2. Lecture Outline
• What is Learning
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Classical and Operant Conditioning
• Observational Learning
• Changes By Learning
3. What is Learning
• Learning is relative change in behavior or
knowledge that is due to experience.
Behaviourism
• Learning is the process of acquiring new
understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills,
values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to
learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some
machines; there is also evidence for some kind of
learning in certain plants
5. Classical Conditioning
• Discovered by Pavlov Russian Psychologist
• Two stimulus Linked together to produce a
new learned response in a person or animal
• A biologically strong stimulus is paired with a
previously neutral stimulus
6.
7. Operant Conditioning
• Discovered by B.F Skinner
• Operant conditioning, or instrumental
conditioning, is a method of learning that
focuses on rewards and punishments for
behavior.
• Through operant conditioning, an association
is made between a behavior and a
consequence (whether negative or positive)
for that behavior.
8.
9. Reinforcement
• Any event that strengthen
or increases the behavior
Punishment
• It is designed to weaken or
eliminate a response rather
than increase it.
• It is an aversive event that
decreases the behavior that
is follows.
10. Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
• Student get good position
you gift him a bike but he
didn’t maintain his position
finally you did Snatch his
bike temporarily.
Negative Reinforcement
• When student came back to
his good grading position
you did Return his bike
happily.
11. Punishment
Positive Punishment
• Give child some extra home
work which he didn’t want
to gain
Negative Punishment
• Snatching his mobile phone
permanently which he
didn’t want to give
12. Classical and Operant Conditioning
• Both classical conditioning and operant
conditioning are processes that lead to
learning.
• Classical conditioning pairs two stimuli,
while operant conditioning pairs behavior and
response.
• Classical conditioning always works with
involuntary responses, while operant
conditioning works with voluntary behaviors.
14. Observational Learning
• Albert Bandura-Social Learning Theory
• Observational learning is the process of
learning by watching the behaviors of others.
• The targeted behavior is watched, memorized,
and then mimicked.
• Also known as shaping and modeling,
observational learning is most common in
children as they imitate behaviors of adults.