2. Information Media for Water Supply and
From the Editor 1
Environmental Sanitation
Your Voice 2
Advisor: Main Feature
Director General for Urban and Drinking Water is Still a Dream 3
Rural Development, Ministry of Settlement and Drinking Water Philosophy Enhances Improvement Within PDAM 7
Regional Infrastructure A Glimpse of Drinking Water and Sanitation Condition in Indonesia 8
Looking Into MDGs Drinking Water 10
Board of Head: Article
Director of Human Settlement and Housing, Batam: Water Flows through the kiosks 13
National Development Planning Agency Water in Australia and Sustainable Development 15
Republic of Indonesia Privatization 17
Director of Water and Sanitation, Strategy in Improving Community Awareness 21
Ministry of Health Telescope
Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region, The Real Drinking Water 24
Ministry of Settlement and Regional CEO of PDAM Kota Bogor: It Can Be Expanded Further 25
Infrastructure Reportage
Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate Between A need and A Pity 26
Technology, Director General on Village and Interview
Community Empowerment, CEO of Perpamsi: We Need Water Management Agency 28
Ministry of Home Affairs Book Info 31
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning Website Info 32
Environment Management, CD Info 33
Ministry of Home Affairs WASPOLA About
Revision of Draft Document of National Policy for
Chief Editor: Institutionally Based WSS Development 34
Oswar Mungkasa Facilitation of Implementation of National Policy for
Community Based WSS Development in the Regions 35
Board of Editor:
Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa,
WSS About
Poedjastanto
World Water Monitoring Day 37
Editor: It Takes a Firm Commitment to Handle Leakages 38
Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda World Habitat Day 2004 Seminar 39
Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Workshop on National Action Plan (NAP); Drinking water,
Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto Wastewater, Solid Waste 39
Presentation CLTS Concept 40
Design: National Workshop on Domestic Water Source Conservation 41
Rudi Kosasih Dissemination of Technical Guidelines for the Development of
Production: Infrastructures in Agropolitan Areas and Environmental Sanitation in
Machrudin the Western Regions 41
Interim Consolidation of WSLIC-2 Project 42
Distribution: Socialization of the Manual for the Management of
Anggie Rifki Village Level WSS Facility 43
Handwashing Saves Lives 43
Address:
WSS Monitoring Visit to Kabupaten Belitung 44
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat
National Seminar for Socialization of Law No. 8/2004 45
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113
SANIMAS of Balong Asri, Mojokerto is Well Maintained 46
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com
Official Inauguration of WSLIC-2 Project in Kabupaten Kediri 47
redaksi@ampl.or.id ProAir Project Planning and Evaluation Meeting 47
oswar@bappenas.go.id Workshop for Improvement of Proposal for
Sanitation Development Program in Indonesia 48
Unsolicited article or opinion items Workshop for Formulation of WASPOLA Workplan 2005 48
are welcome. Please send to our address Visit
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accom- WSLIC-2 Has Changed Desa Pakel Into a Healthy Village 49
panied by identity.
WSS Bibliography 50
Agenda 51
Glossary 52
Photo cover : www.firstsmilesolution.com

3. F ROM EDITOR
Dear Readers, CARICATURE BY RUDI KOSASIH
Percik is now coming back to greet
you. Two months have past and it seems
quite a long time. We hope this edition
will ease your feeling of longing. Happy Eid Mubarak 1425 H
If in the last edition Percik brought to
you the solid waste issue, this time we
present to you about drinking water.
Why? Because this is very important.
Water is a basic need for human life. Its
position cannot be replaced by anything
else. Are we aware of this? Unfortuna-
tely, our attention to drinking water is not
up to what it should be.
Almost all regions of Indonesia have a
public drinking water company (PDAM),
but almost all of them do not provide a
service in accordance with the title it car-
ries, i.e. a public company producing
drinking water. What happens is, PDAM
provides its consumers with clean water.
This of course is a new challenge for
PDAM. Considering that the majority of
the PDAMs are in debt. A sizeable
amount of debt. Several others are strug-
gling within the mesh of inefficiency and
mismanagement. On the side of the coin,
the demand for an improved service is
becoming inevitable especially due to the
fact that Indonesia has committed itself filling the above demand, Percik took not appear in the way it used to be. There
to the fulfillment of the targets as effort to interview Ridwan Syahputra is a rather long article about the Strategy
declared in Johannesburg Summit 2002 Musagani, Chairman of Persatuan Per- in Improving Community Awareness. It
document as a manifestation of the Mil- usahaan Air Minum Seluruh Indonesia discusses various different ways in how to
lennium Development Goals. (Association of All Indonesian Drinking incite community awareness for water
Somewhere in the document it is men- Water Companies, Perpamsi). Many resources conservation from various di-
tioned that by 2015 half of the world popula- things about PDAM were brought to light, fferent angles and by different parties.
tion currently are without access to safe drin- including his ideas about subsidy for We should also inform you that the
king water must be relieved from the bur- drinking water just like it is with fuel oil. WSS Working Group has a lot of things to
den. Then, in 2025 all of the world popula- Not less interesting is the experience do and this we accommodate in About
tion must have access to safe drinking water. of PDAM Tirta Pakuan of the city of WASPOLA column. Other information
To achieve these targets there must be Bogor, that has managed to develop a relates to article writing competition on
a change in paradigm from clean water to drinking water service in the real sense of drinking water and environmental sanita-
drinking water. This change in philoso- the meaning. Its product meets the tion management is now in evaluation
phy will, according to Basah Hernowo, requirement to be taken as drinking wa- stage. Announcement of winners will be
the Director of Human Settlement and ter. It is in a small scale, though. Howe- made in November.
Housing, Bappenas, have a significant ver, it is a pioneer to a service the commu- Lastly, we hope Percik will continue
impact not only on PDAM but also on the nity demands. as your reference in the subject of drin-
drinking water consumers. Dear readers, king water and environmental sanitation.
Then what position PDAM is in ful- This time the perspective column does Best regards.
Percik 1
Oktober 2004

4. Y OUR VOICE
P E R C I K A R To o N CARICATURE BY RUDI KOSASIH
Want to get Percik
PAiD yeah...
AiD.. its FREE..
Let me introduce myself. My name is
Kesit Kanigoro and currently working for
...P
an NGO called World Vision Interna- ...PAi
tional, Jakarta. I came to know about this D..
magazine from a friend who attended a
meeting with several institutions last
September. I find it quite informative
that may help me in broadening my views
about sanitation. It happens that I am be-
ing assigned to deal with this program
since recently, so that I have to learn a lot
about drinking water and environmental
sanitation. ....but how
Please let me know how I may get this Costumer the service
magazine. I have tried it through internet to public?
where I have found the website, but still I ....??!!!...?
have difficulty in downloading it. Where
can I get the CD or the printed copy of
this magazine. Thanks in advance.
Kesit Kanigoro
Jakarta
4. An executive and legislative hand- The real topic of the day
Percik is obtainable at WSS Working book for the management of city waste
Group Office or Percik Editorial Secre- material (In Indonesian). Depkim- Thank you very much for your kind atten-
tariat at Jl. Cianjur No. 4 Menteng praswil, Directorate General for Urban tion by sending Percik of June edition to our
Jakarta Pusat, every day during office and Rural Settlement Systems, 2003. office. This has served as a media for informa-
hours. You may come in person or con- 5. Handbook for determining the tion sharing. As we went through it we must
tact us through telephone. (Editor) standards for drinking water service. (In say that the magazine contains a rich variety
Indonesian). Depkimpraswil, Directorate of information. For improvement we would
General for Urban and Rural Settlement suggest that in the future editions, the refe-
Want to get CD and Book Systems, 2003. renced themes consist of those that will be or
6. Guidelines for the management of being our common concern such as on
To improve the library of the De- domestic solid and liquid wastes. (In In- drought as it is presently and possibly also
partment of Environmental Engineering donesian). Directorate General for Urban flood threat in a few months to come, all in
of the Technical Faculty, University of and Rural Settlement Systems, 2003. relation to WSS service at that specific time.
Diponegoro, Semarang and to broaden On behalf of the students and our de-
the students' views we would appreciate it partment we would thank you in advance radi_az@plasa.com
if you could send us some CDs and books your kind attention and cooperation. Bappeda Subang
as the following:
1. Reducing Energy Cost in Municipal Ir. Syafrudin CES, MT. Thank you for the suggestion. We will try
Water Supply Operations NIP 131 764 877 our best to continuously improve the contents
2. Water Supply and Sanitation for Dept. of Environmental Engineering of Percik magazine. Various inputs from the
Small Towns and Multivillage Schemes, For the Dean of Technical Faculty, stakeholders, are too precious for the
Proceeding International Conference. UNDIP progress of this magazine. We are even very
3. A manager's handbook for the ma- Semarang pleased that the stakeholders all over the
nagement of city waste material (In Indo- country are able to write some actual facts
nesian). Depkimpraswil, Directorate Ge- We will do our best to help you from their own places, including their experi-
neral for Urban and Rural Settlement according to the availability of the CDs ence related to WSS, for us to publish in
Systems, 2003. and the books. (Editor) Percik. (Editor)
2 Percik
October 2004

5. M AIN REPORT
Drinking Water
is Still a Dream
W
ater is life. The statement has SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA
an every deep connotation, yet
most of us and the govern-
ment level decision makers are not aware
of it. As evidence, let's take a look at the
list of basic human need. It says food,
clothing, and housing. Water is not
included. Let's be more specific. We use
to say sembako (sembilan bahan pokok,
nine basic materials) as life sustaining
materials, nether does it make any men-
tion about water.
If we try to ponder a while, we will
find out that the role of clean/drinking
water is indispensable. If we don't have
rice, we may eat cassava, maize or others.
If we don't have frying oil we can do away
without it. But if we don't have water,
what can we do with the sembako we
have? It will become useless.
At this time we do indeed find water
everywhere. But does it meet the stan-
dard quality for drinking/cooking? Wait
a minute. If we use water unscrupulous-
ly, instead of getting healthy one may turn
into sickness. In 1855 Dr. John Snow, an
epidemiologist, found out that cholera
spread out together with depraved water.
There was a close linkage between con-
taminated drinking water with prevalence
of cholera in England at that time. In
1880s Louis Pasteur developed the germ
theory of disease that explained microbial
infection of disease through water medi-
um. A World Bank study (1992) revealed
that diarrhoeal disease from taking water inseparable from the role of drinking water quence of Article 5 verse 4 of Law No.
not worthy for dinking has caused the company (PDAM). Even for urban areas 5/1962 on the Regional Government
death of more than 3 million people a PDAM is the backbone for drinking water Owned Companies which stipulates "The
year, mostly children. This all shows us service. For this case, the main feature of this main production branches that are of the
how important is water to health and life. edition will highlight the performance of most importance to the regions and that
Drinking water is a basic human need. PDAM. govern the life of the people of the respec-
The effort towards fulfillment the tive region is managed by the regional go-
demand for drinking water service Background of PDAM Establishment vernment owned companies, the capital of
including achievement of MDGs targets is The existence of PDAM is the conse- which is a separate asset of the region".
Percik 3
October 2004

6. MAIN REPORT
Total Number of PDAM Drinking Water Problems and Constraints
Based on the latest data quoted from One cannot deny that PDAM provide a
Terminology
Perpamsi Directory 2000 there are 290 significant contribution to water service,
PDAMs all over the country. Besides,
there are at this time 6 private companies D rinking water is that with or
without prior process meets
health standard and can be taken
yet the water quality is still far below the
expected standard. It is even mispro-
in operation, PT. Palyja and PT. Thames nounced as Bathing Water Producing
Water Jaya which obtain a concession directly for drinking (potable) Company.
from PAM Jaya; PT. Tirta Adhi Mulia in water. (Minister of Health PDAM effort to improve the quality of
Bali, a joint venture with PDAM of Decision No. 907 Year 2002)Clean drinking water is very much constrained
Kabupaten Badung providing services to water is water used for daily activ- by the scarcity of acceptable source of raw
Nusa Dua Bali area; PT. Aditia Tirta ity that meets health standard and water, both in terms of quality as well as
Batam, a joint venture between an can be taken for drinking after quantity. Although the Indonesian water
Indonesian private firm with Biwater of boiling. In academic term clean reserve comprises 6 percent of the total
England obtains a concession to provide water refers to water that is pro- global water or 21 percent of Asia Pacific
service covering all Batam island from PT. duced from an engineering effort reserve (KLH, 2003), but water scarcity is
Otorita Batam; PT. Dream in Ambon, is a of human and animal waste water getting more prominent from year to year.
joint venture between PDAM Ambon with and of economic activity to make it At the national level, water availability is
Drente of the Netherlands to provide worthy of recycling back into sur- sufficient but if we look into regions we
services to the city of Ambon. face water. can see that Java-Bali and Nusa Tenggara
areas are suffering from water deficit
PDAM Service Coverage especially during dry monsoon.
In urban areas the drinking water tion with access to service is 56,6 millions, A review on PDAM based on the num-
service is provided by PDAM, whereas in consisting of 4.748 million home connec- ber of customers reveals that many PDAM
the rural areas this is handled mostly by tions and 85.700 public hydrants. operates below the level of viable econom-
the local community organization with However, there is only 20,3 percent of ic scale (approx. 10.000 subscribers).
varying form from one place to another. the total PDAM with a service coverage There are only 14 PDAMs book 50.000
It is not surprising therefore, that the reaching 25 percent of the respective local customers, as compared to 168 compa-
service coverage of the rural is currently population, of which 8,6 percent serves nies each with a total of below 10.000 cus-
only to approximately 5 percent, while in up to 50 percent while the remaining 79,7 tomers. With such a small number of cus-
towns and cities the level is now at 51,7 percent provides service to less than 25 tomers it is unlikely for a PDAM to oper-
percent (BPS, 2000). The total popula- percent of the population. ate efficiently. One can be sure that the
regional government has set aside a size-
able amount of subsidy to keep PDAM
P D A M S e r v i c e C o v e ra g e b y R e g i o n i n 2 0 0 0 operating.
Based on PDAMs financial situation,
(i) only 18 percent of them run profitably;
(ii) 22 percent operate at a negative equi-
ty; (iii) 44 percent set a tariff level below
Percent
PDAM Ready for
drinking water
Based on the latest data there are
at least 4 PDAMs which produce
Region ready for drinking water in
Indonesia, i.e. PDAM Buleleng, PDAM
Sumatera
Lainnya
Jawa - Bali Kalimantan Sulawesi
Malang City, PDAM Medan, and PDAM
Western Region Eastern Region INDONESIA
Bogor City. But the coverage is still
limited.
Source: Infrastruktur Indonesia, Bappenas 2003
4 Percik
October 2004

7. M AIN REPORT
O&M costs; (iv) only 10 percent of the SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA
PDAMs are in a favourable financial con-
dition. The total PDAMs debts amount to
at least Rp5 trillion from a principal of
Rp3 trillion. Only 89 PDAMs are free
from debt.
The principle that places drinking
water as a basic human need has imposed
upon PDAM a social burden from the go-
vernment. As a result the tariff level is
decided more from the social and political
aspects rather than technical and finan-
cial. Revenue is negative because income
from sales is lower than the production
cost, the tariff does not reflect the princi-
ple of cost recovery.
On the one hand the tariff is decided
not to cover the production costs, but on
the other any proposal for tariff increase
is always strongly counteracted by the
community as well as the legislative. It
seems this denial is because of the indi-
fference in the part of the community and
the legislative members. This can be
explained from (i) the average family
expenditure for drinking water is only as
low as 2 percent of the total expenditure,
(ii) drinking water consumption which is The formulation of the National Policy
one of basic human need is not sensitive
to a change in tariff level. for Institutionally Based Drinking Water
It can be summarized that the poor Service Development which serves as
PDAM condition is the result of several
factors, namely (i) bureaucracy and an umbrella policy for PDAM management
politician intervention in PDAM man- is in its final stage and is one part of the initial
agement; (ii) incompatible law and reg-
ulation; (iii) increasing difficulty in 100 day program of the
obtaining and more costly treatment of Indonesia Bersatu Cabinet
raw water; (v) high water loss rate; (vi)
tariff level does not allow for covering
production cost; (vii) lack of informa-
tion to the customers and the legislative Policy for the Future Supply & environmental sanitation
members regarding what the tariff A decision on drinking water policy is Development which serves as an umbrel-
should be like; (viii)lack of technical not an easy thing to take. Why? Because la policy for PDAM management is in its
and managerial capacity. this sector involves many stakeholders final stage. However, as in a book entitled
The combined problems and con- with many different interests. And as we Infrastructures of Indonesia published by
straints have made PDAM unable to pro- know, sector egoism is so thick in Bappenas in 2003, there are several rele-
vide the best service. Never dream of pro- Indonesian government structure. At this vant policies, namely (i) the need for a
vision of ready for drinking water (potable time the formulation of the National deregulation of laws in connection with
water). Policy for Institutionally Based Water drinking water. In this case there is a
Percik 5
October 2004

8. M AIN REPORT
need for an improvement of the laws in
relation to technical, institutional, finan- Big Rivers of Java Are Not Worthy of Raw
cial, cooperation with private sector or Material for Drinking Water
the community, hygiene standard and
level of tariff. In addition, it is also neces-
sary to improve the participation of busi-
ness sector and the community in the
development and management of drin-
A ccording to the Environmental
Control Office of the Province
of West Jawa the rate of coli bacte-
Cimanuk rivers have reached an
apprehending level. Their water is
no more worthy of a source for
king water service through establishment
ria contamination in Cisadane, drinking water.
of a conducive business climate; (ii) not
Ciliwung, Cileungsi, Citarum and Source: Kompas, July 8, 2003
less important is improvement in water
resources and environmental protection
efforts. Water resources protection
should be done through multi-sector raw water is operated under the princi- management may have the freedom to
involvement and inter-regional arrange- ple of optimum intake and most effi- run professionally without intervention
ment through the establishment of water cient use of watershed resource; (iii) from bureaucracy or the politician. As
board authority with members consisting with respect to restructuring on PDAM for the tariff, it must be reformatted to
of representatives of all the stakeholders. management it is considered necessary take into account the principles of
This effort has to be supported by a to make a regrouping of the agencies investment and operational costs
viable program in nature conservation, responsible for developing and manag- recovery, social equity, sustainable ser-
environment, and water resources to ing drinking water service into a vice, application of conservation cost
order to sustain the availability of raw regional institution. Regulatory func- and consideration about water as an
water. From the water use point of tion must be clearly separated from economic good. Besides, management
view, the extraction and management operational function so that PDAM efficiency must also be made through
minimizing technical as well as admin-
SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA istrative leakages. In terms of invest-
ment it is necessary to consider alterna-
tive funding sources for drinking water
development and management through
an issuance of municipal bonds guaran-
teed by the regional government or
through sale of part of PDAM share to
the business sector and the community;
(iv) other policy includes cost sharing
between different levels of government
in the development and expansion of
drinking water services; (v) it should
reminded our obligation to formulate
an action plan and investment planning
in order to achieve the 50 percent po-
pulation who must have access to
drinking water in accordance with
MDGs target.
Considering all the constraints, is
PDAM capable to make the dream to pro-
duces the really potable water come true. It
seems that for the time being it will remain
a dream for all of us. (OM and MJ)
6 Percik
October 2004

9. M AIN REPORT
Basah Hernowo, Director of Human Settlement and Housing, Bappenas
"Drinking Water Philosophy Enhances
Improvement within PDAM"
D
rinking water is human being's a users' supervision, PDAM will improve its
basic need. And this has been performance. As of the present condition,
there since the Dutch colonial the company has no counter actor.
time. But as we started with Pelita (Five Thus the philosophical change is deemed
Year Development Plan) I and II, when quite necessary. Why? Because PDAM ma-
we incessantly developing drinking water nagement is facing a dilemma. The former
facilities, the concept about drinking Coordination Minister has issued a strategy
water gradually shifted as we put too for improving PDAM condition, but still it
much emphasis on physical aspect of the did not work because too many in-
development. It is right, that in terms of terests are mingling in it. But
physical development we are able to now if we directly compel
reach the expected target, but PDAM to serve its users
in terms of manage- with drinking water,
ment we have failed every one will lis-
to sustain the quali- ten and care.
ty at drinking water With this
standard. That was compulsion
the time when the
switch from drinking
water to clean water
took place. However, if
we look back, the cost
item differences bet-
ween clean water and
drinking water are
not too significant. SOURCE: OM
The difference may be
in the management level, how to main- That is why it should be necessary to PDAM will have to take a look into its inter-
tain drinking water quality and safely stress that water quality should be the nal condition, for example too many broken
deliver it to users, e.g. through main- end goal in a drinking water service. pipes, poor administrative condition, thus it
taining the pressure and prevent any loss If we compare with the US, what is becomes a necessity to call for an assistance
during conveyance. considered as clean water is water is good for from the central government to work out an
Actually with the drinking water phi- flowing back into any main water body. That improvement. Whether, for instance the
losophy all parties are required to per- means it is free from any polluting agent. central government would be willing to faci-
form excellently both the PDAM and the While safe drinking water is one which con- litate an additional budget request and
users. For example, if there is a tariff tains contaminating agents below the tolera- improvement to the existing system.
increase, that means the actual cost must ble level for human consumption. Thus one On the other hand the central govern-
indeed be as much. Compare now with is for admission to body of water and the ment may also demand PDAM for an
the clean water condition, sometimes it other for human body. excellence in the level of conduct and
contains worm, dirt, etc., the customers With a clearly defined standard the management performance. The govern-
are reluctant to accept any tatriff increase PDAM cannot play around anymore. The ment will also speak to its owner, i.e. the
because the quality is poor. But if the rate of leakage which is currently reaching 35 regional government. Therefore, this can
quality is comparable with the costly bot- percent must be prevented, otherwise the be considered as one of our efforts to
tled water, it won't be difficult for the user users will claim: "You are selling drinking solve the problems in drinking water
community to accept the tariff increase. water to us, but why is it not drinkable?" The service by PDAM. (MJ)
Percik 7
October 2004

10. M AIN REPORT
A Glimpse of Drinking Water and
Sanitation Condition in Indonesia
H
uman Development Report
2004 collaboratively published
by Bappenas, BPS and UNDP PRIORITY I PRIORITY III
reveals a number of interesting facts
Drinking water/sanita- Drinking water/sani-
Poverty level above
related to drinking water and sanitation.
In reference with BPS data contained in tion condition below tation condition abo-
the book the drinking water and sanita- average Indonesia average ve Indonesia average
tion condition among different kabu-
Poverty condition Poverty condition
patens/kota and provinces can be made.
The goals set in the MDGs have been
below Indonesia ave- above Indonesia ave-
commonly agreed. One of them is drin- rage rage
king water and basic sanitation as Target
#10 which states that half of the popula-
tion proportion currently is without
access to drinking water and basic sanita-
tion shall have to be provided for with PRIORITY II PRIORITY IV
Poverty level below
such services in the year 2015. As we Drinking water/sanita- Drinking water/sani-
know, pursuant to the MDGs document tion condition below tation condition abo-
average
the target for drinking water for
Indonesia is 70 percent while for sanita-
Indonesia average ve Indonesia average
tion 63,5 percent levels. Poverty condition Poverty condition
It should always be reminded howe- below Indonesia ave- above Indonesia ave-
ver, that the target is countrywide and a rage rage
national average, while the responsibility
for drinking water and sanitation services
management is with the kabupaten/city
governments. More attention should be
Drinking water/sanitation Drinking water/sanitation
focused to drinking water/sanitation con- condition below average condition above average
dition of the kabupatens/cities. As an
illustration, although Indonesia meets
the prescribed targets but as we go deep-
er into the details we will find many of the
kabupatens/cities with a poor drinking classification of kabupaten/city and paten/city leves. There are 13 provinces
water/sanitation condition. province into four quadrants as presented which need serious attention in terms of
Both from theoretical point of view as above. water and sanitation but only eight of
well as empirical observation quality Through the above class distinction them are classified as priority one: NAD,
improvement and availability of drinking one can decide the priority order for South Sumatra, Bengkulu, NTB, NTT,
water and sanitation facilities will handling, priorities one to four. The Central Sulawesi, Gorontalo and Papua.
increase welfare or in other words redu- regions which need the most serious The remaining four belong to those
cing poverty. This article will try to illus- attention in terms of drinking water and whose drinking water needs a serious
trate the drinking water and sanitation sanitation development are classified as attention but priority one is given to
service in its relation with poverty at priority one. Lampung province. The are 6 provinces
kabupaten/city level. Based on the above classification, with poor sanitation condition, the first
The method applied will of course be there are several prioritized areas for priority in four, namely Central Jawa,
the simplest but at least it will provide the dinking water, sanitation and combina- East Jawa, Southeast Sulawesi, and
regional picture. The method employs a tion of both at provincial as well as kabu- Maluku.
8 Percik
October 2004

11. M AIN REPORT
PRIORITY PROVINCES FOR Households with access to sanitation facility, Households with access to drinking water
DRINKING WATER by Province 2002 facility, by Province 2002
Lampung Central Java,
Riau, Jambi, West East Java,
Java. West Sumatra. Bali
DKI Jakarta
DKI Jakarta North Sulawesi
DI Yogyakarta East Jawa
PRIORITY PROVINCES East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
Riau
FOR SANITATION Lampung
DI Yogyakarta
Central Jawa
North Sumatera
Central Java, East Java, Lampung West Jawa*
S.E. Sulawesi
SE Sulawesi, Maluku North Sulawesi South Kalimantan
Jambi North Sumatera
West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bali West Sumatera
North Maluku West Java South Kalimantan East Maluku **
INDONESIA Maluku*
South Sumatera* INDONESIA
NTT Bengkulu
PROVINCE
PRIORITY PROVINCES FOR DRINKING Banten** South Sulawesi
WATER AND SANITATION
PROVINCE
Central Kalimantan Lampung
Central Jawa NTT
NAD, South Sumatera, DIY East Jawa
Jambi
Bengkulu, NTB, NTT, North Maluku **
Nangroe Aceh
Central Sulawesi, Bengkulu
Bangka Belitung**
Gorontalo, Papua West Sumatera
NTB
Nangroe Aceh
West Kalimantan South Sumatera *
S.E.Sulawesi West Jawa *
South Sulawesi Central Sulawesi
Babel, Banten, West North Sumatera, DKI Bangka Belitung** Banten**
Kalimantan, Central Jakarta, South Kalimantan, Maluku Riau
Kalimantan, South Kalsel, East Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Papua***
Sulawesi North Sulawesi Gorontalo** Gorontalo
Papua*** Central Kalimantan
NTB West Kalimantan
There are 8 provinces which are not in
the top priority in terms of drinking water
and sanitation problem. Drinking water PERCENT PERCENT
condition of West Sumatra, Central Java
and East Java are not in top priority, simi-
larly with sanitation in the provinces of Source: Indonesia Human Development Report 2004
Legend:
Lampung, Riau, Jambi and West Java. * = Province which underwent a split
If we want to go into more details, we ** = New province result from the split
*** = Province with a new name
can use this classification method for
kabupaten/city condition. The result is
illustrated in the following table: need a serious attention is more or less water supply and sanitation sector deve-
similar to those with a relatively accept- lopment. The above illustration is made
PRIORITY KABUPATENS/CITIES FOR able drinkling water and sanitation condi- as an attempt to provide a clearer picture
DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION tion. In general, we can say that there are about the real condition of drinking water
PRIORITY 87 kabupatens/cities which belong to top and sanitation service in the regions of
I II III IV priority in solving their drinking water Indonesia and not as a national average .
Drinking water and sanitation 87 37 27 79 and sanitation problem. There are 28 Hopefully this presentation will serve as
Drinking water 28 40 31 15 which call attention for drinking water an input for the the effort in achieving the
Sanitation 26 15 18 40
Total 141 92 76 134 only, similarly with 26 for sanitation only. MDGs target.
However, the above priority ranking The complete result of by kabupa-
should not be literally translated in a way ten/city drinking water and sanitation in
From the above table it can be seen that once a region is not included in a Indonesia is accessible in WSS website
that the total kabupatens/cities which priority is free from the obligation for www.ampl.or.id (OM)
Percik 9
October 2004

12. M AIN REPORT
A Closer Look into MDGs
Drinking Water
Why MDGs are so important? ply system includes pipe conveyed water reached through 2015. A simple computa-
MDGs represent an agreement of the supply system, pumped up ground water, tion.
world leaders to engage in a common effort protected pit well, protected water source,
to solve the problems faced by the develo- rain water. What is our condition in terms of
ping nations, such as poverty, illiteracy, MDGs development goals in 2015?
hunger, high infant mortality rate, lack of How will the MDGs target achieve- At national level at this time (2002) 50
education, lack of access to drinking water ment be measured? percent of the population has the access to
and sanitation service, and environmental First we have to agree on the propor- acceptable drinking water facility. This is
degradation. tion of population with access to accept- still 20 percent to cover before we reached.
The said problems cannot be solved able water supply system in 1990, that is
Based on rough estimate, as stated in
without any assistance and cooperation approximately 40 percent. This means
Infrastructures of Indonesia (Bappenas)
among the nations of the world. This con- that the remaining 60 percent is the pro-
the annual investment requirement may
science becomes the basic principle under- portion without such a facility. So that in
reach Rp4-5 trillion. The available fund is
lying the declaration of MDGs with a hope 2015, the additional proportion of popula-
only Rp600 - 1.000 billion. To cover the
to enable to unite the nations of the world tion with such an access is 30 percent (or
in a war against the basic problems of half of 60 percent). This gives us a total of balance it is therefore necessary to look for
human beings. 70 percent consisting of 40 percent from additional financial sources such as com-
the initial number in 1990 plus additional munity contribution, private sector, grant
Drinking Water Objective and Target 30 percent from the level that must be and overseas loan funds.
in MDGs What needs a more serious attention is
With 8 objectives and 18 targets of the that pursuant to the existing laws the
MDGs Drinking Water and Sanitation is drinking water management responsibility
directly linked with Objective 7 namely Common has been relinquished to the regional go-
ensure environmental sustainability and misinterpretation re MDGs vernment. Thus in reaching the target the
Target 10 Halve by 2015 the proportion of participation of the regional government is
people without sustainable access to safe definitely unavoidable.
drinking water & basic sanitation. U nconsciously there have been a common
misinterpretation in our attitude towards
MDGs, among others (i) MDGs is considered
As we look more closely into drinking
water service coverage of each kabupaten/-
What are the indicators used in me- merely as a set of goals to be achieved. Actually
the targets set forth in MDGS should be seen as city in Indonesia, we will find that many of
asuring the performance for achie- a means to mold togetherness and common them are lagging far behind. For example,
ving MDGs target? agreement among the world leaders in ways to there are 45 kabupatens/cities with service
Each nation is given a flexibility to solve the basic problems of the developing
nations. Togetherness and common agreement coverage of below 45 percent level.
determine her own indicator for the target
is the key; (ii) The drinking water and basic san- When in 2015 the average national we
achievement. For Indonesia, and in accor- itation targets in MDGs are expressed in propor- reach 70 percent coverage, we will ask
dance with "Progress Report on The tion rather than absolute number. This is pur-
posely made in order to prevent any debate in about the possibility that there are still
Milliennium Development Goals" publi-
connection with population estimate in 2015; (iii) many regions are lagging far behind. It
shed in February 2004, the indicator con- the estimate is based on the condition of 1990.
sists of proportion of population with should be commendable that in achieving
In the National Action Plan re Drinking Water the
access to acceptable water supply facility. estimate is based on the data of 2000 as the the 70 percent target the condition of each
There are 2 conditions to meet the year of reference; (iv) drinking water is not region be considered as far as possible, so
defined in accordance with that of Ministry of
requirements for acceptable water supply, that in 2015 when the national target is
Health decision No 907 year 2000; each nation
namely (i) water supplied through piping is given a freedom to define it in a more flexible achieved there are at the same time less
system; (ii) a protected water source which manner. As it was mentioned earlier, the spirit of kabupatens/cities which are left too far
togetherness and common agreement comes
is located at least 10 metres from human behind. This complies with the spirit of
first before anything else. (OM)
waste disposal system (pit, septic tank, togetherness and common agreement of
etc.). Therefore, an acceptable water sup- MDGs. (OM)
10 Percik
October 2004

13. M AIN REPORT
Drinking Water Service Coverage Rating By Kabupaten/City 2002
No. Kabupaten/City Coverage ( % ) No. Kabupaten/City Coverage ( % ) No. Kabupaten/City Coverage ( % )
1 Kota Surabaya 98,2 61 Karanganyar 68,6 121 Lampung Tengah 59.3
2 Jakarta Utara 97,7 62 Tabanan 68,5 122 Kota Probolinggo 59.3
3 Kota Banjarmasin 95,4 63 Ngawi 68,2 123 Kota Gorontalo 59.3
4 Kota Pematang Siantar 94,6 64 Langkat 68,1 124 Kendal 59.0
5 Kota Solok 94,3 65 Kota Sabang 67,7 125 Madiun 58.9
6 Kota Balikpapan 93,0 66 Nganjuk 67,6 126 Tuban 58.9
7 Kota Sibolga 92,4 67 Kota Bandung 67,3 127 Purworejo 58.6
8 Kota Ujung Pandang 92,0 68 Timur Tengah Utara 66,9 128 Luwu 58.6
9 Kota Banda Aceh 90,7 69 Ponorogo 66,7 129 Kota Mojokerto 58.4
10 Kota Jayapura 90,5 70 Kota Denpasar 66,7 130 Mojokerto 58.2
11 Kota Tegal 89,3 71 Lamongan 66,6 131 Gowa 58.2
12 Kota Salatiga 88,6 72 Kota Bandar Lampung 66,1 132 Nias 58.0
13 Magetan 88,1 73 Gunung Kidul 66,0 133 Pesisir Selatan 58.0
14 Kota Bontang 86,9 74 Kota Padang 65,9 134 Bungo 58.0
15 Kota Buleleng 85,9 75 Lampung Timur 65,8 135 Jombang 57.8
16 Kota Magelang 85,4 76 Muaro Jambi 65,6 136 Bantul 57.7
17 Jakarta Pusat 85,3 77 Karangasem 65,6 137 Sleman 57.6
18 Gianyar 84,7 78 Tabalong 65,6 138 Kota Kediri 57.6
19 Kota Samarinda 84,3 79 Kota Pangkalpinang 65,3 139 Sumedang 57.4
20 Kota Tanjung Balai 84,1 80 Kota Surakarta 65,3 140 Probolinggo 57.1
21 Kota Padang Panjang 83,4 81 Lumajang 65,3 141 Tapin 56.9
22 Jakarta Barat 82,9 82 Kota Sukabumi 65,0 142 Pasir 56.8
23 Kota Pasuruan 82,3 83 Tulungagung 64,8 143 Muna 56.8
24 Kota Bukit Tinggi 81,7 84 Magelang 64,7 144 Kota Yogyakarta 56.7
25 Rembang 80,9 85 Kota Pare-Pare 64,6 145 Banggai 56.5
26 Kota Kupang 80,2 86 Gresik 64,1 146 Tana Toraja 56.5
27 Kota Semarang 79,8 87 Malang 63,6 147 Halmahera Pusat 56.5
28 Kota Medan 79,7 88 Pacitan 63,4 148 Bengkayang 56.4
29 Kota Manado 79,0 89 Kendari 63,4 149 Kota Bekasi 56.1
30 Kota Sorong 79,0 90 Bekasi 63,1 150 Deli Serdang 56.0
31 Kota Bitung 78,2 91 Kupang 63,1 151 Bolaang Mongondow 56.0
32 Kota Payakumbuh 78,1 92 Pamekasan 62,9 152 Pangkajene Kepulauan 55.8
33 Ngada 78,1 93 Kota Cilegon 62,6 153 Bengkulu Utara 55.7
34 Kota Cirebon 77,9 94 Minahasa 62,4 154 Kota Banjar Baru 55.7
35 Kota Ternate 77,9 95 Aceh Tenggara 62,3 155 Jakarta Timur 55.4
36 Kota Kendari 77,7 96 Banggai Kepulauan 62,1 156 Kota Mataram 55.4
37 Pati 76,9 97 Solok 62,0 157 Alor 55.2
38 Sumba Timur 76,4 98 Wonogiri 62,0 158 Kota Binjai 54.9
39 Kulon Progo 76,3 99 Temanggung 61,8 159 Boyolali 54.3
40 Sidoarjo 76,0 100 Kota Malang 61,8 160 Dompu 54.3
41 Kota Ambon 75,5 101 Lima Puluh Kota 61,6 161 Cilacap 54.0
42 Kota Baru 74,6 102 Bangli 61,6 162 Sumbawa 54.0
43 Kota Madiun 74,3 103 Maluku Tengah 61,6 163 Pandeglang 53.9
44 Klungkung 74,1 104 Trenggalek 61,5 164 Kota Depok 53.8
45 Kota Batam 73,4 105 Asahan 61,3 165 Lampung Selatan 53.5
46 Batanghari 73,0 106 Karo 61,3 166 Kota Bogor 53.5
47 Kota Sawah Lunto 72,8 107 Kerinci 61,3 167 Jember 53.5
48 Kota Palembang 72,7 108 Jembrana 60,7 168 Buton 53.5
49 Wonosobo 72,4 109 Pasaman 60,5 169 Enrekang 53.3
50 Bangkalan 72,2 110 Sragen 60,4 170 Pinrang 53.1
51 Semarang 71,6 111 Purwakarta 60,3 171 Ende 53.0
52 Kota Jambi 70,8 112 Bengkulu 60,2 172 Poso 52.9
53 Badung 70,7 113 Rejang Lebong 60,1 173 Tenggamus 52.8
54 Sampang 70,4 114 Blitar 60,1 174 Maluku Tenggara Barat 52.6
55 Grobogan 70,0 115 Sukoharjo 60,0 175 Aceh Tengah 52.4
56 Aceh Utara 69,9 116 Tanah Datar 59,9 176 Sanghite Talaud 52.4
57 Purbalingga 69,9 117 Kediri 59,9 177 Sinjai 52.1
58 Soppeng 69,6 118 Sumenep 59,8 178 Labuhan Batu 52.0
59 Jepara 69,0 119 Banyumas 59,5 179 Maros 52.0
60 Blora 68,8 120 Siak 59,3 180 Simeuleu 51.8
Percik 11
October 2004

14. M AIN REPORT
No. Kabupaten/City Coverage ( % ) No. Kabupaten/City Coverage ( % ) No. Kabupaten/City Coverage ( % )
181 Demak 51,8 241 Kotawaringin Barat 43,4 301 Kota Dumai 32,6
182 Tebo 51,3 242 Bulukumba 43,2 302 Aceh Selatan 32,4
183 Kota Metro 51,3 243 Cirebon 43,0 303 Aceh Barat 32,4
184 Majalengka 51,2 244 Toli-Toli 43,0 304 Serang 31,7
185 Pidie 50,9 245 Paniai 42,9 305 Way Kanan 30,9
186 Wajo 50,6 246 Polewali Mamasa 42,8 306 Ketapang 30,7
187 Klaten 50,5 247 Indramayu 42,5 307 Bulungan 30,6
188 Simalungun 50,3 248 Sorong 42,2 308 Mimika 30,6
189 Banjarnegara 50,3 249 Soralangun 42,1 309 Aceh Besar 30,5
190 Kolaka 50,3 250 Cianjur 42,1 310 Toba Samosir 30,1
191 Bima 50,2 251 Padang Pariaman 42,0 311 Jeneponto 29,6
192 Kutai 50,2 252 Bondowoso 42,0 312 Bengkalis 29,2
193 Kutai Timur 50,2 253 Mamuju 42,0 313 Aceh Singkil 29,1
194 Sindenreng Rappang 50,1 254 Lombok Timur 41,9 314 Puncak Jaya 29,1
195 Kampar 49,9 255 Berau 41,9 315 Tapanuli Selatan 28,5
196 Tulang Bawang 49,9 256 Jakarta Selatan 41,8 316 Mandailing Natal 28,1
197 Sukabumi 49,9 257 Situbondo 41,8 317 Lampung Barat 27,9
198 Tanah Laut 49,9 258 Subang 41,7 318 Rokan Hulu 27,8
199 Bangka 49,6 259 Sumba Barat 41,3 319 Barito Kuala 27,4
200 Pemalang 49,6 260 Lahat 41,1 320 Kapuas 26,9
201 Kota Tebing Tinggi 49,4 261 Musi Banyuasin 41,0 321 Tanjung Jabung Barat 26,8
202 Lampung Utara 49,3 262 Dairi 40,8 322 Kutai Barat 26,0
203 Kudus 49,3 263 Garut 40,8 323 Boalemo 25,9
204 Lombok Tengah 49,3 264 Pekalongan 40,8 324 Biak Numfor 25,2
205 Merangin 49,0 265 Hulu Sungai Tengah 40,7 325 Sintang 24,7
206 Brebes 48,7 266 Natuna 40,4 326 Barito Utara 23,6
207 Bojonegoro 48,5 267 Manggarai 40,3 327 Sanggau 22,1
208 Tangerang 48,5 268 Buoi 40,3 328 Merauke 21,1
209 Hulu Sungai Utara 48,4 269 Batang 40,2 329 Kapuas Hulu 19,6
210 Maluku Tenggara 48,4 270 Kota Palangkaraya 40,2 330 Landak 19,4
211 Morowali 48,3 271 Tapanuli Tengah 40,1 331 Selayar 19,2
212 Kota Pekalongan 47,9 272 Kuningan 40,0 332 Kota Pontianak 14,5
213 Tapanuli Utara 47,7 273 Buru 39,8 333 Sambas 13,5
214 Pelalawan 47,7 274 Jayapura 39,7 334 Manokwari 13,3
215 Luwu Utara 47,7 275 Aceh Timur 39,4 335 Kepulauan Mentawai 11,8
216 Hulu Sungai Selatan 47,5 276 Kepulauan Riau 39,4 336 Yapen Maropen 10,4
217 Pasuruan 47,3 277 Maluku Utara 39,3 337 Malinau 9,1
218 Banyuwangi 47,2 278 Sawah Lunto / Sijunjung 39,0 338 Pontianak 7,7
219 Agam 47,0 279 Kuantan Sengingi 38,9 339 Nabire 7,6
220 Tegal 46,8 280 Rokan Hilir 38,8 340 Indragiri Hilir 4,3
221 Sikka 46,5 281 Bandung 38,8 341 Tanjung Jabung Timur 1,1
222 Fak Fak 46,5 282 Banjar 38,8
223 Belitung 46,3 283 Muara Enim (Liot) 38,6 INDONESIA 55,2
224 Lembata 46,3 284 Barru 38,6
225 Flores Timur 46,3 285 Jayawijaya 38,4
226 Bone 46,1 Source:
286 Indragiri Hulu 38,3
227 Kebumen 45,9 287 Timur Tengah Selatan 38,1 Human Development Report 2004,
228 Bireuen 45,6 288 Ogan Komering Hilir 37,7 Bappenas -- BPS -- UNDP
229 Kota Tangerang 45,2 289 Donggala 37,7
230 Ciamis 44,9 290 Kota Tarakan 36,5 * Kota = city
231 Ogan Komering Ulu 44,8 291 Tasikmalaya 36,4
232 Kota Blitar 44,8 292 Gorontalo 36,2
233 Lombok Barat 44,6 293 Kota Palu 36,0
234 Musi Rawas 44,1 294 Bantaeng 35,9
235 Bogor 44,1 295 Kotawaringin Timur 35,7
236 Majene 44,1 296 Takalar 35,1
237 Bengkulu Selatan 43,9 297 Nunukan 35,0
238 Kota Pekan Baru 43,8 298 Lebak 34,8
239 Karimun 43,6 299 Karawang 34,6
240 Belu 43,6 300 Barito Selatan 32,8
12 Percik
October 2004

15. A RTICLE
BATAM: Water Flows Through the Kiosks
SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE
*)
By Tri Dewi Virgiyanti
I
n Batam, water is not a simple affair.
An island located to the east of
Sumatra, Batam has a very limited
natural water source. There is no river to
fulfill water need for its 600 thousand
inhabitants.
This natural condition which enhan-
ces the Authority of Batam to make 6
man-made lakes to capture rainwater.
PT. Adhya Tirta Batam (ATB), a private
company, processes the rainwater into
raw water to fulfill the need of the popu-
lation. PT. ATB is a joint venture between
a British company, Cascal, and local busi-
ness firms Bangun Cipta Kontraktor and
Syabata Cemerlang, operating water sup-
ply service to the costumers' homes.
Not all of the population may have
access to water service, however. A local
regulation prohibits ATB to provide home
connections to illegal squatters, known
locally as ruli or rumah liar. A new prob-
lem instantly arises. It is because not less
than 80 thousand people who live as ille-
gal squatters need water as anyone else.
Actually the ruli dwellers have tried to for instance if the missing production cost Authority decided to establish water
solve their water requirement problem is imposed upon the customers. Besides, kiosks in the vicinity of ruli areas. In the
through construction of rain water catch- water quality and its pressure tends to beginning there are 8 kiosks built. The
ers and buy water from water lorries. drop because of the pipe leakages. kiosks were given to certain parties to
Unfortunately, the water quality is inferi- Realizing the above problem, ATB and manage. Of this is not arbitrarily given to
or and cannot be used as drinking water. Batam Authority worked together to find any one. At least one must meet 2 quali-
This is because the lorries take their water its solution. Minimizing NRW is not the fications for water kiosk management.
from the drainage canal. As a result, only consideration. It also includes clean First, it must be legal institution, such as
water stealing activities came into reality. water requirement of the ruli dwellers. a cooperative, so that the institution can
The ruli dwellers make illegal connec- Though the live in an area illegally they be a regular ATB subscriber. Secondly,
tions or puncture holes to the pipes in are also contributing to Batam economy. the management must have a support
order to get water. They mainly profess as labourers, securi- from the surrounding ruli dwellers. The
This activity causes ATB a consider- ty personnel, are in a sense having a rela- management personnel are elected from
able financial loss because after a short tively high purchasing power. Their within the community. This is to prevent
while the amount of non revenue water average monthly income varies between any future conflict and to guarantee that
(NRW) reached a level of more than 30 Rp. 600 thousand to Rp. 1,5 million. the community will buy water from the
percent. Production costs cannot be co- On the one hand they have to serve kiosk.
vered from the customers' payment the water requirement of the ruli dwellers Water kiosks are made from used con-
because a considerable amount of water -because this is the best solution to the tainers and are connected to ATB water
is lost. In the meantime, the water stea- water stealing- on the other there is a re- conveyance system. These kiosks are equ-
ling is potential to bringing an additional gulation to prevent provision of water to ipped with water meter and a regulating
cost to the ordinary customers. Imagine the ruli areas. Finally ATB and Batam tap. The kiosks are made portable, to be
Percik 13
October 2004

16. A RTICLE
easily movable to other location if neces- community welcomes the kiosks with sat- could find the best solution to the prob-
sary. isfaction. They are happy because with lem of the illegal settlement problem.
An agreement is made between ATB the establishment they can get quality The existence of the water kiosks and
and the management that binds both par- water at a more reasonable price. With the profit collected for water sale can be
ties. It contains among others, the ma- this their health condition improves and used for ruli community empowerment
nagement obligation to maintain the life is more comfortable, and as a result program to live legally and improve their
kiosk and make a regular payment to the number of settlers is growing. There welfare. If the water kiosk is proven suc-
ATB. The management is also made res- are less skin and abdominal diseases now cessful, other towns and cities in In-
ponsible for water distribution to the local than there were before. donesia with a similar problem may learn
community. Only the surrounding com- Of course there are several other fac- from Batam how to provide access to
munity is entitled to buy water from a tors to be monitored in the management water for illegal squatters of city slum
kiosk. This is to prevent any sale to out- of the kiosks so that the continuity of the dwellers.
siders such as to water lorries. kiosks in the future would indeed provide Staff, Directorate of Human Settlement
In terms of tariff, the water kiosks are access to an acceptable clean water service and Housing, Bappenas and Member,
charged with the lowest tariff level by to all Batam population and the Authority WSS Working Group
ATB. But the management may sell at a
higher price. However, the kiosks cannot
arbitrarily ask any price they like. The
price must be previously agreed between
the management and ruli community. Therefore, establishment of such
Unfortunately, the standard is based on water kiosks needs a further study,
the price set by water lorry, which whether it is beneficial to ATP and both
notwithstanding is expensive, than the
kiosk water sale price is higher compari- the communities, the ruli dwellers and
son to the ATB price. This condition may the ordinary customer
cause inequity in profit distribution, community.
because the management may collect a
relatively big profit from the sale. Their SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE
monthly turnover may reach Rp. 90-95
million. The kiosk is charged at Rp. 3.000
per m3 by ATB and the kiosk sells it at Rp.
12.500 - 25.000 to the community. The
average family expenditure for water
varies between Rp. 15.000 to Rp. 250.000
a month.
Therefore, establishment of such
water kiosks needs a further study,
whether it is beneficial to ATP and both
the communities, the ruli dwellers and the
ordinary customer community. It should
be noted that, with the kiosk establish-
ment there are protests voiced out from
the ordinary customer community, espe-
cially with regard the minimum tariff.
Besides, there is a complaint that the
kiosk implies an acknowledgement for the
existence of the illegal settlements, a nag-
ging headache for Batam Authority.
On the other hand, the majority of ruli
14 Percik
October 2004

17. A RTICLE
Water in Australia and
Sustainable Development
W
ater is an endless topic of dis- *)
regional governments alike put into effect
cussion. This is because water By Iwan Juwana restriction in the use of water. This
is a vital and irreplaceable restriction obligation is binding and is
need for human life. Every nation has its time to get drinking water directly from supported by a number of reliable sup-
own experience regarding water manage- the tap. The biggest financial demand is port instruments. The support instru-
ment. Some are successful, while others for pipe network and its maintenance, ments consist of among others a control
meet with a certain level of failure. One of because in reality most PDAMs and other system and law enforcement effort. As an
those which is sufficiently successful is drinking water companies in Indonesia example, a prohibition to using of tap
Australia, our neighbouring nation. have met the standard drinking water water for car washing during daytime.
There are several differences between requirement as set forth by ministry of When the said regulation is in effect, du-
Australia and Indonesia. First, is in drin- health and WHO. One of the closest ring daytime control officers are moving
king water distribution. Like other deve- examples, there was once an Indonesian around the area to see to it that no one is
loping nations, it is easy to get drinking TV coverage featuring a drinking water running against the regulation. If some-
water in Australia. Domestic drinking company on the island of Batam, PT. one is caught running against the regula-
water facility is guaranteed potable, Adhya Tirta Batam (ATB). It was shown tion the control officer would undoubted-
drinkable directly from the faucet. The in the feature, several employees of the ly take a fine from him at an amount in
same with public facilities such as park, company took a drink directly from the accordance with the regulation. There is
school, office building and other public tap. However, one can be sure that none no compromise, or bargaining for any
facilities are supplied with drinking water of ATB customers would dare to do the misconduct. And also the mass media,
facility. Water taps are located every- same in their own homes, especially those when water restriction is effect, the televi-
where, all provides potable water. This is which are located far from the processing sion, radio, newspapers are providing a
why most people, including tourists and facility. Because, the farther is the home widespread announcement to the com-
international students, always bring with from the processing facility the longer is munity at large. There is no reason for
them water bottle anywhere they go. the pipe network through which the water anyone to be uninformed about the regu-
These bottles are refilled with drinking flows, in some location may pass a rusty lation in effect. At a certain stage, the
water from the public faucets. pipe. awareness of the importance of function
From environmental point of view, of water within the community, govern-
this is quite commendable because there There are several differences ment and other actors in Australia has
will be less bottles to be dumped into the between Australia and reached such a high standard, especially
surroundings. This means a less burden Indonesia. First, is in drinking when compared to Indonesia. Then what
to the community or the regional govern- water distribution. Like other is the underlying principle for the aware-
ment in solid wastes recycling work. And developing nations, it is easy ness action?
seen from the customers' point of view, to get drinking water in From the author's observation, the
this represents a significant saving for basic reason for the growth of awareness
Australia. Domestic drinking
drinking water expenditure. As we all of the importance of water resources is
water facility is guaranteed
know, the expenditure for drinking water the sustainable development concept.
is never small. Even, at an equal volume,
potable, drinkable directly The federal government of Australia has
the price for water is higher than that of from the faucet. exerted a sufficient effort to explain the
petrol. sustainable development into five pillars
However, one cannot deny that the The second significant difference or five principles. The first principle is
investment for the construction of drin- relates to water restriction that is in effect known as precautionary principle. This
king water facility, its distribution sys- during certain period in almost all over principle emphasizes that if an activity is
tem, and maintenance of up to potable Australia. In facing a long dry season to produce an environmental impact,
water quality in Indonesia will need a big which is evidenced from the drop in water then there must be an immediate precau-
amount of money. Indeed, it seems that level at the reservoirs, the main water tionary plan to prevent the impact to hap-
this nation will have to dream for a long source of Australia, the national and pen without waiting for any scientific cer-
Percik 15
October 2004

18. A RTICLE
tainty. In water management, for exam- SOURCE: WWW.CSIRO.AU
ple, if it is known that the main water
source is a reservoir and its condition is
going down, then one of precautionary
measures is water restriction to activities
that needs a large quantity of water. This
measure is necessary although there is no
specific study to explain the direct rela-
tion between watering plants to decrease
in water level in reservoirs.
The second principle, intragenera-
tional equity. It means that it is necessary
to build an awareness that aside from we
ourselves who need water there at the
same time 6 billion human beings who are
in need for water. If the water wasting ha-
bit for secondary even tertiary need is let
loose it is obvious that it will adversely
affect water availability of the 6 billion
people. Implanting of such awareness
and empathy to the equals will greatly
affect someone in using water.
The third principle, intergenerational
equity. It has been frequently mentioned
in conference, seminar and scientific dis-
cussions about the paradigm that has to
be kept in mind: the environment is not
inherited by the grand parents and it is
entrusted by our grandchildren, the com-
ing generations. In water use, it is not
In water use, it is not allowed to fulfill
allowed to fulfill the present generation the present generation only,
only, but must also consider what will but must also consider what will happen
happen with the next generations. In sus- with the next generations.
tainable development concept, the next
generation shall have to receive at the
same natural resources as do the present
generation. It is not wise if we inherit an
environment that is inferior than its pres- caused by the production activity was not turbed by the water taking activity.
ent condition. calculated into the price. For instance, Well, with the principles compiled by
The fourth, biodiversity conservation. when we buy a car, the pollution caused various elements of the community and also
As it relates to water source management, by the car is not included in the price. The applied systematically with a strict control
it should always be borne in mind that price of a car is determined by the spare has so far produced a significant impact to
water is not only need by human species, parts, costs for experts, mechanics, and the environmental quality improvement in
but at the same time also it is also vital for marketing as well as other variables, but Australia. What about Indonesia?
the life of flora and fauna. never an environmental impact variable.
Graduate of Environmental Management
*)
The final principle is environmental Another example, when we buy bottled Program, NSW Univ., Australia.
economic internalization. Up to this time water, the price does not include the da- Currently a teaching staff at the Environmental
there have been many cases when buying mage to the water source, nor taking into Engineering Dept., National Institute
a product, the environmental impact account the flora and fauna that are dis- of Technology, Bandung
16 Percik
October 2004