ecological relationship.pptx
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Ecological relationships consist of two main types: symbiotic and oppositional. Symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and parasitism, where species interact with varying levels of benefit or harm. Oppositional relationships involve predation, where one organism eats another for nutrients, and competition for limited resources between individuals or populations within or between species. Examples provided include zebras and birds benefiting from mutualism, clownfish sheltering in sea anemones through commensalism, and lions competing with hyenas for prey.
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Ecological relationships describe the interactions between and among organisms within their environment. These interactions may have positive, negative, or neutral effects on either species' ability to survive and reproduce, or "fitness." By classifying these effects, ecologists have derived five major types of species interactions:
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Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
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1. Mutualism benefits both species, like the relationship between fungi and plants in mycorrhizae.
2. Predation benefits the predator species while harming the prey species, such as insects flushed out by cattle being eaten by egrets.
3. Parasitism benefits the parasite while harming the host, for example tapeworms living inside the intestines of another organism.
4. Commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, like orchids growing on trees.
5. Competition harms both species as they contend for the same limited resources, as seen with flamingoes and fish competing for z
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Symbiosis is classified into three types: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Parasitism involves one organism benefiting at the expense of the other, like a tapeworm living in a human intestine. Commensalism occurs when one organism benefits without affecting the other, such as an orchid growing on a tree. Mutualism is a reciprocal relationship where both organisms benefit, exemplified by algae and water ferns living together. Symbiotic relationships impact ecosystems, and an overabundance of parasitism can cause problems.
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1) Organisms in an ecosystem are bound together in a web of interactions and coevolve over time to support each other.
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Ecological relationships describe the interactions between and among organisms within their environment. These interactions may have positive, negative, or neutral effects on either species' ability to survive and reproduce, or "fitness." By classifying these effects, ecologists have derived five major types of species interactions:
Predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism and amensalism.
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
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Trophic mutualism
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The document discusses balanced and unbalanced forces. It defines balanced forces as equal forces acting in opposite directions in the same line, which cancel each other out. Unbalanced forces change the motion of an object - if the forces acting on an object are not balanced, its motion will change. Balanced forces do not change an object's motion, while unbalanced forces are needed to change an object's motion or make it move.
cell division mitosis meiosis.pptx
This document discusses cell division through the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis occurs in regular body cells to keep cells living and growing, involving the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Meiosis occurs in gamete cells and involves a double division to reduce the chromosomal count, ensuring genetic diversity is maintained between generations while genetic integrity is preserved. Cell division, through both mitosis and meiosis, is essential for the growth, development, and reproduction of all living things.
Seasons.ppt
The document discusses the causes of seasons on Earth. It explains that Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees, and as Earth revolves around the sun, this tilt causes different parts of Earth to receive more or less direct sunlight over the course of a year, resulting in seasons. Specifically, summer occurs when the hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, receiving more direct rays, and winter occurs when tilted away. The solstices mark the beginning of summer and winter, while the equinoxes occur when day and night are approximately equal lengths.
Science 8 week 3.pptx
1) Gregor Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments with pea plants and established the concept of discrete inheritance units called genes.
2) A monohybrid cross is a breeding experiment between organisms that differ in a single trait, and Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.
3) Terms like homozygous, heterozygous, dominant and recessive traits describe genetic inheritance patterns and how alleles interact to influence observable traits.
SL breeze.pptx
The document discusses sea breezes and land breezes. During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea, causing a sea breeze as cooler air moves from the sea to the land. At night, the land cools faster, resulting in a land breeze as warmer air moves from the sea to the land. Monsoons are larger wind systems that also involve the movement of air from warmer to cooler areas.
Food Chain and Food Web.pptx
This document outlines food chains and food webs within an ecosystem. It defines a food chain as the transfer of energy from one organism to another through consumption. There are two main types of food chains: grazing and detritus. Food chains involve producers, consumers, and decomposers at different trophic levels. Multiple interconnected food chains form a food web. Ecological pyramids illustrate the biomass, numbers, or energy at each trophic level and typically have a pyramid shape.
Natural Resources.ppt
This document provides an overview of Earth's natural resources and how human activities impact them. It discusses:
- The different types of natural resources including energy resources, nonmetallic resources, and metallic resources. Common uses include buildings, vehicles, appliances, and more.
- The distinction between renewable resources like water, air, plants which can replenish, and nonrenewable resources like fossil fuels which form over millions of years and are being depleted.
- How human activities like pollution, deforestation, and overuse can negatively impact the environment by degrading land, water and air quality if not managed properly through conservation and sustainability practices.
- Conservation efforts to reduce waste and pollution by recycling materials
Q4 Science 7 week 1.pptx
The document discusses coordinate systems used to describe locations on Earth. It explains that coordinate systems use imaginary lines of latitude, longitude, the equator, and prime meridian. Latitude lines run parallel east-west around the Earth, measuring angles north and south of the equator. Longitude lines run perpendicular north-south between the poles, measuring angles east and west of the prime meridian. The equator and prime meridian serve as reference points at 0 degrees for latitude and longitude, respectively.
Q4 Science 7 week 1.pptx
A coordinate system uses imaginary lines on Earth's surface to determine locations. The main lines are latitudes which run parallel east-west of the equator and measure angles north and south, longitudes which run perpendicular north-south through the poles and measure angles east and west of the prime meridian, the equator which divides the northern and southern hemispheres, and the prime meridian which divides the eastern and western hemispheres.
mendeliangenetics-110706200307-phpapp02.pptx
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. Through his experiments, he discovered three laws of inheritance:
1) The Law of Segregation - alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries one allele.
2) The Law of Independent Assortment - alleles for different traits assort independently during gamete formation.
3) The Law of Dominance - in a heterozygous individual, one allele (the dominant) is expressed while the other (recessive) has no effect on the phenotype.
Mendel's discoveries formed the foundation of classical/Mendelian genetics and provided evidence that traits are passed from parents to offspring
Factors that Affect Climate (1).ppt
Climate is defined as average weather conditions over a long period of time, including factors like temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. Weather describes current conditions, while climate refers to typical conditions expected over time. Key climate factors include latitude, altitude, distance to bodies of water, ocean currents, topography, and prevailing winds. Latitude is the most significant factor, with warmer temperatures near the equator and colder temperatures nearer the poles. Altitude and distance to water influence temperature fluctuations, while ocean currents and winds impact precipitation and temperature. Topography also affects regional climate patterns through rain shadow effects.
Climatic Phenomena Occurring on a Global Level.pptx
The document discusses several climatic phenomena occurring on a global level, including the greenhouse effect which traps heat in the atmosphere and leads to natural warming of the Earth, global warming which can be caused by both human and natural factors, climate change characterized by changes in temperature, precipitation and wind caused by human activities, El Niño which is a natural warming of Pacific Ocean temperatures every few years, and La Niña which is the opposite phenomenon triggered by Pacific Ocean cooling.
Atomic Theory.pptx
The atomic-molecular theory of matter states that all matter is composed of small, fast-moving particles called atoms that can join together to form molecules. This theory has developed over thousands of years through the works of scientists like Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Chadwick, and others who proposed and tested successive atomic models. The current model depicts atoms made up of a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negative electron cloud.
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- 2. Ecological communities consist of interacting or potentially interacting species in the same environment. This is what we call ecological relationship.
- 3. TWO TYPES OF ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP •SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP •OPPOSITIONAL RELATIONSHIP
- 5. Mutualism is when two different species have an ecological relationship that they both benefit from. For example, zebras and wild birds in the grasslands of Africa.
- 6. Commensalism describes a relationship in which one species benefits but the other is unaffected. This usually happen between groups of fish and sea anemones. For example, clownfish take refuge in sea anemones.
- 7. Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by itself. For example, the black walnut tree that secretes chemical to it’s neighboring plants.
- 8. Parasitism is when one organism in the relationship benefits from the relationship, and when the other organism does not. For example, a tick on a white tailed deer.
- 10. Predation is when one organism eats another organism to obtain nutrients. The organism that is eaten is called the prey. For example, lion that eats gazelles.
- 11. Competition is when individuals or populations compete for the same resource, and can occur within or between species. For example, lions and hyenas that compete for prey.
- 12. THANK YOU!