BP801T. BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction, Statistics, Biostatistics RGUHS

1. !!!???!!!
Ravinandan A P
Assistant Professor
Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy
In association with
Siddaganga Hospital
Tumkur-02

2. • Your class average height was found to be 155cm.
• In emergency department of your hospital more
number of patients admitting due to
cardiovascular diseases.
• Females or more prone to develop UTI than
males.
• Drug A is more effective than Drug B in the
treatment of Hypertension.
• Drug A is more safer than Drug B in the treatment
of tuberculosis.
• Proper patient counselling improves 80%
medication adherence

3. On what basis you can say all
these facts??????
My Answer is
Biostatistics
So, lets start learn about it!!!

4. Ravinandan A P
Doctoral Research Scholar
&
Assistant Professor & Clinical Pharmacist
Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy
In association with
Siddaganga Hospital & Research Centre
Tumkur-02

5. Presentation Outlines……………
1. Introduction
2. Statistics
3. Biostatistics
4. Frequency distribution

6. “No amount of experimentation can
ever prove me right; a single
experiment can prove me wrong.”
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

7. Learning Objectives
At the end of the topic students should be able
➢ To say the meaning of statistics and
biostatistics
➢ To understand the role of statistics.
➢ To say the uses of statistics.
➢ To list the types of statistics.
➢To know the frequency distribution

8. Introduction
• Statistics plays an important role in almost
every facet of human life.
• Its concept & thinking enables us to,
1. Solve problem in almost any domain
2. Support their decisions
3. Reduce guess work
• Now a days it is regarded as on of the most
important TOOL for decision- making.
• Almost all branch of science require its use.

9. What is Statistics?
• Derived from Latin word ‘Status’, means
‘political state’
• Italian word ‘statista’ – meaning stateman,
• German word- ‘statistic’
• French word – ‘Statistque’
• Statistic / datum means a measured or
counted fact or piece of information stated as
a figure such as height of one person, birth
weight of a baby, etc.

10. Brief History...!!!
17th century
origin of
Vital
statistics
Captain Grant of
London (1620-1674)
Known as
“Father of Vital
statistics”
Used to study births
and deaths
18th century Sir Ronald A. Fisher
(1890-1962)
Known as “Father of
Statistics”
Applying statistics in
to various diversified
field such as genetics,
biometry, education,
agriculture etc.
19th century Karl Pearson
“Father of Modern
Statistics”
New statistical tools
and practices are
gradually being
written, episode by
episode discipline by
discipline.

11. • Statistics or data would be plural of the same,
stated in more than one figures such as height of 2
persons, birth weight of 5 babies, etc.
• They are collected from an experiments, records &
surveys. (SRE)
• It is a field of study concerned with techniques or
methods of collection of data, classification,
summarizing, interpretation, drawing inference,
testing hypotheses, making recommendations, etc.
when only a part of data used.

12. • May be regarded as a method which
deals with collection, presentation,
analysis & interpretation of quantitative
information.
• Statistics not only defines what “good”
is, but it tells us where our conclusions
fall on that scale.

15. Biostatistics ???
• Has been defined as the “application of
statistical methods to biological sciences”.
• Is the term used when tools of statistics are
applied to the data that derived from biological
sciences such as medicine.
• Everything in medicine or pharmacy be it
research, diagnosis or treatment, depends on
counting or measurement.

16. • High or low bp has no meaning, unless
expressed in figures.
• Incidence of TB or death rate in typhoid is
stated in figures.
• Enlargement of spleen is measured in
figures breadth.
• Thus medical statistics or biostatistics can
be called quantitative medicine.

17. • For study of figures, data one has to apply
mathematical techniques called statistical
methods.
• Ex: calculation of standard deviation, standard
error & preparation of life tables.
• Health statistics- in public health or community
health.
• Medical statistics- in medicine related to the
study of defects, injury, disease, efficacy of drug,
serum & line of treatment, etc.
• Vital statistics- in demography pertaining to vital
events of births, marriages & deaths.

18. Uses of Biostatistics:
• Biostatistics is an indispensable tool in
epidemiology.
• All epidemiological studies rely on the
quantification of health & disease events in
populations.
• Data collected in epidemiological studies
usually involve several observations on several
variables.

19. • Analyzing & presenting such large
volumes of raw data can be very
cumbersome & painful.
• Fortunately, statistics, a very powerful
tool, comes to rescue because it allows
us to:
• Describe large data sets using only few
numbers (like mean, range, etc.,).
• This is essentially called descriptive
statistics.

20. Descriptive statistics
• Are used to present & summarize data in
a form that permits cleanest
presentation of the most information.
• For instance, the important aspects of
the census data of a country can be
summarized in just a few numbers like
total population, sex ratio, age
distribution, etc.

22. • Generalize the results of a small sample to the
larger population from which the sample is drawn
(extrapolation).
• For ex, to find out the immunization coverage of a
district, not all the children in the district have to
be surveyed - one could take a random sample &
still estimate the coverage with good accuracy.

23. Inferential statistics
• Compare different variables & test an
underlying hypothesis.
• For ex, is the observed difference
between cure rates for two treatment
groups in a clinical trial due to the real
difference in the treatments or is it due
to sheer chance?
• A statistical test of significance will I
needed to answer this?

25. Applications of Biostatistics
• Public health, including epidemiology,
nutrition & environmental health.
• Genomics, population genetics, and
statistical genetics in populations in order
to link variation in genotype with a
variation in phenotype.
• Medicine.
• Ecology.
• Biological sequence analysis.

26. • Design & analysis of clinical trials in
medicine.
(i) to find the action of a drug – A drug is
given to animals or men to see whether
the changes produced are due the drug or
by chance;
(ii) to compare the action of two different
drugs or two successive dosages of the
same drug;
(iii) to find the relative potency of a new
drug with respect to a standard drug.

27. • Statistical methods are beginning to be
integrated into medical informatics,
public health informatics &
bioinformatics.

28. Limitations of Statistics:
• Statistics, with its wide applications in almost
every sphere of human activity, is not without
limitations. The following are some of its
important limitations:
• Statistics does not study individuals:
Statistics are aggregate of facts. Individual items,
taken separately, do not constitute statistical
data and are meaningless for any statistical
inquiry.

29. Statistics deals with quantitative facts:
• No quantitative fact can be studied unless the
qualities are expressed in numbers.
Statistics is true only to its averages:
• The statistical laws are true again to their
averages.

30. • Statistics may lead to fallacious conclusions:
The averages are based on individual items which
may be radically different from other – and this
leads us to fallacious conclusions.
• Only experts can make use of statistics:
Statistics cannot and should not be used by a raw
hand. This will give rise to the distrust of statistics.
Statistics furnishes the tool – it is necessary but at
the same time imperfect. It is fraught with
dangerous proposition, if used by raw hand. Thus,
skill and sufficient training is required for its
handling.

31. • Uniformity is a must:
The data must be uniform; otherwise the
comparisons may not be possible. This will,
fail the statistical method and tools.

33. Thank you

34. Session -2