Relationships in an ecosystem: mutualism, comensalism and parasitism.
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This document describes different types of relationships between individuals. Within a species, there are gregarious associations (unorganized groups), families (small related groups), and societies (organized groups with distributed work). Between species there are mutualism (benefits both), parasitism (benefits one at the expense of the other), and commensalism (benefits one without affecting the other). Examples include birds eating ticks off mammals (mutualism), fleas living on mammals (parasitism), and orchids growing on trees (commensalism).
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Similar to Relationships in an ecosystem: mutualism, comensalism and parasitism.
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The document discusses symbiotic relationships between different species. It defines symbiosis as a close, long-term relationship between two organisms where at least one benefits. There are several types of symbiotic relationships including mutualism, where both species benefit; commensalism, where one benefits and the other is not affected; and parasitism, where one harms the host. Examples given include relationships between bees and flowers, cattle egrets and livestock, and intestinal parasites and humans. Symbiosis is described as an important process for species survival and a fundamental part of ecosystems.
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Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
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Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
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Defensive mutualism
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1) Organisms in an ecosystem are bound together in a web of interactions and coevolve over time to support each other.
2) Predators and prey coevolve through natural selection, with predators developing traits for hunting and prey developing defenses for escaping predators.
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How organisms interact in communities
1) Organisms in an ecosystem are bound together in a web of interactions and coevolve over time to support each other.
2) Predators and prey coevolve through natural selection, with predators developing traits for hunting and prey developing defenses to escape, ensuring both survive.
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Ecological relationships consist of two main types: symbiotic and oppositional. Symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and parasitism, where species interact with varying levels of benefit or harm. Oppositional relationships involve predation, where one organism eats another for nutrients, and competition for limited resources between individuals or populations within or between species. Examples provided include zebras and birds benefiting from mutualism, clownfish sheltering in sea anemones through commensalism, and lions competing with hyenas for prey.
Ecological Relationship
There are two types of ecological relationships: symbiotic and oppositional. Symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and parasitism, where species interact with varying levels of benefit and harm. Oppositional relationships involve predation, where one organism eats another for nutrients, and competition, where organisms compete for the same resources like lions and hyenas competing for prey. Ecological communities consist of interacting species that have relationships that can benefit, harm, or oppose each other in various ways within a shared environment.
Lesson 2.2. ecology
The document discusses different feeding relationships between organisms including:
- Autotrophs that can produce their own food like plants versus heterotrophs like animals that must consume other organisms for food.
- Herbivores that eat plants, carnivores and scavengers that eat other heterotrophs, and omnivores that eat both plants and animals.
- Detritivores that eat decaying matter and dead organisms.
- Types of symbiotic relationships including mutualism where both species benefit, commensalism where one benefits and the other is unaffected, parasitism where one benefits at the expense of the other, and predator-prey relationships.
- Competition that can result
Interactions in a terrestrial ecosystem
Organisms interact in various ways that affect their survival. Ecologists classify interactions as competition, symbiosis, or predation. Competition occurs between members of the same species for limited resources. Symbiosis describes interactions between different species that can be mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic. Predation involves a predator killing a prey organism for food.
Biological interactions
This document discusses various types of biological interactions between organisms including competition, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, parasitism, and predation. Competition occurs when organisms attempt to use the same limited resources, and can be intraspecific or interspecific. Mutualism benefits both species involved. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other. Parasitism benefits one species at the expense of the other. Predation involves a predator consuming another organism, the prey. Examples of each type of interaction are provided.
Ecology
This document provides information about different types of ecological relationships: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. It defines each relationship and provides examples. Mutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit. Commensalism is where one benefits and the other is not affected. Parasitism is where one benefits at the expense of the other. The document also discusses host defenses against parasites and classification of parasitic relationships.
NS3 - Unit 4 Other relationships.pptx
There are various relationships between living things in an ecosystem beyond food chains. These include family groups where animals of the same species and family help each other, associations where some animals cooperate for tasks like defense, travel, or finding food, and societies where some animals live in large colonies and each has a different role. Relationships between different species can be mutualism which benefits both, commensalism which benefits one without affecting the other, parasitism which benefits one at the expense of the other, and competition where species compete for the same resources.
Species interaction between organism.
This document discusses different types of species interactions: neutralism, competition, amensalism, symbiotic relationships (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism), and antagonism (predation, herbivory). Neutralism occurs when two species do not affect each other. Competition involves two species requiring the same limited resources. Amensalism harms one species without benefiting the other. Symbiotic relationships benefit at least one organism. Antagonism benefits one species at the expense of another, such as through predation or herbivory.
Mutualism, Predation, And Interspecific Competition
Predator-prey relationships can take various forms from mutualism to parasitism. Prey organisms have evolved diverse defense mechanisms to avoid predation like camouflage and warning coloration. Predator and prey populations influence each other through coevolution and population dynamics. An increase in predators can cause prey populations to decline and vice versa, maintaining an ecological balance.
Symbiosis.ppt
Symbiotic relationships involve two organisms living together in close contact where at least one benefits. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism, in which both organisms benefit; commensalism, where one benefits and the other is not affected; and parasitism, where one benefits at the expense of the other. Examples of mutualism include relationships between plants and pollinators, cleaner fish and the fish they clean, and algae and fungi that form lichen. Commensalism includes barnacles attaching to whales and orchids growing in trees. Parasitism includes ticks and mosquitoes feeding on animal hosts and mistletoe growing on trees.
New Symbiosis.ppt
Symbiotic relationships involve two organisms living together in close contact where at least one benefits. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism, in which both organisms benefit; commensalism, where one benefits and the other is not affected; and parasitism, where one benefits at the expense of the other. Examples of mutualism include relationships between plants and pollinators, cleaner fish and the fish they clean, and algae and fungi that form lichen. Commensalism includes barnacles attaching to whales and birds nesting in tree holes. Parasitism includes ticks and mosquitoes feeding on animal blood and mistletoe growing on trees.
Family Strong Relationships Final.ppt
There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Mutualism benefits both organisms, like the relationship between bees and flowers where bees get nectar and flowers get pollination. Commensalism helps one organism without affecting the other, such as barnacles attaching to whales. Parasitism benefits one organism at the expense of the other, like ticks feeding on animal blood. Each relationship can be depicted as a plus for benefits, minus for harm, or zero for no effect.
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY.pptx
This document discusses community ecology and the relationships between organisms within a community. It defines community ecology as the study of interactions among species and with the abiotic environment. Different types of symbiotic relationships are classified, including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, amensalism, predation, and competition. Each relationship is defined based on whether it benefits, harms, or has no effect on the interacting species.
Community Interactions And Sucession
Community interactions include competition, predation, and symbiosis. Competition occurs when organisms attempt to use the same ecological resource, leading to winners and losers. Predation involves one organism capturing and feeding on another. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species, and includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Ecosystems are constantly changing over time through ecological succession in response to disturbances. Succession involves predictable changes in a community's composition as older species decline and new species move in.
Ap Biology Worksheet
The document discusses various types of species interactions including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and competition. It provides examples of each type of interaction, such as plants providing energy and protection to fungi in a mutualism relationship. Keystone species are described as having a large impact on the community. The role of animals in dispersing plant seeds and pollinating flowers is discussed.
Insects and their biotic environment
Insects interact with other organisms in their biotic environment in various ways. Intraspecific interactions within a species include competition for limited resources which can influence population density, birth and death rates, and dispersion. Interspecific interactions between different species can be positive, such as commensalism and mutualism, or negative, including predation, parasitism, cannibalism, and ammensalism. Positive interactions benefit both organisms while negative interactions harm at least one.
Similar to Relationships in an ecosystem: mutualism, comensalism and parasitism. (20)
Mutualism, Predation, And Interspecific Competition
Mutualism, Predation, And Interspecific Competition
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Prehistory
Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age (Paleolithic and Neolithic periods) and Metal Ages (Bronze Age). The Paleolithic period began 3 million years ago and saw humans living in caves and hunting/gathering for food. The Neolithic period began 10,000 years ago and brought the development of small villages, plant cultivation, animal domestication, and the invention of the wheel. The Bronze Age began 8,000 years ago and was when humans began working with metals and developing crafts and trade networks. Art during prehistory included cave paintings depicting hunting scenes, small figurines made from bones and clay, and megalithic structures like menhirs, dolmens, and crom
Ancient Civilizations: Egypt
Egypt is located in northeast Africa, with most of the country consisting of desert despite being located along the Nile River, the second longest river in the world. The ancient Egyptians built massive pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs, who were believed to be both human and gods. Important pharaohs included Tutankhamun, whose tomb contained hundreds of gold objects, and Cleopatra, the last active ruler of Egypt who took her own life after the defeat of her ally Mark Antony. The ancient Egyptians wore linen clothing appropriate for the hot climate and revered animals like cats that were seen as protective.
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy and studied maps and navigation. He convinced the Catholic Monarchs to fund his voyage by proposing that he could find a western route to Asia faster than traveling east. In 1492, Columbus landed on an island in the Americas believing he had reached Asia, becoming the first European to discover the New World, though he did not realize this before his death in 1506.
Prehistory
Prehistory refers to the time before writing was invented. It includes the Stone Age periods of Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic, as well as the Metal Ages of Bronze and Iron. During the Paleolithic, early humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves and made tools from stone. In the Neolithic, humans began farming, growing crops, domesticating animals, and becoming more sedentary. The Metal Ages saw the introduction of bronze and iron tools.
Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and came from a family known for teaching elocution. He developed methods for teaching the deaf to speak by watching lip movements and reading others. In 1871, he moved to Montreal and taught visible speech, then published his work in Washington D.C., helping thousands of deaf people learn to speak. In 1876, Bell patented the telephone and helped found the Bell Telephone Company, which later became AT&T, a major company today. His invention allowed for long-distance communication by telephone.
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Ecosystems: Feeding relationships
Producers, consumers, and decomposers all play important roles in ecosystems. [1] Producers like plants and algae produce their own food through photosynthesis. [2] Consumers such as animals are heterotrophic and obtain carbon compounds by eating other organisms. [3] Decomposers including fungi and bacteria break down dead organic matter and release nutrients back into the environment.
Ecosystems: Food chain
Producers such as trees feed on sunlight and water and provide nutrients to other living things. Consumers include animals that are heterotrophic and eat other organisms to survive. There are three types of consumers: herbivores that eat producers, carnivores that eat other consumers as hunters or scavengers, and omnivores that eat producers, consumers, and sometimes decomposers. Decomposers such as fungi and bacteria decompose remains of other organisms and release nutrients into the soil. A food chain shows the relationships between producers, consumers, and decomposers.
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The document provides first aid instructions for minor accidents and emergencies. It describes treating superficial wounds by washing with soap and water, disinfecting with alcohol or peroxide, and covering with gauze. For minor burns it recommends cooling the area in water for 20 minutes and not bursting blisters. Mild cuts should be stopped by applying pressure above the wound. Animal bites require seeing a doctor for possible treatment. Serious accidents should be reported by calling 112 for emergency assistance, and the scene should not be disturbed until help arrives to prevent further injury.
Healthy lifestyles for primary kids
Rules to follow at home include washing hands, washing fruits and vegetables, being careful with dangerous substances and objects, and establishing a schedule. Dangerous substances should be stored safely away from food, and knives, scissors, and appliances should be out of reach of children. Maintaining a schedule organizes time for others, play, rest, and sleep to prevent fatigue. Safety precautions must be taken with activities and anything risky requires adult supervision.
HEALTHY LIFESTYLES
Primary students make a great presentation on the prevention illness and accidents at home and in the street.
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Health is defined as complete physical, mental and social well-being, while illness is any situation that impairs one's health. Infectious illnesses are caused by microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, or viruses entering the body through contaminated water, air, or open wounds, whereas non-infectious illnesses can result from factors like poisoning, accidents, poor eating habits leading to conditions like obesity and heart disease, abnormal cell growth causing cancer, and fatigue/anxiety causing sleep disorders.
Health and illnesses (1)
Infectious illnesses are caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They can be spread through coughing, sneezing, or sharing spaces. Non-infectious illnesses have other causes like accidents, toxins, obesity, or cancer. Health is defined as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, while illness impairs one's health. The document provides examples of infectious illnesses like the flu or measles and non-infectious illnesses caused by factors such as poisoning, accidents, or poor diet.
Health and illness
A healthy lifestyle promotes well-being and prevents issues like deficiency diseases and obesity. Proper hygiene eliminates microorganisms that can cause illness by spreading in places like the mouth, skin, clothes, food, and water. Maintaining hygiene prevents infections and poisonings. Socializing with others can reduce anxiety and help resolve conflicts. As a society we are responsible for water purification, waste control, and food safety regulations to limit disease transmission and accidents.
Pregnancy.ppt 6 b
Fertilization, embryonic development, and birth are the three processes of human reproduction. Fertilization occurs when an ovum and sperm join to form a zygote in the Fallopian tube. Embryonic development lasts approximately nine months and progresses through three trimesters, with the embryo developing organs and moving in the second trimester before growing and maturing until ready for birth in the ninth month.
Pregnancy science
Human reproduction consists of three main processes: fertilization, embryo development, and birth. Fertilization occurs when an ovum and sperm join to form a zygote. The embryo develops inside the amniotic sac over nine months of pregnancy, divided into three trimesters. During this time, the placenta develops to allow exchange between the embryo and mother. When fully developed as a fetus, the baby is ready for birth by the ninth month.
Spring
Spring comes after Winter, with its months being March, April and May. The first flowers come out in Spring, such as snowdrops, crocuses, primroses, daffodils and tulips. Baby animals are also born in Spring, including birds hatching from eggs, lambs, bunnies, foals, ducklings and cygnets. The weather in Spring can vary and includes rain, wind, sun, and the transition to Summer.
Invertebrates 2
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Planets, planet earth and landscapes
Our solar system formed from a mass of stellar dust that concentrated into a hot ball (the Sun) and smaller balls that became the planets. There are nine planets that orbit the Sun - four inner planets made of rock (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) and five outer planets made of gases (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune). The Earth is unique in supporting life and is mostly covered in water. It rotates, causing day and night, and revolves around the Sun, causing the seasons. The Moon orbits the Earth and reflects sunlight, appearing bright at night. Landscapes on Earth include mountains, valleys, islands, deserts and more.
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Relationships in an ecosystem: mutualism, comensalism and parasitism.
- 2. Between individuals of the same species: Gregarious associations Families Societies Between individuals of different species: Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism
- 3. GREGARIOUS ASSOCIATIONS They are unorganised groups of individuals like flocks of birds This is a flock of birds FAMILIES They are small groups of individuals that are related in mammals such us wolves This is a family of wolves SOCIETIES They are organised groups in which work is distributed.This type of group organisation is found among insects such as ants and bees This is a society of bees
- 4. In ecosystems ,individuals from different species,and even different kingdoms,interact with each other for different reasons. This relationship may benefit one or both of the species. For example: Mutualism ++ Parasitism + - Commensalism + 0
- 5. It is a relationship which benefits both species. For example, certain species of birds eat the ticks that bite large mammals and suck their blood. This is mutualism ! Birds are eating the ticks of the mammal Birds are eating the ticks of the mammal A bird cleaning the mouth of the crocodile
- 6. It benefits one species at the expense of the other. This is the case of fleas, which live, feed and reproduce on the skin of mamals or birds, causing discomfort or illness
- 7. It is a relationship which benefits one of the individuals and does not affect the other. One example is when orchids grow on the branches of trees to reach more light. Fish swimming with the shark Orchids growing in the tree
- 8. 1. What are the three different types of relationships between individuals of the same species? Gregarious associations, families and societies!!! . What are the types of relationships between the individuals of different species?? arasitism, Commensalism and Mutualism!!! . What is Parasitism, Commensalism and Mutualism? Parasitism is when it benefits one species at the expense of he other. Commensalism is a relationship which benefits one of the individuals and oes not affect the other. Mutualism is a relationship which benefits both species.
- 9. REMEMBER,you have to respect the environment.