This document provides an overview of pea production technology. It discusses the origin, description, botany, taxonomy, cultivation practices and varieties of peas. Key points include: - Peas are a cool season legume crop grown for their edible pods and seeds. Major producers include India, where they are grown in northern plains and hills. - Peas fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules. They have a taproot system and bear compound leaves with tendrils. Flowers are self-pollinated and develop into edible pods. - Cultivars are classified by seed type, plant height, and maturity period. Popular varieties include Arka Ajit, Bonneville, and Ar

1. Welcome

2. Presentation on
Production Technology of Pea
(Pisum sativum)
Presented by,
Mr. Padalkar D. A.
Jr. M.Sc. Hort.

3. Introduction
• Pea is a very common
nutritious vegetable grown in
the cool season throughout
the world.
• Pea (Pisum sativum L.)is
grown as a vegetable crop for
both fresh and dried seed.
• Present world production is
about 13.5 million tonnes dry
pea and 4.8 million tonnes
fresh pea.
• In India, it is grown as winter
vegetable in the plains of
North India and as summer
vegetable in the hills.

4. • Maximum cultivation of pea is in Uttar
Pradesh, about 60 %, followed by Bihar,
Madhya Pradesh.
• Pea is containing high percentage of
digestive protein, along with carbohydrates
and vitamins.
• Being nitrogen fixing legume, its value as a
green manure crop has long been
recognized.

5. Origin
• The origin and progenitors of Pisum sativum are not
well known.
• The Mediterranean region, Western and Central Asia
and Ethiopia have been indicated as center of origin.
• Recently the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) designated Ethiopia and western Asia as centers
of diversity, with secondary centers in southern Asia
and the Mediterranean region.
• Archaeological evidence of the use of peas dating from
8000 BC has been found in the Fertile Crescent.
• The first cultivation of peas appears to have been in
western Asia, from where it spread to Europe, China
and India.
• In classical times, Greek and Roman authors
mentioned its cultivation as a pulse and fodder crop.

6. Taxonomy
• Kingdom - Plantae
• Subkingdom - Tracheobionta
• Superdivision - Spermatophyta
• Division - Magnoliophyta
• Class – Magnoliopsida
• Subclass - Rosidae
• Order – Fabales
• Family - Fabaceae
• Genus - Pisum L.
• species - Pisum sativum L.

7. Description of the plant
• P. sativum is an annual plant, with a life cycle of
one year. It is a cool-season crop grown in many
parts of the world; planting can take place from
winter to early summer, depending on location.
• The pea is a green, pod-shaped vegetable,
widely grown as a cool-season vegetable crop.
• There are generally three types of peas that are
commonly eaten:
• garden or green peas (Pisum sativum L.),
• snow peas (Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon) and
• snap peas (Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon ser.
cv.)

8. • Garden peas have rounded pods that are usually
slightly curved in shape with a smooth texture
and vibrant green colour. Inside of them are
green, rounded pea seeds that are sweet and
starchy in taste.
• Snow peas are flatter than garden peas and are
not fully opaque. Snap peas, a cross between the
garden and snow pea, have plump pods with a
crisp, snappy texture.
• The pods of both snow peas and snap peas are
edible, and both feature a slightly sweeter and
cooler taste than the garden pea.

9. Botany
• Pea is an annual
herbaceous plant and
leguminous crop.
• Roots : Plants have a
taproot system with
nodules on the surface.
• Stem : Stems are hollow,
slender, succulent and
ridged.

11. • Leaves : It bears innately
compound leaves with
three pairs of leaflets and
the terminal one is
modified into a branched
tendril. At the base of the
petiole, a large pair of
stipules or bracts is found,
and they cover the petioles
in such a way that the
leaves appear to be sessile.

12. Leaves Development

13. • Flower: Flowering usually begins
40 to 50 days after planting.
• Flowering is normally two to four
weeks, depending on the flowering
habit and weather during
flowering.
• The flowers are arranged in the
form of an axillary raceme.
• The flowers may be reddish, purple
or white.
• They are self-pollinated and
develop into 5 cm to 9 cm long,
inflated or cylindrical pods
containing five to 11 seeds inside
them.

14. • Calyx: Calyx is the
lowermost green tubular
part of the flower. It
consists of five slightly
unequal lobes called sepals.
• It protects the other whorls
in the bud stage from
possible external injuries.

15. • Corolla: It consist of five petals of
different shapes and sizes. The
outermost petal is the largest and
spreading and is known as
standard or vexillum which
covers the other petals in the bud
stage.
• The next two lateral petals look
like wings. Hence they are called
wings or alae. The two innermost
ones unit loosely along their
ventral margins to form a boat-
like structure and are known as
keel or carina.
• The attractive colour and sweet
scent of the corolla attract insects
for pollination.

16. • Androecium: The third whorl of pea flower
is called androecium or male whorl. It
consists of ten stamens, of which nine are
arranged in a bundle and one is free.
• A stamen has two parts – filament and
anther.
• The filament is a long stalk which is capped
by a sac-like structure called anther. The
anther carries pollen grains within it.
• Gynoecium: The fourth whorl is gynoecium
or female whorl, which is located at the
center of the flower.
• It consists of three parts viz. ovary, style and
stigma. The flattened, broad basal portion is
known as ovary which continues into a short
stalk known as style.
• The style ends into a sticky, feathery body
called stigma. The ovary is transformed into
a fruit.

17. FLORAL IMAGES OF PEA

20. • Seed
• Seeds are globes or angled, smooth or wrinkled,
whitish, grey, green, or brownish; 100 seeds can
weigh from 10 to 36 g.

21. Uses
• Highly nutritive .
• Containing high percent of digestible protein along with
carbohydrates and vitamins A & C.
• Rich in minerals Ca and P.
• Excellent food for human consumption.
• Large proportion is processed for off-season
consumption as:
• - Canned pea.
• - Frozen pea .
• - Dehydrated pea.
• Soil building crop.
• Being used in growing snack market.

22. Groups
The cultivars in pea are grouped on the basis of
various characters
A) According to seed
a) Round or smooth seeded cultivars
b) Wrinkled seeded cultivars
B) According to height of plant
a) Bush or dwarf types
b) Medium tall types
c) Tall types

23. C) According to maturity period
a) Early 65-80 days
b) Medium 90-100 days
c) Main season 110-120 days
D) According to use of pods
a) Fresh market types
b) Freezing types
c) Canning types
d) Dehydration types

24. Some important cultivars
1) Early smooth seeded- 65 to 80 days
– Asauji
– Lucknow boniya
– Alaska
– Early superb
– Meteor
• Early wrinkled seeded-
– Arkel
– Early badger
– Little marvel
– Kelvedon wonder
– Early december

25. 2) Mid season types-
Pods will be ready for harvest by 85-90 days
after sowing.
• Arka Ajit
• Un 53-6
• Bonneville
• Vrp-3
• Kashi Shakthi
• Pant Uphar

26. 3) Late Main season types-
Pods will be ready for harvest by 110 days after
sowing.
• Lincoln
• Azad P-1
• PB-89
• VL-3
 Edible podded peas:
• Sylvia
• Punjab Mithi Phali
• Alaska
• Early Superb
• Meteor
 Commercial varieties for MH:
• Bonneville
• Arkel
• Phule Priya

27. Commercial varieties
• Bonneville: It is very
popular variety in India
• Introduced from USA
• Yield 10t/ha, susceptible to
powdery mildew

28. • Arka Ajit: Released
from IIHR, Bangalore
• Resistant to powdery
mildew and rust
• Yield 10t/ha in 90
days
Arka Ajit

29. • Jawahar Matar - 2:
Bigger size pods
• Yield 10-12t/ha
• Susceptible to powdery
mildew

30. • Arkel:
• Most popular exotic pea
introduced from England
• Susceptible to collar rot
• Yield 5t/ha

31. Soil
• Well drained, loose and friable
- Loamy soil - early crop .
- Clayey soil - high yield .
• pH - 6.0-7.5.
• Grows under alkaline soil.
• If soil is acidic liming is required .

32. Climate
• Cool season crop.
• Thrive well in cool weather .
• Seed germination - 220C.
• Avg. monthly mean temperature for growth - 10-18.3oC.
• Early stage of crop is tolerant to frost.
• Adverse effect of high temperature:
 If 5℃ - Speed of germination high .
 High temperature - decay of seedlings is more.
 Flowering and fruiting - adversely affected by frost
 Maturity - hastened
 Yield - reduced
 Low quality of pods due to conversion of sugars to starch.

33. Sowing season
• In Plains of North India - Sown from beginning
of October to middle of November .
- Sowing after 4th December - yield is
drastically reduced.
- Sown in September - Susceptible to wilt
disease .
• In Hills :-
- March for summer crop
- May for Autumn crop.
• seeds are sown in flat beds by broadcasting or
by dibbling at 2.5-5.0 cm depth.

34. TYPES Spacing(cm2) Seed Rate
(Kg/ha)
Early season (Closer spacing)
30 × 5-10
100-120
Mid/ late season (Wider spacing)
45x10
80-90
Land preparation and sowing
• Soil prepared to fine tilth by disc ploughing
followed by one or two harrowing .
• Seeds are sown in flat / raised beds by broadcasting
/ dibbling .
• Sowing depth – 2.5-5.0 cm.
• Overnight soaking of seed in water / GA 3 (10ppm)
–Improve germination .

35. Seed Treatments
• Treat the seeds with Trichoderma 4 g/kg or
Thiram or Captan at 2 g/kg of seed
• To avoid seed borne diseases
• Apply 2 kg Phosphobacterium as soil application
before sowing

36. • Leguminous crop, fixes atmospheric N through
root nodules so N requirement is less .
• FYM- 10 tonnes /ha time of land preparation .
• 25kg: 70kg: 50 NPK kg/ha are recommended .
• Entire dose is drilled at the time of sowing seeds.
• Fertilizers should be applied in bands at7-8 cm
away and 2.5 cm deeper from seeds.
- High N – Adverse effect on nodule formation and
N fixation .
- P fertilizer – increases yield and quality .
- K fertilizer – increase N fixation ability of plants
and yield.
Manure And Fertilizers

37. • Tall varieties - Plants 15cm high
- should be stacked with wooden.
sticks or twigs for trailing.
• Earthing up and hoeing help in root
development and growth of plants.
• Weeds - removed in early stages of crop.
• Alachlor @ 0.75 Kg a.i. or pendimethalin
0.5 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence spray
along with one hand weeding at 25-45
days after sowing is effective.
Intercultural Operation

38. • Sensitive to drought and excessive irrigation.
• Excessive irrigation immediately after sowing – poor
germination due to hard crust formation .
• Excessive irrigation in earlier stages – increase
vegetative growth .
• Light irrigation :- 10-15 days intervals .
• Critical stages for water application :-
- Flowering
- Fruit set and
- Grain filling
Irrigation

39. • Diseases
• Powdery Mildew:
• Clear our previous planting
residues.
• Dust with sulphur or spray
sulphux (2.5kg/ha)
• Avoid sowing in end Nov. and
Dec.
• Hot water treatments
• Resistant varieties,
 Rachna
 Pant P-8
 Sugar Giant
Plant Protection Measures

40. • Downey Mildew :-
• Uproot affected plants
• Follow crop rotation
• Seed treatment with hot water may be
tried
• Spray with Dithane Z-78 at 0.2%.

41. • Major Pest
Pod borer: Heliothes sp.
Symptoms: Larvae feed
on foliage and pod
Destroys buds, flowers,
and pods
Management:
Spray Carbaryl 50 WP at 2
g/lit

42. Pea aphid: Acyrthosiphon pisum
Symptoms:
• Adults and nymphs suck sap
from leaves
• Leaves turn yellowish green
and wilt
Management
• Spray Phosphamidon at 1
ml/lit

43. • Harvested when pods are
fully green and well
developed.
• Harvested tender peas with
high sugar content fetch
premium price in market .
• During maturity, sugar
contents decreases and
polysaccharides and protein
increases.
Harvesting

44. • Calcium migrates to seed
coat and becomes
Tougher during
ripening.
• Peas for fresh market are
harvested when they are
well filled and colour
changes from dark green
to light green.
• Early varieties gives 2-3
pickings while 3-4
pickings at 7-10 interval
are taken from main
season.

45. Yield
Sr.
No.
Type Yield
1. Early varieties 2.5-4.0 t/ha
2. Mid season varieties 6.0-7.5 t/ha
3. Late varieties 8.0-10.0 t/ha
Green pod yield :-
• Shelling percentage ranges between 35-50.
• Seed yield varies from 2.0 to 2.5 t/ha.

46. • Hydro cooling (to 32oF) is preferred method for
precooling.
• At 32oF & 95-98% RH, green pea can be stored for
1-2 weeks.
• If the crop is packed with crushed ice, storage may
be extended for one additional week.
• Packed in gunny bags or crates.
Post Harvest Management

47. • Self pollinated crop
• Isolation distance:
- 50 m for foundation seed production
- 25 m for certified seed production.
• Roguing :
- At least, three rouging are essentially done at following
stages:
1. Before flowering
2. Flowering
3. Pod formation stage.
- Foundation seed plot requires more rouging than
certified seed plot.
Seed Production

48. • Harvesting :
- Harvesting is done when about 25-30 % pods
are ripe and almost all pods are mature.
• Seed extraction :
- Dried plants of pea are subjected to threshing
operation followed by cleaning of the seeds.
• Drying:
 Allowed to dry in sun for about 5 days.
 The moisture of seed should be nearer to 9.0%.
• Stored in gunny bags
 The bags stacked in well ventilated, dry rooms for
next season use.

49. • Lodging habits of plant leads to collapse of canopy
result in yield losses and deteriorate the quality of
seeds.
• Susceptibility to powdery mildew
• Sensitive to adverse environmental conditions.
• Sensitive to over ripeness.
• Lack of linkages between production, marketing
and processing.
Constraints

50. Thank you…