PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF FRUITS MANGO BANANA CITRUS GRAPES GUAVA SUPPOTA PAPAYA POMEGRANATE PINEAPPLE

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
OF FRUITS
Submitted by MOHAMMED ANFAS K T
anfasnellikuth@gmail.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-anfas-5409431a0

2. CONCENTS
1 MANGO
2 BANANA
3 CITRUS
4 GRAPES

3. CONCENTS
1 GUAVA
2 PAPAYA
3 SAPOTA
4 POMOGRANATE
5 PINEAPPLE

4. MANGO

5. MANGO
MALFORMATION
Floral Malformation
Vegetative Malformation
Growing of thick
vegetative shoots at the
growing tip and
transformation of floral
parts into compact mass
of sterile flowers and
giving appearance like
“bunchy top

6. MANGO MALFORMATION
Two types: Vegetative and floral malformation
• A physiological disorder affecting inflorescence (floral
malformation) and shoots (vegetative malformation).
• Involvement of mites (Acaria mangiferae) and fungus (Fusarium
moniliformae) is also highlighted.
• Biotic and Abiotic stress reported for causes
• Incidence is severe in North India.
• Spraying of 200 ppm NAA with a fungicide and acaricide in
October followed by deblossoming at bud-burst stage is known to give
control over this melody. Cyclohexamide at 50 ppm can be used for
deblossoming.

7. ALTERNATE
BEARING

8. ALTERNATE BEARING
•Mango tree heavily bear fruits in one year (on year) and a much
reduced crop in the following year (off year).
•Draining out of CHO and N reserves during „on year‟ is known to
lead to a lean crop in the „off yer‟ as they are important for fruit bud
initiation e.i high C/N ratio helps for fruit bud initiation
•Varieties with axillary fruit bearing habit posses less than terminal
bearing
• Many commercial varieties are irregular bearers.
• Totapuri, Neelum, and hybrids in which Neelum is involved as one
of the parents are regular bearers.

9. ALTERNATE BEARING
Measures to control alternate or biennial bearing
• Proper up keeping and maintenance of orchard
• Deblossoming
• Girdling and ringing the bark
• Smuding
• Chemical regulation: Paclobutrazol (Cultar) @ 5ml a.i,
dissolved in 10lit of water and drench along the basin 90cm
apart from stem.

10. BLACK TIP

11. BLACK TIP
The distal end of the fruit first exhibits etiolated patches, later
running black followed by discolorations and necrosis of the
mesocrap.
Symptoms:
• Gases like SO2, Ethylene and CO affect the fruits.
• The distal end of the fruit turns black and get hardened.
• Affected fruits become ripe pre maturely and unmarketable.
• Exuding a brown gummy substance

12. BLACK TIP
Remedies:
• Brick kilns should be allowed to establish at least 2 km
away from the mango orchard.
• Chimney height should be increased to at least 18 to 20 m.
• Spray borax (0.6%) + caustic soda (0.8%) thrice (a)
Before flowering.
(b) During flowering
(c) At fruit-set stage.

13. SPONGY
TISSUE
SOFT TISSUE

14. Non edible sour patch develops in the mesocarp of mango fruit called
as spongy tissue.
• Normal and attractive fruits on cutting reveal spongy
development in the flesh.
• This malady increase with increased nitrogen application
• Fruits with low calcium content are affected
• Heat arising from the soil inactivate the ripening enzymes
• The fruits have a bad odour and become unmarketable.
SPONGY TISSUE

15. Remedies:
•Harvest fruits at ¾th maturity stage.
•Apply calcium containing fertilizers like calcium ammonium nitrate.
• Use of sod culture
Varieties susceptible: Alphanso. Olour, Totapuri
Varieties resistant: Arka Puneet
SPONGY TISSUE

16. BANANA

17. CHOKE
THROAT

18. CHOKE THROAT
Symptoms
This disorder results from low temperature. Due to low temperature
yellowing of leaves occurs and under severe conditions the leaves
become necrotic. The low temperature at the time of flowering effects
the bunch formation. Under normal conditions the bunch emerges
from pseudo stem but when temperature is low it do not emerge
properly from pseudo stem.
The maturity time of bunch is extended up to 5-6 months than 3.5-4
months. This order is called choke throat because in the inflorescence
distal part comes out but the basal part becomes tapered at the
throat.

19. CHOKE THROAT
Management
The management of choke throat includes the use of varieties that
tolerate low temperature and the use of eucalyptus as a shelter
belt check the effect of cold wind.

20. CHILLING
INJURY

21. Symptoms
The chilling of banana occurs or results when the pre-or post-
harvest temperature falls below 14oC.The symptoms include
uneven ripening, watery dark patches on skin, dull yellow to smoky
yellow color of the ripening fingers. Brown streaks are also
observed on the vascular bundle of the sub epidermal layer. These
are resulting from enzymatic oxidation of dihydroxy phenyl alanine.
Management
Avoid to store the fruits at temperature below 13oC (55oF). This
disorder can be easily circumvented in Mussa cultivars by storing at a
temperature above threshold level.
CHILLING INJURY

22. KOTTAI VAZHAI

23. KOTTAI VAZHAI
Symptoms
This disorder seriously effects the Pooran variety of banana and
results in 10-25% reduction in yield. This disorder is characterized
by the presence of sharp, tapered and ill filled fruits that have
seedy structure in their central core. That makes the fruits inedible.
The symptoms of this disorder do not appear at the earlier stages.
Management
It can be managed by spraying 20ppm (1g in 50L of water) 2, 4-D. by
applying this the seediness of the fruits can be completely controlled
and make the fruits good in quality.

24. FINGER DROP

25. FINGER DROP
Symptoms
It is a disorder in which the pedicle become soft and weak. The
individual fruits can be dissociated from the bunch very easily during
ripening.
Management
Provide ventilation and temperature of 18oC to the fruits for
ripening. Use ethylene (1ml/L) for the ripening of fruits for 24-
48hours at on temperature of 14-18oC and 90-95% relative
humidity. Use carton for the packing of the fruit bunches.

26. PEEL
SPLITTING

27. Symptoms
In this disorder the peel of the fruit is splitted into bisects and
consequently the pulp is exposed as the cracks widens.
Management
Provide ventilation and temperature of 18oc to the fruits for
ripening. Use ethylene (1ml/L) for the ripening of fruits for 24-48
hours at on temperature of 14-18oC and 90-95% relative
humidity. Use carton for the packing of the fruit bunches.
PEEL SPLITTING

28. CITRUS

29. FRUIT
CRACKING

30. It is due to sudden changes in temperature and also due to
moisture stress condition.
Cracking of fruits may be radial or transverse.
Secondary infection is also possible due to Aspergillus,
Fusarium or Alternaria
FRUIT CRACKING

31. GRANULATION

32. GRANULATION
The juice vesicles become hard, enlarged and turn opaque grayish in
colour.
The density of pulp is increased, juice contains increased minerals
(Calcium, sodium,
potassium) and decreased carbohydrate and organic acid.
It results in lignification of juice cells that leads to formation of
sclerenchyma
High humidity and fluctuation in temperature are the major factors.
Young trees are more prone to granulation than older trees.

33. BORON
DEFFICIENCY

34. The deficiency causes yellowish translucent spots accompanied by
leaf distortion or deformation. Mature and old leaves may show
corky veins. They may be somewhat twisted or totted. Immature
fruits become hard and somewhat misshaped. To control various
leaf deficiencies, a combined spray of different microelements at a
concentration of 25-50 ppm depending on the intensity of deficiency
is generally applied. It is very likely that some of the components of
such a spray would be a waste, if the trees are really not deficient in
those elements. Copper and zinc are antagonistic when sprayed
togeth
BORON DEFFICIENCY

35. SUNBURN

36. The portion that is exposed to sun develops yellow patches which
turn brown and
become hard.
The inner portion becomes dessicated and discoloured.
Affected fruits are malformed and have low juice content
SUNBURN

37. CITRUS
DECLINE

38. Also known as citrus dieback.
Growth becomes stunted, mottling of leaves, turn yellow and are
shed.
There is excess flowering and poor fruit set.
Affected fruits are subjected sun blotching.
Presence of calcium carbonate or clay is harmful and leads to
decline.
Incompatibility of rootstock and scion, salinity, water logging and
mismanagement of citrus orchard are causes to citrus decline.
CITRUS DECLINE

39. GRAPES

40. Flower-bud,
flower and
berry-drop

41. This problem has been reported from the states of Punjab,
Haryana and Rajasthan in North India. The malady has been
investigated and the association of a number of factors such as,
improper nitrogen application, improper fertilization, ambient
temperature, heavy crop load, uneven ripening and endogenous
auxin deficiency at a particular stage of berry development are
reported to cause the malady
Flower-bud, flower and berry-drop

42. BLOSSOM END
ROT

43. BLOSSOM END ROT
A black sunken spot develops at the blossom-end of the
berry which later on spreads with water-soaked region
around it. Defective calcium nutrition and assimilation
appear to be the cause for it. Spray of 1.0 per cent
calcium nitrate may correct it.

44. GUAVA

45. GUAVA WILT

46. GUAVA WILT
First symptoms start with the onset of monsoon. Appearance of light
yellow foliage with loss of turgidity and epinasty.
Plants, at a later stage, show unthriftyness. Subsequently, premature
shedding and defoliation.
Some of the twigs become bare and fail to bring forth new leaves or
flowers and eventually dry up. Fruits of all the affected branches
remain underdeveloped, hard and stony. Later, the entire plant is
defoliated and eventually dies.
The roots also show rotting at the basal region and the bark is easily
detachable from the cortex. Light brown discoloration is also noticed
in vascular tissues.
The pathogen attacks young as well as old fruit bearing trees but
older trees are more prone to the disease.

47. FRUIT ROT

48. The symptom starts at calyx disc of the fruit during rainy season.
Affected area is covered with whitish cotton like growth which
develops very fast as the fruit matures and pathogen is able to
cover almost the entire surface within a period of 3-4 days during
humid weather.
Under high relative humidity, the fruits near the soil level covered
with dense foliage are most severely affected. The fallen fruits are
badly affected.
The skin of the fruit below the whitish cottony growth becomes a
little soft, turns light brown to dark
FRUIT ROT

49. FRUIT CANKER

50. FRUIT CANKER
Symptoms occur generally on green fruits and rarely on leaves.
Initially minute, brown or rust coloured, unbroken, circular,
necrotic areas appears on fruits, which in advanced stage of
infection; tears open the epidermis in a circinate manner.
The margin of lesion is elevated and a depressed area is noticeable
inside. The crater like appearance is more noticeable on fruits than
on leaves. In older cankers, white myceliums consisting of
numerous spores are noticeable.
In severe cases, raised, cankerous spots develop in great numbers
and the fruits break open to expose seeds
Infected fruits remain underdeveloped, become hard, malformed
and mummified and drop. Sometimes, small rusty brown angular
spots appear on the leaves.

51. STYLER END
ROT

52. STYLER END ROT
The visible disease symptom appears as discoloration in the region
lying just below and adjoining the persistent calyx. Such area
gradually increases in size and turn dark brown.
Later the affected area becomes soft. Along with the discoloration
of epicarp, the mesocarp tissue also shows discoloration and the
diseased area is marked by being pulpy and light brown in colour in
contrast to the bright white colour of the healthy area of the
mesocarp

53. PAPAYA

54. BORON
DEFICIENCY

55. BORON DEFICIENCY
Boron deficiency is one of the serious disorders limiting yield in
papaya. It results in malformed fruits. Spraying of boric acid 0.1%
at 3 months interval from sixth month after planting onwards
correct the deficiency.

56. SKIN FRECKLES
Causes
The cause and factors that influence this disorder are unknown.
Freckle-like blemishes
occurred on ripe papaya fruits (cv. Sunset). Young fruits (less than
40 days old) were free from
freckle. The freckle diameter increase during the last phase of fruit
growth as the fruits
approached the maturity. More freckle were seen on the exposed
side of the fruit away from the
stem.
Remedies
Wrapping young fruits in white paper bags significantly reduced
freckle incidence.

57. MALFORMED FRUITS
Causes
This melody is due to boron deficiency and it is one of the serious
disorders limiting yield
in papaya. It results in malformed fruits.
Remedies
Spraying of boric acid 0.1% at 3 months interval from sixth month
after planting onwards
correct the deficiency.

58. SAPOTA

59. FRUIT DROP

60. Sapota has the problem of low fruit setting and shedding. Only
about 10-12 per cent of the total fruits set, develop and retained
until maturity. Most of the fruit-drop occurs immediately after
fruit setting. Increase in fruitset and retention are possible by
spraying NAA and GA3 at 25 to 100 ppm during flowering and at
15-day interval (Rathod and Amin, 1981)
FRUIT DROP

61. POMEGRANATE

62. FRUIT
CRACKING

63. Fruit cracking is a serious problem of pomegranate. The malady
is thought to be due to boron deficiency in young fruits while in
developed fruits it may be caused due to variations in soil
moisture content and atmospheric humidity. At the time of fruit
ripening, if the soils become too dry and then irrigated heavily or
there is some rains, cracking may occur. Some cultivars, like
Guleshan, Khog, Kazaki are reported to be resistant to fruit
cracking. Regular irrigation to maintain soil moisture at desired
level, spraying of calcium compounds or GA3 at 120 ppm on
young fruits are reported to minimize the fruit cracking.
FRUIT CRACKING

64. CHILLING
INJURY

65. CHILLING INJURY
Chilling injury can be a major cause of deterioration of
pomegranates during marketing following exposure to
temperatures below 5°C (41°F) during storage and transport for
longer than 4 weeks.
Symptoms
External symptoms include brown discoloration (scald) of the skin,
pitting, and increased susceptibility to decay. Internal symptoms
include brown discoloration of the white segments separating the
arils and pale color (loss of red color) of the arils.

66. PINEAPPLE

67. PHYTOPHTHORA
HEART ROT

68. PHYTOPHTHORA HEART ROT
Plants of all ages are attacked, but three to four month old crown
plantings are most susceptible.
Fruiting plants or suckers on ratoon plants may be affected.
The colour of the heart leaves changes to yellow or light coppery
brown. Later, the heart leaves wilt (causing the leaf edges to roll
under), turn brown and eventually die.
Once symptoms become visible, young leaves are easily pulled from
the plant, and the basal white leaf tissue at the base of the leaves
becomes water-soaked and rotten with a foul smell due to the
invasion of secondary organisms. The growing point of the stem
becomes yellowish-brown with a dark line between healthy and
diseased areas.

69. FUSARIOSIS

70. FUSARIOSIS
It is sporadic and affects all parts of the pineapple plant but is
most conspicuous and damaging on fruit.
Fruits exhibit stem rosetting and curvature of the plant
because portions of the stem are girdled or killed.
Rough leaf pineapple cultivars are more susceptible than
smooth-leaf varieties

71. WATER BLISTER

72. Symptoms include water blister, which is also referred to as
black rot or soft rot. This causes a soft, watery rot of the fruit
flesh and makes the overlying skin glassy, water-soaked and
brittle.
The skin, flesh and core disintegrate and the fruit leaks
through the shell. In advanced cases, this leaves a fruit shell
containing only a few black fibres. This shell collapses under
the slightest pressure.
WATER BLISTER

73. THANK YOU
Submitted by MOHAMMED ANFAS K T
anfasnellikuth@gmail.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-anfas-5409431a0