Biostatistics applies statistical tools to biological and medical data. It is used (1) to establish what is considered normal in areas like physiology and anatomy, (2) to determine whether observed differences are due to chance or other factors in areas like comparing drug effectiveness and public health measures, and (3) to identify disease characteristics and evaluate health programs by comparing data from experiment and control groups.
When designing a clinical study, a fundamental aspect is the sample size. In this article, we describe the rationale for sample size calculations, when it should be calculated and describe the components necessary to calculate it. For simple studies, standard formulae can be
used; however, for more advanced studies, it is generally necessary to use specialized statistical software programs and consult a biostatistician. Sample size calculations for non-randomized studies are also discussed and two clinical examples are used for illustration
When designing a clinical study, a fundamental aspect is the sample size. In this article, we describe the rationale for sample size calculations, when it should be calculated and describe the components necessary to calculate it. For simple studies, standard formulae can be
used; however, for more advanced studies, it is generally necessary to use specialized statistical software programs and consult a biostatistician. Sample size calculations for non-randomized studies are also discussed and two clinical examples are used for illustration
Range, quartiles, and interquartile rangeswarna sudha
The IQR describes the middle 50% of values when ordered from lowest to highest. To find the interquartile range (IQR), first find the median (middle value) of the lower and upper half of the data. These values are quartile 1 (Q1) and quartile 3 (Q3). The IQR is the difference between Q3 and Q1.
I. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
NEED TO STUDY BIOSTATISTICS
SAMPLING
METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF DATA
METHODS OF SUMMARIZING THE DATA
: Measures of Central Tendency
: Mean
: Median
: Mode
: Measures of Dispersion
: range
: Mean deviation
: Standard deviation
: Coefficient of variation
CORRELATION & REGRESSION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND NORMAL CURVE.
METHODS OF ANALYZING THE DATA
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Application of a test or a procedure to large number of population who have no symptoms of a particular disease for the purpose of determining their likelihood of having the disease.
This powerpoint presentation gives a brief explanation about the biostatic data .this is quite helpful to individuals to understand the basic research methodology terminologys
Applications of statistics in medical Research and HealthrMuhammadNafees42
This will help you to understand the applications of basic statistics.The application of stat in medical health and research.
#nafeesupdates
#nafeesmedicos
Range, quartiles, and interquartile rangeswarna sudha
The IQR describes the middle 50% of values when ordered from lowest to highest. To find the interquartile range (IQR), first find the median (middle value) of the lower and upper half of the data. These values are quartile 1 (Q1) and quartile 3 (Q3). The IQR is the difference between Q3 and Q1.
I. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
NEED TO STUDY BIOSTATISTICS
SAMPLING
METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF DATA
METHODS OF SUMMARIZING THE DATA
: Measures of Central Tendency
: Mean
: Median
: Mode
: Measures of Dispersion
: range
: Mean deviation
: Standard deviation
: Coefficient of variation
CORRELATION & REGRESSION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND NORMAL CURVE.
METHODS OF ANALYZING THE DATA
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Application of a test or a procedure to large number of population who have no symptoms of a particular disease for the purpose of determining their likelihood of having the disease.
This powerpoint presentation gives a brief explanation about the biostatic data .this is quite helpful to individuals to understand the basic research methodology terminologys
Applications of statistics in medical Research and HealthrMuhammadNafees42
This will help you to understand the applications of basic statistics.The application of stat in medical health and research.
#nafeesupdates
#nafeesmedicos
The First session in the Epidemiology Lecture Series
Defining Epidemiology. Keywords in the definition. Aims of Epidemiology, Epidemiological Approach & Reasoning
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Biostatistics is the term used
when tools of statistics are
applied to the data that is
derived from biological sciences
such as medicine.
3. Scope
Certain essential bits of methods in biostatistics,
must be learnt to understand their application in
Diagnosis,
Prognosis–opinion based on medical experience.
Prescription and
Management of diseases in individuals and
community.
4. Statistics in medicine
• Health statistics- public or
community health.
• Medical statistics -efficacy of drug
• Vital statistics - vital events of births,
marriages and deaths.
6. In physiology and anatomy
• To define what is normal or healthy in a
population.
The mean pulse rate is 72 per minute but up
what limits it may be normal on either side of
mean has to be established with certain
appropriate techniques.
7. To find the difference between means
and proportions of normal at two
places or in different periods.
The mean height of boys in Gujarat is less than
the mean height in Punjab. Whether this
difference is due to chance of a natural variation
or because of some other factors such as better
nutrition playing a part, has to be decided.
8. In Pharmacology
• To find the action of drug—a drug is given to
animals or humans to see whether the
changes produced are due to the drug or by
chance.
• To compare the action of two different drugs
or two successive dosages of the same drug.
• To find the relative potency of a new drug
with respect to a standard drug.
9. In medicine
• To compare the efficacy of a particular drug,
operation or line of treatment—for this,
The percentage cured, relieved or died in the
experiment and control groups, is compared and
difference due to chance or otherwise is found
by applying statistical techniques.
• To find an association between two attributes
such as cancer and smoking
10. To identify signs and symptoms of a disease or
syndrome. Cough in typhoid is found by chance
and fever is found in almost every case. The
proportional incidence of one symptom or
another indicates whether it is a characteristic
feature of the disease or not.
In medicine
11. In community medicine and public
health
• To test usefulness of sera and vaccines in the
field
Percentage of attacks or deaths among
the vaccinated subjects is compared
with that among the unvaccinated
ones to find whether the difference
observed is statistically significant.
12. • In epidemiological studies—the role of
causative factors is statistically tested.
Deficiency of iodine as an important
cause of goiter in a community is
confirmed only after comparing the
incidence of goiter cases before and
after giving iodized salt.
In community medicine and public
health
13. • In public health, the measures adopted are
evaluated.
Lowering of morbidity rate in typhoid
after pasteurization of milk may be
attributed to clean supply of milk, if it
is statistically proved.
In community medicine and public
health
14. • Fall in birth rate may be the result of
Family planning methods adopted
under National Family Welfare
Programme or due to rise in living
standards, increasing awareness and
higher age of marriage.
In community medicine and public
health
15. Recording of vital events
Recording of vital events in birth and death
registers and diseases in hospitals is like book
keeping of the community, describing the
incidence or prevalence of diseases, defects or
deaths in a defined population.
16. Biostatistics as a science of figures will
tell:
a. What are the leading causes of death?
b. What are the important causes of
sickness?
c. Whether a particular disease is rising or
falling in severity and prevalence?
d. Which age group, sex, social class of
people, profession or place is affected the
most?
17. Biostatistics as a science of figures will
tell:
e. The levels or standards of health reached.
f. Age and sex composition of population in a
community.
g. Whether a particular population is rising,
falling, aging or ailing?
h. Which health program should be given
priority and what will be the requirements for
the same?
