Daylighting and artificial lighting

1. v
School of Architecture , Building & Design
Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture
Building Science II (BLD 61303/ARC 3413)
Tristan Yu Tze-Xien 0317729
Tutor: Mr. Azim Sulaiman

2. Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Overall Floor Plans
3.0 Space A: Computer Space (3rd floor)
3.1 Lighting contours
3.2 Daylight Calculation
3.3 Lumen method calculations
3.4 Type of light used
3.5 Lighting design proposal
3.6 Psali method
4.0 Space B: Group Study Area (3rd floor)
3.1 Lighting contours
3.2 Types oflamps to be used
3.3 Daylight Calculation
3.4 Type oflight used
3.5 Lighting design proposal
3.6 Psali method
5.0 References and Citations

3. 1.0 Introduction
Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman (TAR) has been described as the shopping heaven for textile as it is
located in the busy districtofKuala Lumpur. The presence ofpeople adds vibrancy and allowing high
intensity engagementin activities for the local community to interact with each other. In today’s modern
society, itis in fact crucial to prolong the heritage nature ofthe site contextin order to prevent
technology taking over.
The community library that is proposed is aimed to provide an comfortpublic space to perpetuate the
great love ofunderstanding and learning the heritage ofJalan TAR, thus by interweaving hearitage,
culture and aesthetic to elevate the experience ofvisitors oflocal community. The ability to prolong the
existece in order to withstand the heritage ofJalan TAR.
Therefore, this community library could perpetuate the great love ofunderstanding and learning the
heritage of Jalan TAR.
Figure 1.1 Sun path over the site context for maximum daylight passes through the space during
the day

4. 2.0 Overall Floor Plans
GROUND FLOOR

5. FIRST FLOOR

6. SECOND FLOOR

7. THIRD FLOOR

8. FORTH FLOOR

9. 3.0 Space A: Computer room (1st floor)

10. 3.1 Daylighting contours
3.2 Daylight Calculation
Area of the archwindows(m2),W Semicircle area = Πr2 / 2
=(3.15 x 0.7) / 2
= 0.77m2
Rectangle area = 1.4 x 1.7
= 2.3m2

11. Total 3 window panel = (0.77 + 2.3) x 3
= 9.45m2
Totalareaof the internalsurfaces(m2),A Floor Area + Wall area + Window area
= 2(49.68m2) + [ 3.5 (4.8 + 3.2 + 3 + 4.4 + 7.8 + 7.6) ]m2
+ 9.45m2
= 99.36m2 + 107.8m2 + 9.45m2
= 216.61m2
Glasstransmittancecorrectedfordirt, T 0.6
Visible sky angle in degrees from the
centre of the window, θ
73°
Average reflectance ofarea A, R 0.5
Average DaylightFactor, DF W x Tθ
A (1-R)
= 9.45 x 0.6(73)
216.61 (1- 0.5)
= 0.044 x 87.6
= 3.85 %
Zone DF (%) Distribution
Very bright >6 Large (including thermal and glare problem)
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Daylight Factor (DF) = Internal Illuminance, Ei x 100%
External Illuminance, Ee
3,85 = Ei x100%
20,000
Ei = 770 lux
CONCLUSION
The selected computer space has daylightfactor of 3.85% which is considered as good distribution of
light due to the adequate opening ofwindow area that alllow the penetration ofsunlight through the
glass into the space. Besides that, the indoor illiminance is at 770lux, slightly higher than MS1525
standard which range from 300-500 lux. This might cause slightdiscomfortto the users at the

12. computer room, this issue can be resolved by adding blinds behind the window actas shading device
to provide shading from the sunlight while maintaining a degree ofcomfortable lighting condition for
open access.
3.3 Lumen method calculations
Total floor area (m2) 49.68m2
Height ofceiling (m) 3.5m
Type oflight fixture LED Recessed round light
Luminous flux oflighting (lm), F 2000
Height ofLumiere (m) 3.3
Work Level (m) 0.7
Mounting height(m), Hm 3.5 - 0.2 - 0.7 = 2.6
Reflectance factor Ceiling (Concrete) = 0.7
Wall (White Painted Wall) = 0.5
Working plane (Hardwood) = 0.1
Room Index, RI (K) L x W
Hm x (L + W)
= ( 4.8 x 7.6 ) + ( 3.0 x 4.4 )
2.6 x [( 4.8 + 7.6 + 3.0 + 4.4 )]
= 49.48
2.6 x [19.8]
= 49.48
51.48
= 0.961K
Utilization factor, UF 0.35
Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8 (standard)
Illuminance level required (lux), E 150
Area of working plane height(m2), A 49.48
Number of Fittings required, N E x A
F x UF x MF
= 150 x 49.48
2000 x 0.35 x 0.8
= 12 bulbs
Maximum horizontal spacing between fittings, S
max (filament lamps)
1.0 x Hm
= 1.0 x 2.6
= 2.6m

13. 3.4 The type of light used ( CEILING MOUNTED LIGHT)
Wattage Power (W) 20 W
Colour Rendering Index 82
Colour Temperature 2700 W
Colour Designation Warm White
Lumens 2000
Advantage Disadvantage
Versatile & Efficient: The placement of recessed lights
allows you to see what you’re doing more clearly. This
added light allows you to work more efficiently without the
use of obtrusive light fixtures. Recessed lights also provide
dimming effects that are easy to control. You can install
these lights in a media room and dim the lights to view
movies. Or, you can install the lights in a bedroom, kitchen
or bath to provide a large amount of light into a room. Either
way, these lights are versatile and highly sought after by
many homeowners.
Aesthetics: Recessed lighting is very versatile in terms of
what can be done with the lights themselves. Recessed
lights can be adjusted to provide either pleasant ambient
lighting or accent or spot lighting as circumstances require.
Such benefits cannot be duplicated by other types of lighting
fixtures. Also, they can be used for virtually any
indoor/outdoor lighting application and come in a variety of
shapes, colors and finishes.
Cost: Depending on the type of recessed lighting you have
selected, the cost may be higher than a traditional light
fixture. The cost of bulbs and installation of recessed lights
may also be more expensive compared to a traditional
fixture.
Installation: Recessed lighting is often more difficult to install
than a traditional fixture. If the lighting is being installed into
a ceiling, you must create holes into the drywall large
enough for the light. Also, the housing of the light must fit
snugly into the space so you have a proper seal against
heat loss.
Permanency: Permanency may be a disadvantage of
recessed lighting, because once it has been installed, you
cannot move it. If you wish to change the layout of your
room, the lighting will remain in the same position, which
may not suit your new layout.

14. 3.5 Lighting design proposal
3.6 Psali method
The only surface that receive natural sunlight is facing the window that is exposed to sunlightbehind.
Computer is a space that needs moderate amountoflights as too much mightspoil the computer. And
to provide sufficientsunlightfor user, the planning oflight fittings is in a way of4 rows, the planning of
light rows, the planning of lightfittings is in a way that row 2 and row 4 will only need to be switched on
during the dark as they receive sunlightfrom the window. During the brighter period, only row 1 and 3
need to be switched on to projectlightwhich provide sufficientand comfortable lighting condition to the
users in the space.

15. 4.0 Space B: Group Study Area (3rd floor)

16. 4.1 Lighting contours
4.2 Daylight Calculation
Area of the windows(m2),W Semicircle area = Πr2 / 2
=(3.15 x 0.7) / 2
= 0.77m2
Rectangle area = 1.4 x 1.7
= 2.3m2

17. Total 5 window panel = (0.77 + 2.3) x 5
= 15.35m2
Totalareaof the internalsurfaces(m2),A Floor Area + Wall area + Window area
= 2(99.8)m2 + [ 3.5(11+10.3+5+6+2.6+7.7 ]m2
= 199.6m2 + 149.1m2 + 15.35m2
= 364.05m2
Glasstransmittancecorrectedfordirt, T 0.6
Visible sky angle in degrees from the
centre of the window, θ
73°
Average reflectance ofarea A, R 0.5
Average DaylightFactor, DF W x Tθ
A (1-R)
= 15.35 x 0.6(60)
364.05 (1- 0.5)
= 0.042 x 72
= 3.024 %
Zone DF (%) Distribution
Very bright >6 Large (including thermal and glare problem)
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Daylight Factor (DF) = Internal Illuminance, Ei x 100%
External Illuminance, Ee
3.024 = Ei x100%
20,000
Ei = 604 lux
This space which is a computer room aims to directnatural sunlight to pass through to reduce eye
damage ofthe viewer for constantly viewing the desktop screen has daylightfactor of 6.91% which is
consider as high distribution oflight due to the large area ofglass wall. Besides, the indoor illuminance
is at 1383lux which exceeds slightly 200 lux ofthe standard MS1525 requirement.

18. 4.3 Lumen method calculations
Total floor area (m2) 37.47m2
Height ofceiling (m) 3.5m
Type oflight fixture Ceiling mounted fluorescentlight
Luminous flux oflighting (lm), F 2500
Height ofLumiere (m) 3.3
Work Level (m) 0.6
Mounting height(m), Hm 3.5 - 0.2 - 0.6 = 2.9
Reflectance factor Ceiling (Hardwood) = 0.7
Wall (White Painted Wall) = 0.5
Working plane (Granite) = 0.2
Room Index, RI (K) L x W
Hm x (L + W)
= [(7.7 x 5) + (10.3 x 6)
2.9 x (7.7 + 5 + 10.3 + 6)
= 100.3
31.9
= 3.14K
Utilization factor, UF 0.3
Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8 (standard)
Illuminance level required (lux), E 150
Area of working plane height(m2), A 37.47
Number of Fittings required, N E x A
F x UF x MF
= 150 x 100.3
2500 x 0.3 x 0.8
= 20.03
= 20 bulbs
Maximum horizontal spacing between fittings, S
max (fluorescent lamps)
1.5 x Hm
= 1.5 x 2.9
= 4.35m

19. 4.4 Type of light used ( CELING MOUNTED FLUORESCENT LIGHT)
Wattage Range (W) 36 W
Colour Rendering Index 82
Colour Temperature 6500 K
Colour Designation Cool White
Lumens 2500lm
Advantage Disadvantage
Fluorescent lighting is 66% cheaper than regular lighting
while providing the same brightness. When you consider
that a quarter of any home's electrical consumption is done
through light bulbs, the savings can add up considerably.
Fluorescent bulbs last longer. On average, a bulb or tube
has a lifespan six times longer than a regular incandescent
bulb. They tend to burn less after continuous use, and can
be turn on and off without being afraid of burning it.
The lights do not give off heat, which makes them great for
area lightning and for areas where additional heat can cause
equipment to malfunction or bother the users.
The initial cost of fluorescent lighting can be up to three
times higher than other types of bulbs. Many people see this
as meaning that fluorescent lights are more expensive, but
the truth is quite the opposite, since they last longer and
save money in the long run.
Some lighting may require professional installation the first
time around, as the electrical connections are more
complex.
Some fluorescent bulbs can flicker noticeably and produce
an uneven light that may bother some users. Once the
flicking becomes obvious to the eye, there is no choice but
to replace the lamp.
Fluorescent lighting is often less attractive. Unless you
invest in special decorative ways to hide the lamps, they are
often visible and can take a lot from the visual aspect of the
room. Traditionally, fluorescent bulbs only came in bright
white, although a wider range of tones is now available.

20. 4.5 Lighting design proposal
4.6 Psali method
The only surface that receive natural sunlight is facing the window that is exposed to sunlightbehind.
User might just need sufficient lightfor study in order to reach their human comfort level, because
glaring light might cause discomfortto the user. And to provide sufficientsunlightfor user, the planning
of lightfittings is in a way of4 rows, the planning oflight rows, the planning of lightfittings is in a way
that row 2 and row 4 will only need to be switched on during the dark as they receive sunlightfrom the
window. During the brighter period, only row 1 and 3 need to be switched on to projectlightwhich
provide sufficientand comfortable lighting condition to the users in the space.

21. 5.0 References and Citations
1. http://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-fluorescent-lighting.htm
2. http://prestodeals.com/the-advantages-disadvantages-of-recessed-lighting
3. http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bsapplec/design.htm
4. http://www.continental-lighting.com/lighting-basics/artificial-light-sources.php