3. INTRODUCTION
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SOUMYA SASWATI
3
Biochip requires microarray technology, transduction and
signal processing technology
Permits many tests to be performed at the same time
Surface area is no longer than a fingernail
It combines genetics, molecular biology and biochemistry
Biochip Technology is the most significant technology in
biotechnology
High throughput, mini size, automated and cost effective
Biochip is an important potential tool in life science
4. HISTORY
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SOUMYA SASWATI
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Developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries
Large scale development of biochips in 1990s
Today, a large variety of biochip technologies are either in
development or being commercialized
In 1980, Fred Sanger and Walter Gilbert were awarded
Nobel Prize for their pioneering DNA sequencing approach
In 1983,Kary Mullis was awarded Nobel Prize for his
Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) which allowed to amplify
minute amounts of DNA to quantities
One of the first commercial biochips was introduced
by Affymetrix. Their "GeneChip" products contain
thousands of individual DNA sensors for use in sensing
defects
5. NEXT GENERATION TECHNOLOGY
ORISSA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SOUMYA SASWATI
5
“A single electronic card/chip
may replace everything in your
wallet including. . .
• . . .our cash
•. . . our credit cards
•. . . our ATM card
•. . . our ID cards
•. . . our insurance
•. . . and our life
FUTURE One card, or one chip,
with your life on it”
6. BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY
ORISSA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SOUMYA SASWATI
6
The current, in use, biochip implant system is actually a
fairly simple device.
Today’s, biochip implant is basically a small (micro)
computer chip, inserted under the skin, for identification
purposes.
The biochip system have Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) system, using low-frequency radio signals to
communicate between the biochip and reader.
8. TRANSPONDER
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Two types of Transponder-Passive and Active
Communications between biochip and reader is via low
frequency radio waves
Transponder consists of four parts:-
Computer Chip: Stores the unique ID number
Antenna Coil: Primitive Radio antenna to receive and
send signals
Tuning Capacitor: Charged by the small (1/1000 of
Watt) signal sent by the reader
Glass Capsule: Made of biocompatible material such
as soda lime glass, hermetically (air-tight) sealed,
covered with Polypropylene polymer
10. READER/SCANNER
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Transmits a small signal
ID number transmitted by the transponder
Consists of a coil which creates an electromagnetic field
Provide energy to “activate” the implanted biochip
Also carries a receiving coil to receive ID number
Contains the software and components to decode the
received code and display the result in a LCD display
11. BIOCHIP IMPLANT
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Injected by a hypodermic syringe beneath the skin
Injection is safe and simple
Anasthesia is not required
Usually injected behind the neck of dogs and cats
13. APPLICATIONS
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SOUMYA SASWATI
13
With a biochip, tracing of a person/animal anywhere in
the world is possible
A biochip can store and update
financial,medical,demographic
data, basically everything about a person
A biochip leads to a secured E-commerce systems
Biochips are really potent in replacing
passports,cash,medical records
Medicinal implementation of biochips-as glucose
detector; as oxygen sensor; as an blood pressure sensor
14. ADVANTAGES
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To rescue the sick
To find the lost people
To identify person uniquely
In monitoring health condition of individuals in which they
are specially employed
They can perform thousands of biological reactions in a
few seconds
Increase speed of diagnosis of unknown pathogen
Ability to detect multiple viral agents in parallel
15. DISADVANTAGES
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SOUMYA SASWATI
15
They raise critical issues of personal privacy
They mark the end of human freedom and dignity
There is a danger of turning every man, women and child
into a controlled slave
They can be implanted into ones body without their
knowledge
Initial implementation cost is high
16. FUTURE
ORISSA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SOUMYA SASWATI
16
A chip implanted some where in human bodies might
serve as a combination of credit card , passport , driver's
license , personal diary
No longer would it be needed to worry about losing the
credit cards while travelling
A chip inserted into human bodies might also give us
extra mental power
17. CONCLUSION
ORISSA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SOUMYA SASWATI
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Biochips are:-
•Fast
•Accurate
•Miniaturized
•Expected to become economically advantageous
attributes that make them analogous to computer chip.
