A topic in Environmental Science that focuses on the different types of Ecology.

2. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
• It is the branch or division of
ecology that deals with the study of
the interactions among species and
interactions with the abiotic
environment.

3. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
• A community is composed of all
the population of a given area.
• It is a group of population
interacting with one another within
the same environment..

4. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
• A community ecologists might
consider the ways in which animals
and plants with a forest affect one
another’s growth.

5. Rainforest Community
• It includes many different species of trees ,
thick vines called lianas ,and epiphytes (orchids,
cacti, ferns).

6. Rainforest Community
• A wide variety of animal species inhabit
tropical rainforests. Mammals such as monkeys,
reptiles, amphibians, colorful birds and insects.

7. RELATIONSHIP AMONG
ORGANISMS
• Each relationship exhibits a distinctive
behavior that one organism affects
another.
• Symbiotic relationship are those in
which two entire different organisms live
in a close association that benefits at
least one of them.

8. Classifications of
Symbioses
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Amensalism
Predation
Competition

9. Classifications of
Symbioses
Mutualism - Is a give-and-
take relationship.
Both participating species
benefited and obligatory(+,
+)
example : oxpeker and
zebra

10. Classifications of
Symbioses
Commensalism - Is a symbiotic
relationship that benefits one species
and neither hurts nor helps the other.
Thus a positive-neutral (+ , 0).
Example: Epiphytes get sunlight and
nutrients by living on the host plant

11. Classifications of
Symbioses
Parasitism - a relationship which one
organism benefits and the other is
harmed, and thus a positive-negative (
+,- ) interaction.
 The one benefited is called parasite,
while the organism that is harmed is
host.

12. Classifications of
Symbioses
Parasitism
PARASITES are usually smaller than their hosts and are classified
into two:
ECTOPARASITE (external parasite)
Fleas
Ticks
Mites
ENDOPARASITE
Tapeworms
Roundworms

13. Classifications of
Symbioses
Amensalism - One organism is
inhibited or destroyed and the other is
not affected.
 Thus, ( - , o )
Example: When cattle trample on grass,
the grass is crushed.However, the cattle
do not benefit from this action nor is
harmed in the process.

14. Classifications of
Symbioses
COMPETITION
 A relationship which organisms struggle with
each other to obtain limited resources.
 Such as food, water, sunlight, territory, shelter,
nesting sites, and so are the things organisms
needs to survive.
 Defined as double negative ( - , -) interaction.

15. Classifications of
Symbioses
PREDATION
 Another type of relationship in a community.
 Occurs when one organism benefits at the
expense of another.
 This is a positive-negative (+ , - ) interaction.
 Predator species benefits, while the prey
species is harmed.