15. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
Native to the Ethiopian and Ugandan highlands
Growing regions – Eastern and southern African countries, southern Asia
INTRODUCTION
Common names
African millet
Kurakkan
Koracan
Bulo etc.
Grown areas
dry zone areas like Anuradhapura , Kegalle, Matale , Monaragala
16. Medicinal value
Has diabetic control ability
Source of natural calcium
Anemia recovering ability
Prevent premature aging
Uses
As a grain
Consuming part
Grains
17. BOTANY
Height – 30-150 cm
Narrow leaves
Panicles with spikes referred as fingers
Oblong to oval or round shape grains
Reddish brown color grains
18. Ecology - rain fed uplands in dry and intermediate zone
Altitude – over 2000m above sea level
Temperature - 18 – 27 ° C
Rain fall – 500mm
Soil – well drained slit loamy soils
Soil pH- 5-8.2
22. • Every day hand wateringIrrigation
• Manual weeding up to 45 days
• Weeding between rows when necessaryweeding
• 2-3 weeks after planting
• Set 10-15cm spaces between plants
Thinning
out
28. INTRODUCTION
Native to Asia
Originated in India
Fruits are edible only when immature
Grown in low country dry zone , intermediate zone , wet zone
29. Stem tops with young leaves and flower buds as leafy vegetable
Mature fruit as a brush or sponge
As a indigenous medicine
USES
30. MORPHOLOGY
Annual climbing herb
Leaves : sub circular lobed
Yellow color flowers
oblong calvate fruits
Monoecious : male flowers racemes , female flowers ovary elongate
Ovate black seeds
31. Environment requirements
*Warm and hot climate
*Temperature : 25-35 °C
*pH 6.5 – 7.5
* Deep Well drained sandy loam soils
*Adequate soil moisture is essential
*Heavy rains are harmful
34. • Irrigate beds before planting
• Every day hand watering
Irrigation
• Manual weeding regularly at seedling stage
• Then , Weeding between rows when necessary
weeding
35. • Trellises establishment up to 6 ft.
height
•Remove apical bud to induce lateral
branching
•Fruits in growing tip were removed.
•Ground contacted leaves were removed
Other
management
practices • Pruning and training
-Lateral stems are pruned if they grow
too abundantly.
• Early settled fruits were removed
from the vine
36. CROP PROTECTION
fruit fly attack – pheromone traps , polythene covers
Downey Mel dew disease – mancozeb
Mosaic virus – remove whole plants from the field
Pests
Diseases
39. HARVESTING
Harvested 45-60 days after planting.
Cut full grown tender fruits with knife
Picking 3-4 days interval to avoid over maturity
Potential Yield
15000-20000 kg/ha
Expected yield from the plot
= 15000kg/ha /10000 x 101.7m2
= 152.55kg
Yield obtained from our plot=10kg
40. Field problems
• To protect the crop from peacocks fencing
had to be done.
• Soil was very infertile and consisted with
more gravels. Therefore it was difficult to
dig the holes.
• Soil erosion is high in area.
43. INTRODUCTION
common name – Long bean, snake bean, long podded
cowpea
Originated in south west china
Annual legume crop
Grown in all ecological zones
44. Nutritional value of long bean
Young leaves and stems are used as a cooked vegetables
Young immature pods are low calorie vegetables
The pods contain large quantities of soluble and insoluble
solids
beans excellent source of vitamin A
47. CROP MANAGEMENT
• Plough well
• Rows make from north to south
• Plot size – 29.7 square meters
LAND
PREPARATION
S
• Direct seeding
• Spacing -60cm*20cm
• Seed rate – 17-20/ hill
• Seed requirement for our plot- .0594kg
Establishment
49. • Irrigate beds before planting
• Every day hand watering
Irrigation
• Required for long and straight fruits
• Prepared after 2 weeks of planting
Trellises
establishment
• Manual weeding regularly at seedling stage
• Then , Weeding between rows when necessary
weeding
57. BOTANY
Swollen tap roots
White flesh
13cm long leaves in small types
Long round roots up to 2.5cm diameter
Rosette type leaves
While flowers on raceme
58. Environmental requirements
• Climate –Radish is primarily a crop for the temperate
regions or a cool-season crop. Cool conditions
stimulate vigorous growth
• Soils – well drained with Ph 6-7.5
59. • Plough well (15cm-20cm depth)
• Raised beds
• Plot size – 12 square meter
LAND
PREPARATIONS
• Direct seeding
• Spacing -30cm*10cm
• Seed rate – 5 Kg /ha
• Seed requirements for our plot –
0.006kg
Establishment
CROP ESTABLISHMENT
61. • Every day hand watering
• No irrigation at raining
Irrigation
• Manual weeding regularly at seedling stage
• Then , Weeding when necessaryweeding
63. HARVESTING
After planting 1.5 – 2 months
Harvest
Harvesting should be done at proper time. Delay in harvesting
reduces the quality of radish by accumulating high amount of
fibrous
Potential Yield =20000-30000kg/ha
Expected yield from the plot= 25000 kg/ha /10000 x 12m2
= 30kg
Yield obtained=11.5kg(until now) remaining part not harvested
yet.
65. • Order - Fabaies
• Family - Fabaceae
• Genus - Arachis
• Species – Arachis hypogaea
• Varity - Thissa
BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION
66. Native to South America
Local names – monkey nuts, pea nuts
annual herbaceous plant
Grown in Moneragala, Ampara, Badulla, Puttlam, Hambantota etc,
INTRODUCTION
67. BOTANY
Height – 30-50 cm
Opposite, pinnate leaves with four leaflets
Flowers are yellow, complete,papilionate and sessile
Have root nodules
Pod type fruits
68. Environment requirements
Temperature - 15°C -30°C
Rain Fall – 600mm – 1500mm
Warm and moist conditions are favorable
Well- drained sandy loam soils
69. CROP MANAGEMENT
• Plough well (15cm-20cm depth)
• Plot size – 6m * 6m
LAND
PREPARATIONS
• Direct seeding
• Spacing -45cm*45cm
• Seed rate – 70 Kg /ha (shelled)
• Seed requirement for our plot - 0.252kg
Establishment
73. • Every day hand watering
• Stop irrigation after seed filling
Irrigation
• Manual weeding regularly at seedling stage
• Then , Weeding between rows when
necessary
weeding
• Should be done before peggingEarthing up
74. Harvesting
• Entire plant remove when harvesting
• Harvest when 75-80% pods of plant are mature
Potential Yield = 2800 kg/ha
Expected yield = 10.8kg
80. Temperature - 18°C -28°C
Rain Fall – 600mm – 1500mm
High humidity is unfavorable
Altitude – up to 1200m
Deep Well- drained sandy loam soils
Environment requirements
81. Plough well
Plot size – 30m * 3m
Hole size – 2ft*2ft
LAND
PREPARATIONS
• Direct seeding
• Spacing -1 x 1 (m)
• Seed rate – 4Kg /ha
• Seed requirements for our plot - 0.36kg
Establishment
Crop Management
89. Botanical name: Vigna unguiculate (L) walp.
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Vigna
Species: V.unguiculate
Origin: Africa
Common name: Black eyed pea, southern pea, yardlong bean,
catjang bean and crowder bean
90. • Cowpea is an important annual herbacious legume crop in Sri Lanka.
• Has the useful ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through its root
nodules.
• Hardy crop and well adapted to relatively dry environments.
Asia, Affrica, Southern Europe and Central and South America.
• Areas cultivated: Hambanthota,Rathnapura, Badulla, Monaragala,
Anuradhapura, Kurunegala, Puttalam, Batticalo, Ampara,
Polonnaruwa.
• Recommended varities: MI 35, Wijaya, Waruni, Dhawala, Bombay
91. • Mainly grown for its seeds, which are extremely high in protein and
leaves and immature seed pods can also be consumed.
• Well suited to intercropping with other crops.
• Whole plant is used as forage for animals.
• Can used as green manure.
92. • Leaves- alternate and trifoliate
• Inflorescence- raceme
• Flowers- white, cream, yellow, mauve or purple
• Pods- 10-23 cm long with 10-15 seeds/pod
• Seeds-varies in size and shape,square to oblong and variously
coloured,including whitw, brown, maroon, cream, green.
• Usually growing upto 15-80cm high.
• Primarily self pollinating.
• Cowpeas can either be short or bushy or trailing along the ground.
93. Soil- can be grown on a wide range of soil.
from predominantly sandy loam to clay. (pH 4.5-8.0)
sandy to clay loam soil and well drained.(Ph 6-7)
Highly sensitive to water logging.
less tolerant to cold soils.
Temperature- 20c- 30c
heat loving , drought tolerant crop.
Rainfall- can grow under 400 to 700 mm per annum.
cannot tolerate heavy rainfall.
React to serious moisture stress by limiting growth, flower and pod
abscission.
Warm and moist climate is favourable.
94. Propagation- directly grown from seed.
Land preparation-clean the land
one ploughing followed by one harrowing ensures
a good weed control and suitable seed bed.
land was ridged after harrowing.
95. Seed rate- 40-45kg/ha
Spacing-30* 15 cm
Area- 15.5*6.6 m2
Planting-seeds were water soaked and direct planted.
seeds were 2-3cm deeply planted.
2-3 seeds were planted in a hole.
planting was done on early October.
