Published by Indonesia Water and Sanitation Working Group. First Edition in August 2003

2. Information Media for Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation
From the Editor 1
Your Voice 2
Published by:
Main Feature
Water Supply and Sanitation
Working Group Making Clean and Pleasing School 3
More about Green School 5
Advisor:
Director General for Human Settlement, Interview
Department of Public Works Dr Dewi Utama Faizah, Disseminator of Healthy Life Inspiration 7
Board of Trustee: Regulation
Director of Settlement and Housing, National Permendagri No 23 of 2006 8
Development Planning Agency
Director of Water and Sanitation, Insight
Ministry of Health Green School and Environment Care Issue 10
Director of Water Supply Development,
Department of Public Works Ecological Disaster and Failure of City Planning Model 12
Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate Water Flow Regulator `ala Barugaya 13
Technology, Director General on Village and
Community Empowerment, Contribution from Drinking Water Provision 15
Department of Home Affairs Reportage
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning
Environment Management, Water Scarcity in the Mustika Housing 17
Department of Home Affairs Purbalingga in Drought 18
Chief Editor: Reflection
Oswar Mungkasa Learning Sanitation from India 19
Board of Editor:
Jambangan Village, Green All the Year Round 22
Zaenal Nampira, Child Festival of Surabaya River 2007 23
Indar Parawansa,
Inspiration
Bambang Purwanto
The Water "Pawang" 24
Editor:
Our Guest
Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy,
Raymond Marpaung, Bowo Leksono, Endang Wardiningsih, Perseverance in Teaching Students to Aware
Reski Dian Diniari the Environment 26
Design/Illustrator: Around ISSDP
Rudi Kosasih Portrait of Mid-City Clean Environment 28
Production: Closing Factory Isn't Enough, What's Needed is Mutual Commitment 29
Machrudin When Diarrhoea 'Picks' Noviana 31
Distribution: Initiative for Public-Private Partnership in WHWS 32
Agus Syuhada Around WASPOLA 33
Address: Around WSS 38
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Program
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113
http://www.ampl.or.id SMK Negeri 1 Surabaya, Towards Environmentally-Based School 44
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com IATPI Clinic 47
redaksi@ampl.or.id
oswar@bappenas.go.id Book Info 48
Website Info 49
Unsolicited article or opinion items
are welcome. Please send to our address
CD Info 50
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and WSS Bibliography 51
accompanied by identity.
Agenda 52
Glossary
Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

3. FROM THE EDITOR
prove competitiveness in the world mar-
ket and at the same time sustain natural
resources of Indonesia.
Green school is identified as one com-
mitted to and systematically develop pro-
grams to inclusion the environmental va-
lues into all school activities. A school
with a vision, mission and objectives and
policies aimed at quality improvement
and is highly interested in quality of life
through Green School Program.
It is indeed far from easy to build a
real green school because it is not just
that the school physically looks clean and
lush and green, rather it is more on the
development environmental awareness of
school academia which is noticeable from
their daily habit as a reflection of the
demand of improved quality of life.
The consummation of Green School is
inseparable from the role of private sec-
tor, NGO and the government. And most
importantly is the role of the community
within the school itself, everybody in-
cluding the pupils, teachers and the staff.
It takes a teacher or several teachers to
pioneer and become the examples to the
pupils.
We greet Our Guest, one of SMUN 34
Jakarta's teachers, Endang Wardiningsih
who is diligent and with her environmen-
tal training experience from Unesco, give
it to her students.
The outcome? The subject matter on
Photo: ISSDP environment does not end up in an extra-
curricular activity but it goes beyond into
a local content of an integral part of the
n reality Water Supply and Sanita- Because there are not many schools that curriculum called Environmental Edu-
I tion (WSS) is never separable from
life. It appears as a problem not
readily resolved, it is even growing more
care to its surrounding environment.
This is important, cultivating hygiene
behaviour early since the school age.
cation, which means that it is compulsory
subject for all pupils.
As a warming up, we present you a
and more intensely along with the growth School environment varies extensively, small review on the National Sanitation
in population number, social and eco- the students come from various different Conference (NSC) 2007, such as a talk
nomic activities. It demands an immedi- background. It is hoped when they are show and visit to Kelurahan (Village) of
ate problem identification and resolution. outside the school environment they Petojo, a sanitation pilot project located
It is quite necessary to continuously would continue to put hygiene behaviour right in the heart of the city of Jakarta.
inform the community the efforts are into application. We hope what Percik presents you in
being or should be done in WSS deve- An environmentally conducive school this edition would be useful and provide
lopment. One of the means is through is necessary to produce graduates skilled an inspiration for all to live hygienically
publication of this magazine. through high quality education. But that and at the same time take a good care of
In this nineteenth edition we present is not all, conducive school environment the environment. Your comments and
you the concept of Green School. It is pre- also promotes high quality life pattern, so- suggestions are most welcome. We hope
sented here in the main feature. Why? mething that is presently necessary to im- you enjoy reading Percik.
Percik
August 2007 1

4. YOUR VOICE
How to subscribe We will be pleased to send you reads: "there is a pond owner when
Percik since January 2007 edition asked why his latrine flushes into the
Percik pond he answers: "…. I am willing to
pay someone who is willing to defecate
I am an instructor of Environmen- in my latrine". The answer does not at
tal Engineering of the Trisakti Univer- Acknowledgement and
all indicate that in Banjarnegara there
sity, and I wish to know how I could Notice of Change of is a pond owner who pays anyone to
subscribe this magazine.
Many thanks in advance
Address defecate in his pond, rather, it is a
response to a question that he consi-
On behalf of PT Arutmin Indonesia ders as putting him to an odd corner, a
Best regards,
I'd like to acknowledge with thanks question that considers it negative to
Pramiati
receipt of Percik regularly. And also I'd defecate in a fish pond, etc. The an-
like inform you that effective from 21 swer is more as a defensive response to
Dear Ms. Pramiati, his behaviour, indicating a response of
May 2007 PT Arutmin Indonesia has
Please send us your complete being offended by the question, etc.
moved from Mid Plaza Bldg 2 9th floor
address to our email address: redak- Thus, in Banjarnegara there is no
to a new address as the following:
sipercik@yahoo.com. We will send additional source of income from such
Wisma Bakrie II 10th floor
you every edition free of charge. thing as defecating in someone else's
Jl. HR Rasuna Said Kav B-2
Thank you. fish pond. I would appreciate it if you
Jakarta 12920
could publish this straightening infor-
Regards, mation.
To subscribe Percik Delma Azrin Alma Arief
Thank you for you correction
Magazine
Straightening of
I would herewith subscribe Percik
beginning from January 2007 edition.
an article in Percik Notice of Change of
Please be informed that our institution ed. July 2007 Address
"Human Resource Development and
Applied Technology (CREATE) East I wish to thank Percik for the pub-
I wish to thank Percik for the
Java II" is conducting rehabilitations lication of my article entitled "The
receipt of the magazine regularly.
to the areas that were by hit flood and community's most suitable latrine
Seeing its usefulness I still wish to con-
landslide at Kecamatan Panti, Ka- technology" in July 2007 edition. In
tinue receiving its future editions. I
bupaten Jember East Java. We are general there is no problem with the
also wish to inform you of my moving
looking for useful information and arti- edition of the article. However there is
from the former address of
cles that may be applicable at commu- something annoying that may have
Jl. Cipinang Asem RT 02 RW 012 No. 5
nity level. occurred when editing the part on
Kel. Kebon Pala Jakarta 13650
Thank you in anticipation. Best "cases in several villages", which calls
regards. for a little ironing out. In this part it is
to the following:
Our mail address is the following: written therein: "…. Even, some pond
FPPB UBB
owners in a village in Kabupaten Ban-
Jl. Diponegoro No. 16
Ir. H.R. Soedradjad M.Sc. jarnegara, C. Java, are willing to pay
Sungai Liat, Bangka.
Chairman, CREATE II East Java for someone to defecate on the latrine
I would appreciate it if Percik
Jl. Semeru VII/M-8 built on his pond". This statement
would be willing to continue with the
Jember 68121 clearly indicates that in Banjarnegara
cooperation. Thank you in anticipa-
there is a pond owner who pays some-
tion.
R. Soedradjad one to defecate in his pond. In my ori-
Best regards,
Jember ginal article (before editing) I don't
Idha Susanti
mean it that way. My original article
2 Percik 2007
August

5. M AIN F EATURE
chool is an important part of environment for children Movement at the National UKS (School Health Unit) Jamboree
S upbringing. It is here, besides home and social environ-
ment, that mental and intellectual is educated and tested.
Therefore, beauty and comfort are both needed to smooth
and the Presentation of National Defence by SMK Students at
Ken Arok Sport Hall, Malang. The launching of clean and green
school is expected to lead to a generation of hygiene behaviour
the path of absorption and application of knowledge. This can since early age.
be achieved through the responsibility care of everyone in Green school is one that is committed and systematically
involved in the school. A pleasing and beautiful school environ- develops programs for inclusion of environmental values within
ment must not be understood as simply tree planting and clean school activities. To generate the spirit and sustain the Green
surrounding or composting and recycling of wastes. It is more School implementation, several private corporations like Coca
than that, it is the inclusion of environmental values and are Cola Foundation Indonesia (CCFI) and Toyota working in col-
manifested in the actual school activities. And for all of this, the laboration with non government organizations conducted green
role of all stakeholders comprising the teachers, students and school competition. Competition is an effective means for gen-
staff and other parties outside the erating awareness to sustaining
school is called for. The role of green school program.
teachers as instructor and exem-
plary individuals is indispensable. Go Green School Program
The cultivation of a character is to To support the schools in
some extent inspired by the Indonesia to Green School
teacher who teaches with all his Program implementation and to
heart and inspiration. promote environmentally sensi-
tive habit via school activities,
Green School GGS program was launched.
Environment is our common This program is intended mainly
concern. Through common atten- for schools in urban areas where
tion and effort, the environment the community is growing rapid-
can be sustained. And school is ly. GGS was launched in 2005
expected to play key role in gene- by the Centre for the Betterment
rating environmental care within of Education (CBE), KEHATI
the heart of young generation, the Foundation, and Coca Cola
future decision makers. Foundation Indonesia (CCFI)
In recent years several senior with support from the Ministry
and junior high schools have of Environment, especially for
started to implement Go Green high school level.
School (GGS) Program. This pro- The Deputy Chief Executive
gram is the fruit of interventions Operating Committee CCFI
made by various stakeholders, Triyono Priyosusilo disclosed
from the government, the private that GGS is a movement to pro-
sector and the community. mote environmentally sensitive
Last August the 4th the school especially high school
Minister of National Education, level in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,
Bambang Sudibyo, launched Pleasing environment of a school in Jakarta. Tangerang and Bekasi.
Photo: Bowo Leksono
Clean and Green School "Through this program we hope
Percik
August 2007 3

6. MAIN FEATURE
stood as tree planting, painting wall of
school building in green, washing floor
and cleaning glass pane. EE should actu-
ally be able to create critical awareness of
student to exploit wisely the earth natural
resources. EE also stresses the impor-
tance of the method of learning from
nature by exploring the facts around us,
stressing more on the use of students'
senses.
In an opportunity, Emil Salim, former
Minister of Environment revealed that
the sustainability of GGS program will
generate hope that in the future environ-
ment will become the policy mainstream
and for this the students' involvement is
School should cultivate the habit of waste separation.
Photo: Bowo Leksono important. "In 2025 they will sit in the
policy making offices in this country.
that we could develop a concept and loped by Ecoton (Ecology and Wetland
Therefore, now is the right time to
model of Green School that is suitable for Conservation) research institute in col-
implant environmental care within
high school of urban areas in Indonesia," laboration with KEHATI Foundation.
them," he had said.
he said. Both institutes provide consultation and
Green School Program has in reality
Green School according to Triyono is EE teaching materials (guidebook, CD,
provided opportunity for all members of
one with the members of the community human resources and training), teachers
the school community to be directly
environmentally sensitive and is made training in developing syllabus and EE
involved in creating a pleasing education-
real through behaviour and environmen- training method, competition in EE
al atmosphere. A good and pleasing envi-
tally sensitive school management in implementation for students through
ronment is everyone's dream. The con-
order to improve quality of life. "It is research contest and ecosystem report-
science of the importance of environmen-
hoped the schools that have implemented ing, and comparative study to other
tal conservation must be cultivated as
the program would be able to sustain and schools that have implemented EE.
early as possible. Bowo Leksono
inspire other schools to do the same," he Up to now EE is only partially under-
concluded.
The program is based on KEHATI
Foundation and CCFI concern to schools
as educational base and potential institu-
tion to support the efforts to improve
environmental quality. With all the
resources and coverage, schools play an
important role in the application of envi-
ronmental education for youth in
Indonesia.
Local Contents
Schools that have won competition
and have been given guidance from GGS
are ones that have inserted environmen-
tal subjects into educational curriculum.
They are SMA Wikrama Bogor, SMA N 13
North Jakarta, SMA 69 of the Thousand
Islands, SMK Al Muslim Bekasi, SMA N
34 South Jakarta, and several others. The
subject matter which is known as
Environmental Education (EE) is deve- Recycle house of SMU N 34, Jakarta.
Photo: Bowo Leksono
4 Percik 2007
August

7. M A I N F E AT U R E
MORE ABOUT
GREEN SCHOOL
Definition
reen School is an environmentally sensitive school and
G its members are environmentally conscience and put it
into reality through environmentally friendly be-
haviour in order to improve the quality of life. More clearly green
shool is school committed and systematically develop a program to
inclusion the environmental values into school activities.
Basic Value
The concept and activities being developed rest on the noble
values of human life such as humanity, solidarity, honesty, jus-
tice and natural balance.
Basic Principle
Participatory. All members of a school and the community
are entitled to obtain sufficient information and to involve them-
selves in the overall process (planning, preparation, implemen-
tation and control) in accordance with the responsibility and
role.
Sustaining. All of the activities are beneficial now and in the
future.
Comprehensiveness. All members of school must consider
the each and every aspects of life in the process of planning,
implementation, and evaluation in order to enable to provide
Backyard garden ornamented with medicinal plants.
the biggest contribution to the environment. Photo: Bowo Leksono
What Green School Looks Like environmental condition, (iii) development of community based
Green school must at least meet the following requirements education. School is inseparable from the real life and therefore
(i) education is based on environmentally sensitive curriculum, school and community are inter-dependnt one from the other,
(ii) design, use of materials and maintenance of facilities are (iv) development of environmentally friendly support system.
based on environmentally friendly principle, (iii) run on envi- This program is significantly connected with WSS such as water
ronmentally sensitive management; (iv) school program is sup- thriftiness, sanitation development and waste management, (v)
ported by communities outside the school, and (v) the school development of environmentally sensitive school management.
community maintains the habit of environment care. It's hoped that school management could develop an environ-
mentally sensitive culture and philosophy and is supported with
Program capable human resources.
Green school can be formatted into five (5) programs, name-
ly (i) development of environmentally based curriculum, (ii) im- Benefit
provement of environmental condition of school compound and Various benefits can be obtained among others (i) school
the surrounding areas. This is part of the efforts to promote the community has had an integrated understanding about environ-
school and the surrounding communities to actively improve the ment, (ii) school becomes an institution to learn about environ-
Percik
August 2007 5

8. LAPORAN UTAMA
ment in an easy and pleasing manner, (iii) schools in Indonesia that are unfamiliar rents who work in synergy through the
educational method becomes more dynamic, with the green school concept. Some of availability of external funding source.
(iv) students potential and teachers capacity the few that have applied the concept are
in environmental aspect are continuously SMA N 13 N. Jakarta, SMK Al Muslim Constraint
improving, and (v) the school is getting more Bekasi, and SMK Wikrama, Bogor. Although the green school concept
extensive network and is supported by the has been successfully put into implemen-
community outside the school. Promoting Factor tation, however its further expansion is
The success in the application of handicapped with the limited number of
Application of Green School in green school concept is attributed to de- skilled teachers.
Indonesia dication and sincerety all stakeholders
In general, there are still many including the students, teachers, and pa- Linkage with WSS Development
So far WSS development is way from
SMA N 13 JAKARTA UTARA SMK AL MUSLIM BEKASI SMK WIKRAMA BOGOR satisfactory achievement, especially as it
Theme Integrated environmental Nature and evironment Quality lifestyle with green relates to sanitation and waste manage-
management by the school based education school ment. It is believed that the major in-
and the surrounding com-
hibiting factor is the poor hygiene beha-
munity through 3R principle
viour of the community. Therefore beha-
Purpose Establishment of environ- Application of environmen- Establishment of environ- vioural change is prerequisite in WSS
mental concern, esta- tally friendly activities by ment care among students
blishment of integrated the school community, toward 'green life' society, development.
waste management, im- availability of environmen- establishment of high quali- On the other side, behavioural change
provement of the role of tally based local content ty green environment,
may take place easier if it starts early in
school in handling envi- curriculum. application of school based
ronmental issues. environmental management one's life. For this purpose school
system becomes the most suitable means for
Program Strengthening Green Empowerment of Green Development of environ- behevioural change process. The experi-
School Group, manage- Education team of volun- mentally based curriculum, ence in application of green school con-
ment of waste in school, teers, water and energy development of cooperation cept confirms it. This has been proven in
cultivation of medicinal thriftiness campaign, waste network, empowerment of
plants, integration of management, integration of teachers and students based SMA N 13 of North Jakarta paticularly in
issues into educational waste matter related issues on environment, application waste recycle campaign, at SMK Al
activities, environmental into education, open house of information technology in
campaign and speech contest on environmental manage-
Muslim Bekasi and SMK Wikrama Bogor
waste, environmentally ment, environment care boy in reusing waste as raw material for
based school management scout, waste management, handicraft such as key holder, bags and
hygiene behaviour.
Source: Kehati Foundation
wallet. OM
7
SEVEN STEPS TO MAKE SCHOOL GREEN
(adopted from Eco-Schools International, www.eco-schools.org)
1. Organising Green Club. Green Club serves as motivator the conclusion is used as input in determining priority
and pioneer in the application of green school concept. action. The survey should be done in pleasing manner.
It comprises all stakeholders (students, teachers, staff, 4. Formulation of Green School Action. As preliminary
parents and school committee). It is an open organiza- action, the plan must be realistic and can easily be
tion and is run by the students. The main task is to achieved. The next may follow the more challenging
coordinate the overall activities, provision of recom- long term plan.
mendation, and facilitation of communication among 5. Progress Monitoring and Evaluation. Green Club together
the school community. with other members of the school community collec-
2. Formulation of Vision. Vision should be written and tively evaluate the progress. The conclusion is used to
affixed in public area, and can also be supported measure the program achievement.
through statement of attitude from the school commit- 6. Inclusion of the activity into curriculum.
tee, and parents union. 7. Involving all stakeholders and do not hesitate to disse-
3. Conduct Survey on the School Environment. The survey minate the achievement.
is conducted to identify environmental problem, then
6 Percik 2007
August

9. INTERVIEW
Dr Dewi Utama Faizah
Disseminating Hygiene Life Inspiration
human being sensitiveness any time any-
Dewi Utama Faizah has been a where. I will always ask the teachers to
staff of the Directorate of render a helping hand to children resolve
Kindergarten and Primary School of their shabbiness. And this can start from
the Dept. of National Education simple matter. For instance, to help ta-
since 24 years ago. king care of common cold and runny
Dewi as she is intimately called
nosed which is common in NTT also in
has been involved in curriculum
NTB. When I joined in Monev Team for
development that serves to inspire
AusAID Partnership program in 2002 I
the teachers at school. Dewi also
lends her hand in many cooperation was surprised to see how a teacher can
programs between the government teach when the pupils look so clumsy, red
and donor countries in terms of nosed with greenish mucus flowing down,
monitoring and evaluation (monev) dark green collar and sleeve because they
and training for teachers, especial- use them to mop their nose.
ly of kindergarten and primary
school. What are the barriers?
Since 2000 the lady, who likes to wear in black, has been working I do not see any barrier. Because hy-
together with teachers working in schools, especially of eastern regions giene life is human basic demand. Unfor-
of Indonesia. What Dewi Utama Faizah is doing while facilitating the
tunately our schools, or even parents of-
"meritorious yet undecorated heroes"? The following are the excerpts of
ten neglect and feel it's not necessary to
an interview with Percik.
learn about it in the same way it is not ne-
cessary to learn mathematics and scien-
hat does the hygiene beha- environment as means to do it. ces. Who would not be happy if the chil-
W viour education look like in
Indonesia? Then, what should be done and
dren are healthy, they come home smells
good, clean hair and smiling with white
Too bad indeed! Our teachers now at in what way to change the habit? teeth.
schools are "curriculum teachers". They Do it and do it again to make it a
occupy themselves with curriculum and habit. Any time and anywhere. This in Is there any special message?
textbooks, while forgetting the dignity of addition to the necessity of having an Come let's disseminate the hygiene
the young people as growing and develop- exemplary teacher and adult to help in life behaviour to all children in Indonesia.
ing individuals. disciplining. If children are immersed Hygiene life starts from them as non
into this condition, there will be a feeling hygienic life also starts from them. Let's
What it should look like? of something sticking to always behave combine head, heart, hand and healthy
Speaking of habit is not as simple as hygienically. The hygiene feeling sticks into learning process in this country.
transferring the content of a book into firmly with emotion, while emotion is an
human mind. Developing habit com- energy that flares the children's desire to What are the stakeholders we
prises a series of long processes within live a healthy life. could expect to render help/get in-
human being, day by day from waking up volved?
in the morning till he's asleep again at Where has the program been I hope the teachers, the community
night. At home and in school are the are- employed? and in the future WSS stakeholders could
nas where children develop their good I have no specific program for that. help this program. OK? I'll be waiting for
and healthy behaviour. They need social But I will do my best to sharpen my the action. Bowo Leksono
Percik
August 2007 7

10. REGULATION
PERMENDAGRI NO. 23 OF 2006
ON TECHNICAL GUIDELINE
AND PDAM WATER TARIFF
DETERMINATION
he story of losses incurred by PDAM in supplying water PDAM Water Tariff which is considered less workable with the
T to the community has been a daily news over the years.
The high operational costs and high leakage level com-
bined drag its income drops down. On the other hand PDAM is
present PDAM condition. Up to now PDAM does not reflect full
cost recovery principle. Several new changes have been made in
considering and determining PDAM tariff. In the new regula-
seemingly being placed in a difficult position if it is trying to tion basic cost is calculated based on three components, busi-
increase its tariff. Protests from consumer ness cost, quantity of water produced and
community backed by the parliament water loss. Basic cost is business cost di-
become the stumbling stone. As a matter of In the calculation vided by quantity of water produced after
fact, though, income from a proper tariff is of the new basic cost deduction with standard water loss.
indispensable to cover the operational costs. water loss is taken into Business cost is the total costs covering costs
In addition, a portion of the income must be account. Whilst for water source, water treatment, transmis-
reinvested for service coverage expansion. the old regulation sion and distribution, partnership, and ge-
As of 2006 piped water service coverage is considers water loss neral and administration costs.
still as low as 18 percent. While in terms of as liability that Compare the old basic costs which com-
water tariff there are many PDAMs put tariff has to be borne fully prise operational cost, maintenance cost,
rate at Rp 500 per cu. m thus below the aver- by PDAM administration cost, interest on loan and
age national tariff level at Rp 1.000 per cu.m. loan principal. In the calculation of the new
Requesting for a loan is the last resort for basic cost water loss is taken into account.
most PDAMs. And the loan makes the bur- Whilst the old regulation considers water
den heavier. They are unable to pay the loan installments, if any loss as liability to be borne fully by PDAM.
payment is made it is only for the interest. This is considered quite appropriate between 2000 and 2007
Finally there are many PDAMs that are deeply in debt. there are several PDAMs that have to pay raw water tenfolds the
From 318 PDAMs only 18 percent of them is considered finan- earlier cost. This new regulation has made it clear that O&M
cially sound, which means capable of developing, loan manage- costs in the old regulation are now the costs for water treatment,
ment, asset replacement, efficient operation, and making profit. transmission and distribution.
Water loss as a determining factor in basic cost calculation Quality of service, and raw water source protection as factors
Considering this condition, the government sees to it that in tarif determination
PDAM should be salvaged by issuing Permendagri (Home Tariff determination policy will undergo some changes. To
Affairs Ministerial Regulation) No. 23/2006 on Technical improve the calculation the new regulation sets the tariff deter-
Guideline and the Mechanism for PDAM Water Tariff mination toward inclusion of equitability, service quality
Determination. This regulation supersedes the earlier regula- improvement, accountability and raw water source protection.
tion Permendagri No.2 /1998 on Guideline to Determining In the new regulation PDAM tariff is directed toward contribu-
8 Percik 2007
August

11. REGULATION
tion to raw water source protection and
sutainability of water resources in the
long run. A progressive tariff system is
intended to help raw water source protec-
tion.
Based on the new regulation the cal-
culation and tariff determination must be
based on easily understandable and
accountable principles. Each rupiah
managed by PDAM must be transparent
and accountable especially to the commu-
nity. Otherwise, it'd be difficult for
PDAM to increase its tariff.
Water use efficiency is still the base in
tariff determination. Efficiency can be
achieved through the application of pro-
gressive tariff for consumers using water
beyond the standard water demand. It is
hoped that through this limitation these
consumers will refrain from excessive use
and raw water can be economized.
Cost recovery principle will be consi-
dered as the main in tariff determination.
Photo: Bowo Leksono
The new regulation made some revision
in calculating the cost recovery. For now,
It has been written many times and pub- according to tariff category. Group 1 with
full recovery can be reached when mini-
lished the media that a particular PDAM low tariff, group 2 basic tariff, group 3 full
mum average tarif equals the basic cost.
is difficult to raise tariff because of poor rate, group 4 special rate.
But if we wish to expand the service, the
service. In another case, a PDAM pro- It is here PDAM is given a freehand to
average tariff must be planned to cover
ceeds with tariff increase although the determine a policy of each type of con-
the basic costs plus a fair level of profit.
service remains poor. With the conside- sumers for each group based on the con-
This fair profit is reached when the ratio
ration of quality of service it will push sumers' real condition and characteristics
of profit to production asset is 10 percent.
PDAM to improve its service. in each locality. What is important is
However tariff is set within the reach
PDAM does not change the number of
and fairness. The tariff for standard
Flexibility in bloc consumers and customer groups as determined pursuant
water supply demand must be set within
customers' group to the present Permedagri.
the reach of consumers earning a
To simplify tariff calculation, con- Most important of all is that with this
provincial minimum wage level. The ta-
sumers bloc and customers group are new regulation, the mechanism of PDAM
riff is said within reach if it is not more
more flexible to the newly developed re- tariff determination is based on balance
that 4 percent of consumer's income. For
gulation. Consumers blocs are reduced of interest of the consumer community
fairness of tariff application, it is under-
from three to two, namely the consumers and the regional government. Therefore,
taken through tariff differentiation
using water within the standard demand tariff determination must at the same
through cross subsidy between consumer
limit and those consuming above the time be intended to improved service,
groups.
limit. While customers group is reduced cost recovery, and profit that eventually
Quality of service is a new considera-
into four from previously five. To the new could be reinvested for future service
tion in tariff determination. Quality of
regulation, each group is determined development. ? Afif Nu'man
service is still a big question with PDAM.
Percik
August 2007 9

12. INSIGHT
GREEN SCHOOL
AND THE PROBLEM OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CARE
By: Imam M.*
ecently, there is a promising environment care
R movement arising from students, especially high
schools. The students are no longer spoiled newly as
we used to describe them, today they are grown up youth who
are seeking for identity. Some of the high schools students
have change their views by launching activities that used to be
conducted by those who are engaged in environmentally
related organizations.
What is interesting in these environmentally oriented
activities is that the students are now aware of the negative
effects of the extensively ongoing nature exploitation and
environmental pollution practices. Of course, their activities
will not dramatically change the polluted environment into Various medicinal herbs grown in a green school.
Photo: Bowo Leksono
clean and decent surroundings. The main objective is to lay
basic awareness as early as possible so that in the future they
will become the first person to protect the environment in sively. Some say that the river flowing into Mojokerto is not
which they live. If environmental awareness has been developed too polluted as shown by a student named Yogi of SMUN 1
it will be easier to develop into environmentally oriented Wringinanom. Some say that it is already polluted as is
habit in daily life. shown by students studying Brantas River that flows in the
Take for instance the students of SMUN 1 of city of Surabaya (Tempo, 16 April 2007).
Wringinanom, Gresik, East Java. We can say this is one of Some of the schools do not stay silent with the increasing-
the foremost of its age in environmental awareness. Beside ly gloomy environmental condition. Several schools have
practicing clean and green environment by planting trees and started with environmentally based curriculum. SMUN 1
herbs in the school compound, they are also engaged in out- Wringinanom intends to treat it as a subject matter by giving
side school environmentally related activities. The students 1 hour a week, while some other school wishes to integrate it
attended workshops on environment and persuade other high into other subjects. This is done, for instance, in SMK
school students in East Java to conduct a study on Brantas Wikrama Bogor that puts environmental subject within PKN,
River. This study is to find out the pollution level of the river Indonesian Language, English Language, Mathematics, and
as accumulative result of pollution dumped into it by citizens Physics. The following is the explanation:
as it flows down along its course. The outcome varies exten-
10 Percik 2007
August

13. INSIGHT
1. Islamic Study: Competence in
Natural and Environmental
Degradation. Week 18-21.
2. Civics: Competence in Natural
Resources. Week 61-73.
3. Indonesian Language: Compe-
tence in Reading and Writing on
Environment. Week 5-25.
4. English Language: Competence
in Novice Level of reading and
writing on natural environment.
Week 21-40.
5. Mathematics: Competence in the
application of the concept of real
Tree shaded schoolyard. Photo: Bowo Leksono
figure. Week 1-13.
6. Physics: (a) Calorie calculation,
(b) Application of power concept, the school compound. This school ness and sustainability. Most impor-
energy, capacity, (c) Application does not only look clean but also green tant of all is to sustain the program
of fluid concept, (d) Thermo- and is comfortable and is finally the implementation in the future".
dynamics, (e) Optics, (f) Elec- most suitable place to cultivate the The support provided by various
tricity, (g) Productive RPL1. Basic seed of intelligence. organizations for environmentally ori-
Programming, (h) Computer ented activities is essentially to moti-
Technology and Network, (i) PC Various supports vate and at the same provide room to
Installation. Week 1-10. Environmental care can also be create awareness to environment.
The concept applied in SMK seen at SMK Al Muslim Bekasi. In SMAN 1 Wringinanom has by itself
Wikrama does not disturb subject mat- 2005 this school won Oxygen Prize worked in cooperation with Gresik
ters because it does not add to the stu- from PT Coca Cola in collaboration regional and East Java provincial go-
dents' tasks because everything is inte- with KEHATI Foundation. This prize vernments, also with Ecoton and
grated within the subject matters. is intended to cultivate the seed of KEHATI. But the support is only tem-
Therefore, the concept is supporting environment care within the students porary assuming a participation in dis-
the subjects and at the same time ge- to grow into reality of life. The spon- semination of the environmental
nerated awareness to environment. sors gave them Rp 25 million in cash awareness seedling that would be use-
It can be said that SMK Wikrama plus 1 year facilitation. ful in the future. This is quite in line
Bogor has made a systematic break- But, as stated by Ms. Elis Setiawati, with school education that is intended
through in response to the environ- Headmistress of SMK Al Muslim: to provide basic provision to prepare
mentally critical issues into education- "What is more important is what will the students when they enter and
al domain. Beside integration curricu- happen after the support. Indeed the become part of the community.
lar system, they also see to it that it is GGS program has in reality provides In connection with the increasingly
reflected in the school behaviour. They opportunity to all members of school apprehensive environment this provision
install automatic device to control elec- to be directly involved in the green is quite important. Because no matter
tricity and water use in order to education program that was conceived how great the opinion of environmental
economise. As to waste they have in 1986. Our involvement in planning, awareness to be built will not be of any
made available separate bins, each for implementation, monitoring, repor- use unless the awareness is deeply
organic and inorganic waste. In addi- ting and follow-up action plan has implanted within the individuals. I think
tion, in SMK Wikrama the environ- broadened our view in the implemen- this is where the go green school program
mental awareness is already reflected tation of two main principles underly- becomes very important.
from the trees growing in all corners of ing GGS program i.e. comprehensive- * Ecology Observer
Percik
August 2007 11

14. INSIGHT
denced from big flood such as the one in
ECOLOGICAL DISASTER 2002 and again in 2007 causing many lost
his life and belongings. The floods of
AND A FALLIBLE CITY Jakarta are not simply ordinary natural
phenomenon but they are the conse-
quence of the municipality government
PLANNING MODEL policy for relinquishment of the city
development strategy fully into market
mechanism. What is the linkage of
Jakarta floods of 2002 and 2007 with a
by: Firdaus Cahyadi *) development policy that worships market
mechanism?
he city of Jakarta develops so ra- more conspicuous if we take look at the
T
The intensive commercial develop-
pidly that makes it far more expansion of commercial areas from time ment has taken away many water infiltra-
advanced than other cities of to time. In 2006 for example, there were tion areas, such as parks and lakes, into
Indonesia. This is evidenced from the more than 30 large scale shopping cen- extinction. The total green and open
fact that it records the highest income per tres, apartments, and office building con- spaces are diminishing from time to time.
capita. The rapid Jakarta development structed. While in 2007 to 2008 there are In Jakarta Master Plan of 1965-85 the
had made it the centre of both business 80 similar buildings are under of planned for green areas is targeted at 18,000 ha, in
and government administration. In order construction (Kompas, 10 February 2006). 1985-2005 it decreases to 16,908 ha and
to achieve a higher economic growth rela- in 2000-2010 spatial plan in goes down
tive to other cities the municipality go- Market mechanism and flood in further to 9,560 ha. The decrease in the
vernment directs the development strate- Jakarta green areas causes increase in water
gy to an effort to attract as many investors The intensive development taking runoff in rainy days that causes floods in
as possible. place at Jakarta commercial centers has Jakarta. The latest data for BPJHD
A development strategy vested on made this city less and less comfortable Jakarta in 2005 indicate that only 26.5
market mechanism becomes the domi- and even environmentally and socially percent of rain water is absorbed by the
nant paradigm of this city. This becomes dangerous to its inhabitants. This is evi- soil and 73.4 percent as runoff. The fact
tells us why the flood of 2007 is more
intense thn that of 2002.
RAINFALLS TURN INTO SURFACE RUN OFF
Precipitation
2000 million Market mechanism and social costs
m3/year
The handing over of the city develop-
ment to the freedom of market mecha-
Run Off nism has made Jakarta regional revenue
1468 million
m3/year increase considerably. But if the social
(73,4%) costs as the result of environmental disas-
ter are also taken into account the re-
sea surface venue will be sigificantly reduced.
shallow groundwater According to Bappenas estimate, the
deep costs of from 2007 floods the community
groundwater and government lost a total of approxi-
mately Rp 5.2 trillion. Plus indirect eco-
nomic losses at Rp 3.6 trillion. Ironically
though, such social costs miss the market'
attention.
*) Executive Manager
Safe boundary of groundwater extracting is 30-40% of groundwater potential (186 million m3/year)
3 Environment Caucus
(Groundwater deficiency 66.65 million m /year in 2005)
Jakarta
Source:BPLHD DKI Jakarta, February 15, 2007
12 Percik 2007
August

15. INSIGHT
WATER FLOW REGULATOR
`A LA BARUGAYA
(Local Genius from Barugaya Hamlet, Bonto Kadatto Village of Kabupaten Takalar)
by: Sofyan Iskandar
ow could we divide the responsibility equitably an
H electric bill to run a communal water pump? My
immediate answer would be to divide it proportional-
ly among the users. It could be based on the quantity of water
use or from the size of the family. If it is based on water use then
each user must install a water meter. If this is too expensive and
impractical, the alternative is the size of family. That is what I
thought.
But that is different with the community of Barugaya hamlet,
Bonto Kadatto village, Kabupaten Takalar in S. Sulawesi.
According to them my idea is too complicated, in spite of it is
basicaally a simple idea, the practical implication is complicated.
Say for instance, using water meter, who will read it, then who
will collect the contribution, what about a payment delay. The
alternative is the size of the family, there is no guarantee if a
smaller family size uses less water than a bigger one.
All these problems came to light because there are only few
water sources available. There are only several wells to avail of.
And it takes electricity to make water flow.
Economising water use
Fortunately we have Bassere Daeng Ta'le (45) a member of
Water pipe crossing directly to the community housing.
the community who has some knowledge in electricity. To over- Photo: Bowo Leksono
come the problem of electric bill, it is required that each house
uses its own power. In this way there is no need for a dispute on
the amount of money one has to spend for electricity. It is up to Operating Mechanism
each individual family to decide what quantity of water to use, How does the system that has been functioning for three
the more the use the more his bill will become. years operate? In principle each family has its own power line to
If he wants to economize use water as necessary. This is be connected to a water pump at the well. Each house installs a
unanimously accepted by the users. The system initiated by switch to connect and disconnect the power line. To determine
Daeng Ta'le was developed three years ago by Daeng Nai (43). the turn of service each house also installs an indicator light
This was revealed from a field visit by participants of MPA- which is on when the pump is running.
PHAST orientation to Barugaya hamlet of Bonto Kadatto, in The rule is you may switch on your pump when the indicator
Takalar in June 2007, an event that was organized by WSS-WG is off. After you have finished with the pump, put both the
Jakarta in cooperation with DG-PMG Dept. of Home Affairs. power switch and the water tap into off position. Power connec-
Percik
August 2007 13

16. INSIGHT
tion chart is presented in the diagram. Is
there any electric short cut? This is
already considered, the connection is
made on the same power phase.
This system is used in a group consist-
ing of 3 to 12 houses. The longest dis-
tance to the well or pump is 100 metres.
The costs for construction, pipeline and
electricity installation as well as procure-
ment of pump are paid collectively by the
particular user group.
I have to put away my critical analysis
because in reality the system does work,
well operated, it holds for three years
now, and is self financed. Take for
instance, that all indicator light flash on
when one household is switching the
pump on, it means 13 x 5 watts = 65 watts
of electricity is being used. If this is com- A reservoir in front of houses. Photo: Bowo Leksono
bined with the power for the pump say e.g
200 watts, then all the households will When the house at the tail switches house is significantly reduced. If there is
pay for 265 watts of power. To calculate the light on, in principle the other houses a pressing need a direct communication
the costs we can just multiply it with the can open its tap to get some water. But is made by asking someone to switch off
number of hours the system operates. To since the users live in close vicinity with his connection.
economize it is perhaps by replacing the each other, a control can always be taken,
5 W bulbs with smaller indicator lamps. this can be seen from the flow to the tail Sustainable system
Seeing the fact that the development
has been three years in place and up to
now the facility is perfectly functioning
and is continuously in use, all indicates
that the facility is sustaining. This fact
strengthens my conviction that the com-
munity is capable of resolving its own
problem, even in discovering an appro-
priate technology.
That technology choice should open
for discussion regarding its advantages
and disadvantages is prerequisite for sus-
tainability. The community decision is
key to sustainability of a construction
being planned. That outside party does
not have to come with subsidy, does real-
ly happen in Barugaya. It is a blatant fact
that if I want to contribute to the develop-
ment of sustainable water supply provi-
sion in this country, I shall have to learn
more and more.
Water distribution pipes. Photo: Bowo Leksono
* WASPOLA consultant
14 Percik 2007
August

17. INSIGHT
CONTRIBUTION OF WATER SUPPLY
PROVISION IN THE NATIONAL
ECONOMIC GROWTH (FY 2006)
By Sandhi Eko Bramono, S.T., MEnvEngSc.* Methodology of Calculation
Employment generation is considered
as a workable parameter to test if an
infrastructure is sufficiently effective.
Through employment a long chain of
effects could possibly be generated for the
benefit of the community. Starting from
job vacancies a number of skilled workers
find an opportunity to apply his skill.
Through employment the economic wel-
fare increases, this is followed by the
growth of awareness to education, health,
and so on. The final impact is improve-
ment in human resources capacity, an
irreplaceable national asset.
Provision of water supply infrastruc-
ture significantly affects overall employ-
ment opportunity from the survey to
determine the infrastructure up to field
supervision to record water meter read-
ing in each home connection. How many
A reservoir built through collaboration of the community, NGO and the government.
Photo: Bowo Leksono university graduate would be needed,
then diploma and high school level tech-
rovision of efficacious infrastruc- affects national economic growth is a
P
nicians, and below them ordinary work-
ture is just like a pillar of natio- yardstick to measure the benefit of an ers to build the facility and its distribu-
nal development. The infra- infrastructure. tion system. Then the number of fore-
structure must be intended to improve One of the infrastructures that sup- men to control the workers, PDAM
the community welfare. Several parame- port national development is Water employees required, the number of IPA
ters may be proposed to measure the Supply System (WSS). In what way does PAKET ready for installation at the loca-
effectiveness to community welfare. One WSS contribute to employment genera- tion, the number of network system
of the parameters worth testing is capaci- tion, and as such what percentage is its supervision, and so on.
ty to generate employment. How many contribution to the national economic Based on the above calculation we can
employment opportunities are generated growth, are seemingly the questions that determine manpower requirement for the
by an infrastructure development that worth our further examination. construction of 1 litre/sec water supply
Percik
August 2007 15

18. INSIGHT
facility. In addition, the investment can also be calculated, to ment of contracting firms capable if designing IPA
generate employment of that size. By comparing with the PAKET/Package of Water Treatment Plant or employment
investment in each FY, we can also calculate the contribution of opportunity capable of planning and designing WSS facility).
employment generation and national economic growth each It might be worthwhile to remember that the government
year in water supply sector. recommendation for water thriftiness may result in accelerating
economic growth. With less water consumption, then the
WSS in Indonesia investment per capita can be decreased, this will expand service
Based on the data from the Coordinating Ministry of People coverage for an equal amount of investment. This means larger
Welfare generation of 500 thousand new employments will service coverage at a lower cost but provides a wider employ-
increase economic growth by 1 percent. Data from UNDP ment opportunity and increases the national economic growth.
(United Nations Development
Program) 2006 in New Delhi con- Challenges in the future
cludes that every l/sec WSS cre- WSS planning and design
ates 1.72 new employments.
Employment generation is engineers are required to create
Due to lack of such data for considered as a workable facilities that could boost
Indonesia, it is assumed the con- parameter to test if an national economic growth
dition in India is similar to infrastructure is sufficiently through the sector's develop-
Indonesia (both are developing effective. Through employment ment. Modification as discussed
nations). In FY 2006 the amount a long chain of effects could above, may be considered as a
of investment made by Dept. method to improve water supply
possibly be generated for the
Public Works is Rp 1.4 trillion for coverage at a relatively lower (or
benefit of the community.
WSS facilities. Assuming that the equal) cost, but capable of sup-
demand for water supply is 200 plying a bigger coverage area,
l/cap/day and the investment thus generating more job vacan-
costs (including production and distribution network) for WSS cies to raise the national economy to a higher level.
is Rp 270 thousand/capita this equals to services to 5.18 million The combination of technology-economic-social-culture is
population or equivalent to 12 m3/sec facility. With such an absolutely necessary, to enable us develop more creative
amount the new employments created is equal to 20,640 or approach in translating it into reality, in spite of financial limi-
0.041 percent. If the national economic growth in 2006 is 5.6 tations.
percent then 0.0412 percent of it is contributed by WSS. It is not impossible that WSS sector provides a larger contri-
bution to the national economic growth. In addition to water
Economic growth through WSS supply WSS can also provide a chain of beneficial impacts for
It can be said that the above methodology is an accurate and community welfare, even outside the water supply.
quantifiable methodology to see the WSS effectiveness viewed In other words an effective water supply provision system
from the national economy. It is yet still necessary to look deep- will be able to provide a real contribution as an effect from
er and verify more accurate data in order to obtain more detailed extensive employment opportunity in Indonesia. It is equally
picture about WSS contribution to the national economy. possible the employment opportunity in this sector will jack up
Looking at the above calculation, it is therefore possible to a growth in another sector that eventually provides extensive job
accelerate economic growth through WSS facilities. The para- vacancies, as a follow effect.
meter related to this is e.g. reduction of l/sec investment cost.
The author is a staff of Sub-directorate of Policy and Strategy,
Each investment will increase service coverage which is followed Directorate General of Human Settlement (Dept. Public Works).
by expansion of employment opportunity. Currently he is working on his doctorate degree
in Environmental Science and Engineering Division, NUS, Singapore.
In addition, it is necessary to create more extensive employ- Contact with author: sandhieb@yahoo.com
ment opportunity, so the each l/sec of WSS facility is capable of
absorbing as much manpower as possible (such as establish-
16 Percik 2007
August

19. REPORTAGE
WATER SCARCITY
IN MUSTIKA HOUSING
s basic demand for life, it is not
A surprising that water scarcity
might become the source of dis-
pute among community members. This
happened in Mustika Tigaraksa Housing
located at Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten
province. Since the very beginning the
housing which was developed in 2001 is
known to have water supply problem.
In a dry season like this there is apt to
be dissidence among inhabitants. One
man was even wounded from being
assaulted by another. Of course no one
wants this to happen. Ideally, water
scarcity should become a blessing to unite
the community to find a solution.
Mustika Housing consists of 8 RWs
and is inhabited by approximately 3.600 This artificial lake is the source of water for Mustika Housing of Tigaraksa, Tangerang.
Photo: Bowo Leksono
families. Four RWs belong to
Pasirnangka village and the other four to
Mantagara village. Geographically Another type of initiative is taken by season this artificial lake is a very valu-
underground water source is scarce here. Rohayati (31). The housewife buys a tank able asset to the inhabitants. Several
Rusdianto, Chairman of RW 08 of water containing 6 thousand litres for water pumps are installed in the lake and
Mustika Tigaraksa Housing told Percik Rp 135.000. "This water will last for a dozens of distribution pipes convey water
that the housing developer only provides week or 10 days," she says. Ety as she is to the houses. One pump belongs to ten
the inhabitants with a shallow well for preferably called, has tried to dig artesian or more owners, and they take benefit
every house. "Since the very beginning well for 4 times, none of them produces from the lake for water supply.
the 18-24 m well did not function. any water. Each morning and afternoon, the
Especially during dry season," he says. Santosa, representing the community, members of the community come to take
Some of the inhabitants made a short cut wishes to request PDAM connection to water from the 100 m by 60 m lake. To
by cutting water pipe running in front of Mustatika Tigaraksa Housing. "The near- bathe, wash and take water for their fam-
his home. est PDAM network is one kilometre away ily. But at the peak of dry season, the
Finally the community initiated to dig from here," he says. water level is shrinking and finally dries
artesian well up to 80 m deep. One well altogether. It seems that the community
belongs to 7-8 families. Even this initia- Taking benefit of an artificial lake of Mustika Housing of Tigaraksa is
tive does not immediately solve the prob- In the centre of the housing area there becoming more and more tortured from
lem. During dry season water scarcity is a manmade lake which was already the year long water scarcity. Bowo
recurs. there before the housing was built. In dry Leksono
Percik
August 2007 17