Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy An Overview From Literature And Clinical Practice

Music Therapy Today
Vol. V (1) Jan. 2004
1
Assessment and Clinical
Evaluation in Music
Therapy: An Overview
from Literature and
Clinical Practice
Patricia E. Sabbatella
University of Cadiz, Spain
patricia.sabbatella@uca.es
SUMMARY
Assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy are increasingly
addressed as a topic of research from a theoretical and methodological
perspective. At the beginning of the 21st century there is a considerable
amount of music therapy literature to be found on a variety of topics,
perceiving music therapy as a discipline or a profession. But there is not
much literature available specifically on theory and method of assess-
ment and clinical evaluation. Based on the results of a previous literature
review in assessment and evaluation (Sabbatella, 1998a; 1998b, 1999) a
new extensive review was made of papers published between 1985-2001
in order to update references to this topic. The objective of this article is
to report and summarize the results of the literature review presenting a
current overview of contemporary ideas on the status of music therapy
assessment and clinical evaluation, and to propose a taxonomy of litera-
ture reviewed and research topics related to evaluation in clinical prac-
tice, in order to promote its study from an evaluation perspective.

1.- INTRODUCTION 2
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
1.- INTRODUCTION
Assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy are increasingly
addressed as a topic of research from a theoretical and methodological
perspective. Although in clinical practice more and more music therapists
are asked about the assessment tools they use and the reliability and
validity of these instruments to document the music therapy process (data
collection, measurement of data, analysis - interpretation and reports),
nowadays not all assessment and clinical evaluation protocols used are
based on standardised or systematic assessment models (test or evidence
based assessment). This approach is more common in the USA; however,
according to the methods used by most Latin American and European
music therapists, client assessment and evaluation within this context is
made through a more flexible model of assessment (Sabbatella, 2003).
At the beginning of the 21st century, there is a considerable amount of
music therapy literature to be found on a variety of topics, perceiving
music therapy as a discipline or as a profession. But there is not much lit-
erature available specifically on theory, method and research of assess-
ment and clinical evaluation. Based on the results of a previous literature
review in assessment and evaluation (Sabbatella, 1998a; 1998b, 1999) a
new extensive review was made of papers published between 1985-2001.
Results of this review are presented in this article:
1. to report and summarize the results of the literature review presenting
a current overview of contemporary ideas on the status of music ther-
apy assessment and clinical evaluation
2. to organise information about assessment and clinical evaluation in
music therapy that usually appears fragmented and not published
within a unique criterion, and
3. to propose a taxonomy of literature reviewed and topics of research
related to evaluation in music therapy clinical practice in order to pro-
mote its study from an evaluation perspective -as the field of evalua-
tion includes many substantial and well-recognised sub-areas such as

2.- REVIEWING THE LITERATURE 3
product evaluation, personnel evaluation, program evaluation, meta-
evaluation, etc. (Scriven, 1991).
2.- REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
Assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy are new research
topic that started to develop in the late nineties. During the seventies,
eighties, and nineties the music therapy literature seemed to be more
focused on topics related to treatment studies - focus on methods of treat-
ment intervention, role of music-, and profession research topics.
Although articles were published on different topics about assessment
and evaluation (Bruscia, 1988; Cassity y Cassity, 1991; Grant, 1995;
Isenberg-Grzeda, 1988; Wigram, 1996) not much was written about it
from an evaluative perspective. A classification of the way authors report
information about assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy
literature published until 1999 was reported previously (Sabbatella,
1998b; 1999) (table 1).
TABLE 1. Classification of the way in which authors report information on
assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy literature published until 1999
INFORMATION ON ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL EVALUATION
GENERAL INFORMATION SPECIFIC INFORMATION
IN CASE ANALYSIS DESCRIBING
TREATMENT PROCESS
Aldridge, 1999; Benenzon, 1998a; Bruscia,
1991; Di Franco y Facchini, 1995; Hoskyns
1995; Martín, 1998; Magee, 1995; Muller &
Warwick, 1995; Olfield, 1995; Smeijsters &
Van del Hurk, 1993; Wagner 1996a).
DESCRIBING METHODOLOGICAL
INFORMATION THAT INCLUDE GEN-
ERAL INFORMATION ABOUT ASSESS-
MENT AND EVALUATION IN MUSIC
THERAPY
Andsell, 1991; Benenzon, 1971, 1998;
Bruscia, 1987; Davis y col., 1992; Griggs-
Drane y Wheeler, 1997; Hanser, 1987; Isen-
berg-Grezda, 1988; Loureiro, 1998;
Maranto, 1993; Olfield, 1993; Oliveira
Curz, 1998; Poch, 1999; Rejane, 1999; Sab-
batella, 1988a, 1998b, 1999; Wigram, 1996.

2.- REVIEWING THE LITERATURE 4
This preliminary literature reviewed showed that:
• authors address, mainly, clinical assessment and evaluation of clients
but not other topics related to evaluation such as programme evalua-
tion or meta-evaluation of evaluation of music therapy clinical prac-
tice,
• the organization of the information appear fragmented and incomplete
from the point of view of clinical evaluation as a methodological pro-
cess (objectives, criterion, data collection and categorization, standard-
ization of instruments, areas of evaluation, relationships between
assessment and evaluation, reports style, evaluation of treatment effec-
tiveness, etc.), and
• most authors of publications have an Anglo-Saxon versus Ibero-Ameri-
can background 1
.
DESCRIBING AND ANALYSING THE
MUSICAL PROCESS IN MUSIC THER-
APY
Aldridge, 1999; Bergstrom-Nielsen 1993,
1999; Gainza, 1997a,b; Lee, 1989, 1990,
1995, 1996; Pavlicevic, 1990, 1995a,
1995b; Rodríguez Espada, 1988; Sabbatella,
1993; Towse, 1997.
DESCRIBING ASSESSMENT AND
EVALUATION PROCEDURES USED IN
CLINICAL MUSIC THERAPY PRAC-
TICE
Andsell 1991; Bruscia, 1991; Cassity y Cas-
sity, 1991; Galizzi y col., 1996; Gfeller &
Baumann, 1988; Grant 1995; Griggs-Drane
y Wheeler, 1997; Krouth, 1986; Nordoff &
Robbins, 1977, 1982; Olfield & Adams,
1995; Poch, 1999; Sagasti y Bernaola, 1998;
Van Colle & Williams, 1995; Wagner,
1996b, 1998; Wigram, 1995, 1996.
INFORMATION ON EVALUATION OF
MUSICAL BEHAVIOURS RELATED TO
MUSIC THERAPY
Blasco, 1996; Sikstrom y Skille, 1995;
Smeijsters, 1995; Gainza, 1982, 1996a,b.
SUPERVISION IN MUSIC THERAPY
Brown, 1997; Benenzon, 1998b; Bruscia,
1998; Di Franco, 1996; Dvorkin, 1998;
Frhone-Hagemann, 1999.
TABLE 1. Classification of the way in which authors report information on
assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy literature published until 1999
1. Contemporary Music Therapy is diverse in theoretical and methodological
approaches to clinical practice. This situation is based on social, political, cultural,
professional and geographic elements that influenced its development. According to
this it is possible to distinguish two different professional contexts: Anglo-saxon, -
English scientific language-, and Iberaomerican, Spanish scientific language-

2.1.- METHOD 5
However this trend seems to be changing, and more and more music ther-
apists are interested in studies reporting relevant information about
assessment and clinical evaluation. The celebration of the Assessment
Institute co-sponsored by the Research Committee of the American
Music Therapy Association during the IX World Congress of Music
Therapy in Washington, DC (1999), could be considered a landmark in
this field as it was the first event addressing assessment at an interna-
tional music therapy congress. After this event two special issues on
assessment were edited by the Journal of Music Therapy (2000, vol.
XXXVII, Issue 2) and the Music Therapy Perspectives (2000, vol. XVIII,
Issue 1) and several papers with a focus on music therapy assessment were
published.
2.1.- METHOD
The population for this second analysis of literature was defined as all
published references in music therapy written in Spanish, English and
Portuguese addressing the general topic of assessment and evaluation in
music therapy. Covering articles and papers published between 1985 and
2001, the procedures to locate the published studies followed the steps
listed below:
• On-line data base searchers including CAIRS, Music Therapy World
Databases, Eric, Medline, PsycoINFO and RILM.
• Individual hand searchers on Spanish, Portuguese and English music
therapy journals (Table 2 on page 6).
• A complete search of the American Music Therapy Journals on CD-
Rom including the special issues on assessment of the Journal of
Music Therapy (2000, vol. XXXVII, Issue 2) and Music Therapy Per-
spectives (2000, vol. XVIII, Issue 1).
• Individual hand searchers on conference proceedings and books of
abstracts of World, European and Latin American music therapy con-
gresses and conferences held between 1993 and 2001 (Table 3 on
page 7).

2.1.- METHOD 6
The parameters for the search (keywords) were extended to include:
• Assessment and evaluation of clients
• Evaluation of treatment effectiveness
• Assessment tools (including test and observation)
• Analysis of improvisation
• Assessment analysis
• Assessment report
Keywords not included were:
• effect - results - musical behaviours, because the information offered
could not be specifically related to assessment and clinical evaluation,
and
• supervision, because authors still do not offer information from the
point of view of supervision as meta-evaluation of the music therapy
process.
TABLE 2. List of Music Therapy Journals reviewed (1985-2001)
MUSIC THERAPY JOURNALS REVIEWED

2.1.- METHOD 7
SPANISH ENGLISH PORTUGUESE
MÚSICA, TERAPIA Y COMUNI-
CACIÓN
(Centro de Investigación Musicote-
rapéutica, Spain, since 1987 to
present, one issue per annum)
MÚSICA, ARTE Y PROCESO
(Asociación Música, Arte y Pro-
ceso. Spain , 1996-1999)
REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE MUSI-
COTERAPIA
(Asociación Catalana de Musicotera-
pia. Spain, 1999 to present, one issue
per annum)
ANUARIOS 1988-89 / 1990-91
(AMURA - Asociación de Musico-
terapeutas Universitarios de la
República Argentina)
REVISTA INTERNACIONAL
LATINOAMERICANA DE MUSI-
COTERAPIA
(ADIMU - Asociación Docencia e
Investigación en Musicoterapia.
Argentine, since 1995 to present, one
issue per annum)
ICMUS, INVESTIGACIÓN Y
CLÍNICA MUSICOTERAPÉU-
TICA (Seminario de Musicoterapia
Clínica. Argentine, since 1998 to
present, one issue per annum)
JOURNAL OF MUSIC THERAPY
(National Association for Music
Therapy. USA, since 1964 to
present, published quarterly)
MUSIC THERAPY
(American Association for Music
Therapy. USA, 1981-1996)
MUSIC THERAPY PERSPEC-
TIVES
(National Association for Music
Therapy. USA, 1981-1984; since
1986 to present , two issues per
annum)
BRISTISH JOURNAL OF MUSIC
THERAPY
(Association of Professional Music
Therapists - British Society for
Music Therapy. UK, since 1987 to
present, two issues per annum)
REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE
MUSICOTERAPIA
(UBAM - Unión Brasilera de Asoci-
aciones de Musicoterapia. Brasil,
since 1996 to present, one issue per
annum)
TABLE 2. List of Music Therapy Journals reviewed (1985-2001)
TABLE 3. Conference Proceedings and Books of Abstracts reviewed (1993-2001)
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AND BOOKS OF ABSTRACTS REVIEWED

2.2.- RESULTS 8
A total of 76 references were identified:
• 40 references published in music therapy journals
• 36 references published in conference proceedings and books of
abstracts of music therapy congresses and conferences
References published were categorized according to these areas:
• Theoretical papers: literature review; methods of assessment; develop-
ment of assessment tools; methods of analysis
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients
• Evaluation of music improvisation or musical behaviours related to
music therapy
• Treatment effectiveness
2.2.- RESULTS
2.2.1.- MUSIC
THERAPY
JOURNALS
Table 2 on page 6 shows that a total of eleven music therapy journals
were reviewed:
WORLD CONGRESS EUROPEANCONGRESS
LATIN-AMERICAN
CONFERENCES
VII WORLD CONGRESS
OF MUSIC THERAPY.
Vitoria, Spain, 1993.
VIII WORLD CONGRESS
OF MUSIC THERAPY.
Hamburg, Germany, 1996.
IX WORLD CONGRESS
OF MUSIC THERAPY.
Washington, USA, 1999.
III EUROPEAN MUSIC
THERAPY CONFER-
ENCE. Aalborg, Denmark,
1995.
IV EUROPEAN MUSIC
THERAPY CONGRESS.
Leuven, Belgium, 1998.
V EUROPEAN MUSIC
THERAPY CONGRESS.
Napoly, Italia, 2001.
I LATIN AMERICAN
MEETING OF MUSIC
THERAPY. Río de Janeiro,
Brasil, 1996.
II LATIN AMERICAN
MEETING OF MUSIC
THERAPY. Río de Janeiro,
Brasil, 1998.
TABLE 3. Conference Proceedings and Books of Abstracts reviewed (1993-2001)

2.2.- RESULTS 9
• six journals written in Spanish
• four journals written in English
• one journal written in Portuguese
A total of 41 references were published in music therapy journals
between 1985 and 2001. Thirty eight references were identified in English
journals; only three references in Spanish journals and no references were
located in Portuguese. References published were categorized according
to the areas addressed:
• Theoretical papers ( n= 21)
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=16)
• Evaluation of music improvisation or musical behaviours related to
music therapy (n=2)
• Treatment effectiveness (n=2)
Table 4 gives a complete list in chronological order of the references
located between 1985-2001 in music therapy journals including
author(s), year of publication and content of the article.
TABLE 4. Complete list of articles published on assessment and clinical evaluation in music
therapy journals (1985-2001
PUBLISHED ARTICLES ON ASSESSMENT AND CLINICLAL EVALUATION (1985-
2001)
JOURNAL
Nº of
articles AUTHOR - YEAR VOL
CONTENT OF THE
ARTICLE
MÚSICA, TERA-
PIA COMUNI-
CACIÓN
1 Sabbatella (1998a) 18 Theoretical literature review
MÚSICA, ARTE Y
PROCESO
1 Wigram (1996) 1 Assessment autism
REVISTA INTER-
NACIONAL LATI-
NOAMERICANA
DE MUSICOTE-
RPIA
1 Metzner (2000) 6 (2) Analysis improvisation

2.2.- RESULTS 10
JOURNAL OF
MUSICTHERAPY
17 Braswell y col.
(1986)
23 (3) Assessment psychiatric patients
Jones (1986) 23 (3 Assessment mentally retarded
Insberg-Grezda
(1988)
25 (3) Theoretical assessment
Gfeller y Bauman
(1988)
25 (4) Assessment hearing impaired
Hunter (1989) 26 (2) Assessment melodic-rhythmic
discrimination mentally
retarded
Cassity y Theobold
(1990
27 (4) Assessment domestic violence
Darrow (1991) 28 (1) Assessment preference for tim-
bre hearing impaired
Heaney (1992) 29 (2 Treatment effectiveness
Cassity y Cassity
(1994)
31 (1) Assessment psychiatric patients
Miller y Orsmond
(1994)
31 (4) Analysis musical structure dis-
abilities
York (1994) 31 (4) Music Skills Test Alzheimer
Orsmond y Miller
(1995)
32 (3) Analysis improvisation dis-
abilities
Lipe (1995) 32 (3) Assessment Dementia
Gregory (2000a) 37 (2) Literature review test instru-
ments
Wilson y Smith
(2000)
37 (2) Literature review assessment
school settings
Robb (2000) 37 (2) Treatment effectiveness
Lee (2000) 37 (2) Analysis improvisation

2.2.- RESULTS 11
MUSICTHERAPY
PERSPECTIVES
13 James (1986) 3 Motor skill assessment
Sandrock y James
(1989)
7 Assessment instruments relax-
ation
Browning y col.
(1990)
8 Assessment CVA
Griggs-Danne y
Wheeler (1997)
15 (2) Assessment autism
Wigram (2000b) 18 (1) Assessment autism
Scalenghe y Murphy
(2000)
18 (1) Assessment managed care
Hintz (2000) 18 (1) Geriatric assessment
Gantt (2000) 18 (1) Assessment Creative Arts
Therapies
Brunk y Coleman
(2000)
18 (1) Assessment Special Education
Loewy (2000) 18 (1) Descriptive analysis in assess-
ment
Gregory (2000b) 18 (1) Technological application
assessment
Michel (2000) 18 (1) Assessment of MT as profes-
sion
Bruscia (2001) 19 (1) Analysis improvisation
MUSICTHERAPY 1 Bergstroem-Nielsen
(1993)
12 (1) Improvisation description

2.2.- RESULTS 12
Spanish language Journals . No references were located in Revista
Española de Musicoterapia, Anuarios AMURA and ICMUS. Three refer-
ences were published in Música, Terapia y Comunicación, Música, Arte y
Proceso and Revista Internacional Latinoamericana de Musicoterapia:
1. Theoretical papers (n=2): Sabbatella, 1998; Metzner 2000
2. Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=1): Wigram, 1996
English Language Journals . Seventeen references were published in
the Journal of Music Therapy, four of them included in the special issue
Assessment in Music Therapy:
1. Theoretical papers (n=4): Isengberg-Grzeda, 1988; Wilson y Smith,
2000; Gregory, 2000a; Lee, 2000.
2. Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=9)
2.1. Psychiatric clients (n=3) : Braswell y col. 1986; Cassity y
Theobold, 1990; Cassity y Cassity, 1994.
2.2. Hearing-impaired clients (n=2): Gfeller y Baumann, 1988; Dar-
row, 1991.
2.3. Mentally retarded clients (n=2): Jones, 1986; Hunter, 1989.
2.4. Geriatric clients (n=2): York, 1984; Lipe, 1995.
3. Evaluation of musical behaviours – improvisation (n=2): Miller y Ors-
mond (1994); Orsmond y Miller (1995).
4. Treatment effectiveness (n=2): Heaney, 1992; Robb, 2000.
BRITISH JOUR-
NAL OF MUSIC
THERAPY
7 Bunt y col. (1987) 1(2) Assessment psychiatric patients
Ansdell (1991) 5 (2) Improvisation description
Olfield (1993) 7 (1) Analysis of MT work
Magee (1995) 9 (2) Assessment Huntington's Dis-
ease
Towse (1997) 11(2) Analysis improvisation

2.2.- RESULTS 13
Thirteen references were located in the Music Therapy Perspectives,
eight of them included in the special issue about Assessment in Music
Therapy:
1. Theoretical papers (n=9): James, 1986; Sandrock y James, 1989;
Scalenghe y Murphy, 2000; Loewy, 2000; Brunk y Coleman, 2000;
Gantt, 2000; Gregory, 2000b; Michel, 2000; Bruscia, 2001.
2. Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=4)
2.1. Cerebro-vascular accident (n=1) : Browning y col., 1990.
2.2. Autistic clients (n=2): Griggs-Danne y Wheeler, 1997;
Wigram, 2000b.
2.3. Geriatric clients (n=1): Hintz, 2000.
Seven articles were included in the British Journal of Music Therapy:
1. Theoretical papers (n=6): Bunt y col., 1987; Lee, 1989, 1990; Ansdell,
1991; Towse, 1997; Olfield, 1993.
2. Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=1): Magee, 1995
Despite the progress that has been made, a literature review shows that
only a few publications in music therapy literature deal specifically with
assessment and clinical evaluation, and literature available on this topic
remains sparse. From 1985 to 1999 the number of publications was low,
ranging from 0 to 3 per year, in 2000 there was a considerable increase to
13 publications as a consequence of the special issue on assessment of
the Journal of Music Therapy and the Music Therapy Perspectives, and
then again only one article in 2001.
Literature analysis shows that in comparison with other therapeutic pro-
fessions the specific area of assessment and evaluation in music therapy
is still weak. Most of the information is related to assessment and evalua-
tion of clients as part of treatment processes and there is a lack of stan-
dardised or systematic assessment tools; authors did not specifically
address music therapy evaluation methodological processes (data collec-
tion, data categories and measurement, areas of evaluation, interpretation

2.2.- RESULTS 14
and reports, relation between assessment and evaluation, evaluation of
treatment effectiveness, etc).
The literature review shows that most authors belong to the Anglo-Saxon
context, and references are published in English.
2.2.2. CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS AND
BOOKS OF
ABSTRACTS
A total of 31 references were published in international, European and
Latin Americanconference proceedings and books of abstracts of music
therapy congresses and conferences between 1993 and 2001. Table 5 on
page 14 gives a complete list of the references located, including all pre-
sentations and papers presented on assessment and evaluation.
A total of 36 references were identified:
• 22 references presented at World Music Therapy Congress
• 8 references presented at European Music Therapy Congress
• 2 references presented at Latin-American music therapy meetings
TABLE 5. Papers on assessment and clinical evaluation located in conference
proceedings and books of abstracts reviewed (1993-2001)
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AND BOOKS OF ABSTRACTS:
PAPERS ON ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL EVALUATION
PRESENT
A-TIONS
WORLD CONGRESS
EUROPEAN
CONGRESS
LATIN –
AMERICAN
MEETINGS
VII
(1993)
VIII
(1996)
IX
(1999)
III
(1995)
IV
(1998)
V
(2001)
I
(1996)
II
(1998)
TOTAL
NUMBER
239 224 352 104 133 139 80 130
ASSESSM
ENT-
EVALUAT
ION
2 7 13 2 2 4 - 2

2.2.- RESULTS 15
References located were categorized according to these areas:
• Theoretical papers (n=15)
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=11)
• Analysis of clinical improvisation (n=4)
• Treatment effectiveness (n=2)
Music Therapy World Congress. A total of 239 papers were presented
at the VII World Congress of Music Therapy (Vitoria, 1993) and only
two papers focused on clinical assessment or evaluation:
• Theoretical (n=1): De Michele y Facchini, 1993 (sound proyective test).
• Analysis of clinical improvisation (n=1): Sabbatella, 1993 (analysis of
music improvisation).
A total of 224 papers were presented at the VIII World Congress of
Music Therapy (Hamburg, 1996), and seven papers focused on clinical
assessment or evaluation:
• Theoretical (n=2): Forestier, 1996 (observation and evaluation); Sabba-
tella, 1996 (model of evaluation report).
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=4): Hooper, 1996
(assessment of learning disabilities); Sloboda, 1996 (assessment of psy-
chiatric clients); Stige, 1996 (music therapy assessment, intervention and
evaluation from a transactional perspective with clients with learning
disabilities); Körlin y Wrangsj, 1996 (GIM effectiveness with psychiat-
ric clients).
• Analysis of clinical improvisation (n=1): Lee, 1996 (structural analysis
of improvisations).
A total of 352 papers were presented at the IX World Congress of Music
Therapy (Washington, 1999), and 13 papers focused on clinical assess-
ment:
• Theoretical (n=7): Madden y Goodman, 1999 (Music Therapy Assess-
ment for the I.E.P); Bokatsh y McGuire, 1999 (model of data collec-
tion and assessment report for music therapy practicum students);
Nolan, Robbins y Scheiby, 1999 (Clinical musical models of tape
analysis); Lecourt, 1999 (scale for evaluating the sonorous and musi-
cal world of persons with autism); Kuppershmitt, 1999 (projective

2.2.- RESULTS 16
interval perception test); Meadows, 1999 (scale for a session respon-
siveness to GIM); Sabbatella, 1999 (assessment and evaluation in music
therapy).
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=2): Matilla, 1999
(holistic music therapeutic assessment for children with disabilities);
Olfield, 1999 (Music Therapy Assessment in Child Psychiatry).
• Analysis of clinical improvisation (n=2): Hakes, 1999 (electroacoustic
analysis of musical improvisation in group psychotherapy); Tocantis,
1999 (Semiotical analysis of musical discourse).
• Treatment effectiveness (n=2): Codding, 1999 (client progress and pro-
gram effectiveness in correctional setting); Behrens, 1999 (methods for
evaluating results of single-subject research).
European Music Therapy Congress. A total of 104 papers were pre-
sented at the III European Music Therapy Conference (Aalborg, 1995),
and only two papers focused on clinical assessment or evaluation:
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=2): Werger, 1995
(method of observation for assessment of psychiatric clients);
Wigram, 1995b (Rett Syndrome assessment).
A total of 133 papers were presented at the IV European Music Therapy
Congress (Leuven, 1998), and only two papers focused on clinical
assessment or evaluation:
• Theoretical (n=1): Sabbatella, 1998b (research in assessment and eval-
uation)
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=1): Schumacher, 1998
(evaluation of interpersonal relationship with autistic children).
A total of 139 papers were presented at the V European Music Therapy
Congress (Napoly, 2001), and four papers focused on clinical assessment
or evaluation:
• Theoretical (n=2): Matila, 2001 (Overall assessment: study of the
therapist's clinical work); De Batista, 2001 (observing our observation
in assessing children with communication disorders).
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=2): Sagi y Sagi, 2001
(qualitative assessment for senile dementia); Rittner, 2001 (sounding
systems - different approaches to the evaluation of music psychotherapy
groups).

3.- CONCLUSION 17
Latin American Meetings. No papers about assessment or evaluation
were presented at the I Latin American Music Therapy Meeting (Río de
Janeiro, 1996).
A total of 130 papers were presented at the II Latin American Music
Therapy Meeting (Río de Janeiro, 1998), and 2 papers focused on clini-
cal assessment:
• Theoretical (n=2): Loureiro, 1998 (methods of data collection); Sabba-
tella, 1998c (assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy).
Only a few papers on assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy
were presented at Music Therapy Congresses during the nineties. Paper
presentations about assessment and evaluation were rare, ranging from 0
to 4 except during the VII World Congress (7 papers) and IX World Con-
gress (13 papers). Most authors of publications belong to theAnglo-Saxon
context as the literature review shows.
3.- CONCLUSION
A comprehensive literature review on assessment and clinical evaluation
in music therapy revealed that research in this area started basically in the
late nineties and is growing. Although a considerable number of refer-
ences with the highest number of publications on the topic was found in
2000, not much literature is available on theory and method of assess-
ment and clinical evaluation.
The literature review shows that most authors belong to the Anglo-Saxon
context, and references are published in English. There is an absence of
specific literature and studies on assessment and clinical evaluation in
Ibero-American countries and published in Spanish or Portuguese.

3.- CONCLUSION 18
The literature review shows that authors address clinical assessment and
evaluation of clients, but not other topics related to evaluation, such as
programme evaluation or meta-evaluation of evaluation of clinical music
therapy practice. Most of the information is related to assessment and
evaluation of clients as part of treatment processes, and there is a lack of
studies that specifically address methodological processes in music ther-
apy evaluation (data collection, data categories and measurement, areas
of evaluation, interpretation and reports, relation between assessment and
evaluation, evaluation of treatment effectiveness, etc).
As in other disciplines, a complete overview of evaluation as a system-
atic process underlines the importance of evaluation process in music
therapy. Evaluation is not the mere accumulation and summarising of
data, the field of evaluation includes many substantial and well-recogn-
ised subareas such as product evaluation, personnel evaluation, program
evaluation and so forth (Scriven, 1991). Accordingly, another objective
of this article was to propose a taxonomy of literature reviewed and top-
ics of research related to evaluation in clinical music therapy practice in
order to promote its study from an evaluation perspective. Table 6 on
page 18 gives an overview of topics of research in assessment and clini-
cal evaluation in music therapy from an evaluative perspective.
TABLE 6. Topics of research in assessment and clinical evaluation in music
therapy from an evaluative perspective
AREAS OF MUSIC THERAPY EVALUATION
EVALUATION OF CLINICAL PRACTICE
REGARDING THE CLIENT (MUSIC THERAPIST)
• Assessment and evaluation of clients
• Evaluation of treatment procedures, strategies and techniques used
• Evaluation of treatment effectiveness

3.- CONCLUSION 19
The focus of this article represents a first step to summarize and organize
information that usually appears fragmented in literature and does not
specifically address the topic from an evaluation perspective. The literature
analysis shows that - in comparison with other therapeutic disciplines -
theory, method and research in assessment and clinical evaluation in
music therapy are in progress. At the beginning of the 21st century,
music therapy as a discipline needs to develop assessment tools at a more
scientific level and to increase in number and quality studies related to
different music therapy evaluation areas.
REGARDING THE MUSIC THERAPIST
(SELF-EVALUATION / EXTERNAL EVALUATION)
• Evaluation of interpersonal settings in the therapeutic process
• Evaluation of treatment procedures, strategies and techniques used
REGARDING THE TREATMENT PROCESS
(EXTERNAL EVALUATION / SUPERVISION)
• Supervision of clinical practice: includes evaluation of client, music therapist, and
therapy process
REGARDING THE EVALUATION OF THE PROCESSES
OF ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL EVALUATION
• Meta-evaluation: methodological processes necessary to evaluate music therapy
META-EVALUATION OF MUSIC THERAPY
Evaluation designs of music therapy applications (programme evaluation, evaluation of
the processes of evaluation in music therapy, institutional satisfaction, etc.)
• Supervision of clinical practice
TABLE 6. Topics of research in assessment and clinical evaluation in music
therapy from an evaluative perspective

REFERENCES 20
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This article can be cited as: Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And
Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And
Clinical Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available
at http://musictherapyworld.net

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