept to a minimum.
• Wood screws are usually used for finishing rather than for
structural framing.
• Screws find some applications in structural framing as in the
case of floor sheathing which is glued and screwed to the
joists or the positive attachment of gypsum wallboard to
support members.
• They are higher in cost than nails because of the machining
required to make the thread and the head.
• Screws are designed to be much better at resisting withdrawal
than nails.

27. Types of Screws
COUNTERSUNK - SLOT HEAD:
• This can be used for general
woodworking for example fitting
hinges to doors. Because the
screw is countersunk it can be
tightened 'flush' to the surface of
the material.

28. POZIDRIV HEAD:
• Used with special screw
drivers which will not slip
when pressure is applied. This
is ideal when using screws in
corners or confined spaces.

29. ROUND HEAD SCREW:
• These are used for fixing pieces
of material together where
countersunk holes are not being
used. Round head screws can
look quite decorative especially
if they are made of brass.

30. RAISED HEAD SCREW:
• Used to fit door handle
plates and decorative
features that must look
good.

31. DOME HEAD SCREW:
Can be used for fitting fixtures such as
mirrors. The 'cap', which is the dome
shape is usually chromed or made from
brass and this can be a good feature. It
also makes the head of the screw safe
as the doom has no sharp edges to
catch and cut hands/fingers.

32. CHIPBOARD SCREWS:
• The thread on this type
of screw extends all the
way along the length. It
is best used with
chipboard

33. SELF-TAPPING SCREWS:
• these are normally used to cut a
thread in metal. A hole is drilled
in the metal, a fraction smaller
than the width of the screw. The
self-tapping screw is then
turned into the hole cutting a
thread

34. Ironmongery
Cavity Fixings
• Various fixing devices are available for fixing
components to thin materials of low structural
strength such as plasterboard and hardboard.
• Cavity fixings are designed to spread the load over a
wide area of the board. Such fixings are :
 Steel spring toggles
 Steel gravity toggles
 Rubber cavity fixings

35. Steel Spring Toggles
• Available in small, medium and large.
• For fixing ceiling lights, radiators and book
shelves in plasterboard and lath and plaster.
• Also suitable for general electrical fittings into
plasterboard, etc.

36. Steel Spring Toggles
• Spring –actuated wings open out when the
toggle fixing has been inserted through a hole
in the board and spread out on the reverse
side of the board.Spring toggles are specially
suited to suspend fixtures from a ceiling.

38. Spring Toggle

39. Steel Gravity Toggles
• When inserted horizontally into a hole in the
board , the long eng of the toggle drops and is
pulled against the reverse side of the board
when the screw is tightened.

41. Rubber Cavity Fixings
• A rubber , in which a nut is embedded is
inserted horizontally through a hole in board ,
the tightening of the screw causing the sleeve
to compress and grip the reverse side of the
board. This fixing device forms an airtight,
waterproof and vibration resistant fixing.

43. Hinges
• Hinges are devices used to attach doors
,windows and gates to a frame,lining or post
so that they are able to pivot about one edge.
• Hinges are classified by their function,length
of flap and material used.

44. Hinges
Material used for hinges are :
• Steel
• Brass
• Cast iron
• Aluminium
• Nylon with metal pins.

45. Hinges
Typical Examples of Hinges commonly used are :
• Steel butt hinges
• Steel double flap butt hinge
• Rising butt hinge
• Parliament hinge
• Tee hinge
• Band and hook
• Butterfly hinge
• Flush hinge
• Barrel hinge
• Concealed hinge
• Continuous hinge

47. Hinges
Steel butt hinges
• Comes in a range of
sizes from 13mm to
150mm and is normally
used for cabinet doors.
They are very strong but
cannot be adjusted
once they are fitted.

48. Hinges
Steel Double flap butt
hinge
• Same as the butt hinge
but made from two
steel strips to give extra
strenght.

49. Hinges
Rising Butt hinge
• Used to make the door level rise as it opened
to clear carpets and similar floor coverings.
• The door will aslo act as a gravity self closing
dorr when fitted with these butts which are
sometimes called skew butt hinges.

50. Rising Butt Hinge

51. Hinges
Parliament Hinge
• A butt hinge with a
projecting knuckle and
pin enabling the door to
swing through 180
degrees.

52. Hinges
ed
Tee Hinge
• used mainly for
hanging matchboard
(batten) doors where
the weight is distribut
over a large area.

53. Hinges
Band and Hook
• A stronger type of tee hinge made from
wrought steel and used for heavy doors and
gates.

54. Hinges
Butterfly Hinge
• This is often used on
light-weight doors
and different shapes
and patterns are
available. They are
generally easy to fit.

55. Hinges
Flush Hinge
• This type of hinge does
not require a recess to
be cut. They are not as
strong as butt hinges
but can be used for
light-weight doors and
small box construction.

56. Hinges
Barrel Hinge
• This comes in two parts.
The threaded part of
the hinge is screwed
into a pre-drilled hole.
They are easy to fit and
the hinge can be
dismantled.

57. Hinges
Concealed Hinge
• These normally come in
two sizes (25mm and
36mm. The hinge is
adjustable once fitted
and is designed with
chipboard.

58. Hinges
Continuous Hinge
• This is a hinge that comes in different lengths
and can be bought in brass or steel. It is ideal
where a long hinge is required such as a desk
top or a cupboard door. Small countersink
screws are normally used to fix it in position.

59. Casement Window Furniture
• In the casement window, there are two
major parts required for the opening of sash
which are :
1. Fasterner – is the security device
2. Stay – which holds the sash in the opened
position.

60. • Fasterner operate by the blade being secured in a
mortice cut into the frame or by the blade locating
over a projecting wedge or pin fixed to the frame.
• Casement stay can be obtained to hold the sash
open in a number of set positions by using a pin fixed
to the frame and having a series of locating holes in
the stay or they can be fully adjustable by the stay
sliding through a screw down stop fixed to the frame.

61. Casement Fastener

62. Casement Stay

63. Internal Fixings and Shelves
Internal Fixings
• These includes fixings such as :
1. Skirting
2. Architraves
3. Dado rails
4. Picture rails
5. Cornices
6. Cupboard fittings
7. Shelves

64. Skirting
• Is a horizontal member fixed around the skirt
or base of a wall primarily to mask the
junction between a wall finish and a floor .
• This skirting can be an integral part of the
floor finishes such a tiles or made from timber.

65. Architraves
• These a mouldings cut and fixed around door
and window openings to mask the joint
between the wall finishes and the frame. Like
skirting ,the usual material is timber but metal
or plastic mouldings are avaible.Architraves
are fixed with nails to the frame or lining and
to wall.

66. Typical wood trim details

67. Dado Rails
• These are horizontal mouldings fixed in a
position the walls from being damaged by the
backs of chairs pushed against them.
• They are very seldom used today since
modern chairs design renders them
unnecessary .If used, they are fixed by nails
directly to the wall or plugs inserted in the
wall.

68. Picture Rails
• These are moulded rails fixed horinzontally around
the walls of a room from which pictures may be
suspended and are usually positioned in line with the
top edges of the door architrave.
• They can be of timber or metal and like the dado rail
are very seldom used in modern domestic
buildings.Here the nail is aslo used to fix it.

69. Cornices
• Cornices are timber or plaster ornate
mouldings used to mask the junction between
the wall and ceiling.

71. Cupboard Fittings
• Usually supplied as a complete fittings
• Only requires positioning in site
• The cupboard needs to be plugged and
screwed to the wall
Shelves
• Shelves is part of a cupboard fitting

72. Shelves and Supports

73. Shelves and Supports

74. Kitchen Fittings
• The cupboards and drawers are manufactured
and preassembled.
• Then fixed using metal brackets and purpose-
made plastics.
• The materials vary such as chipboard,plywood
or timber.
• In the fittings , accessories such as wine ,plate
and glass racks can be installed.