FIRST AID PPT red cross 2016 (1).pptx

FIRST AID TRAINING
PRESENTED BY
CAROLYNE MUENDO
FIRST AID INSTRUCTOR

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Defn:
 Initial assistance or treatment given to someone
who is injured or suddenly taken ill (Casualty).
 Objectives:
 Preserve (Save) lives.
 Prevent further injury.
 Promote Recovery.

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Preserve life
 Make sure that the casualty has a clear airway and all major life
threatening injuries have been treated
ABC in First Aid
A – Maintain clear Airway
B – Ensure the casualty is Breathing
C – Circulation (Arrest any Bleeding by applying direct pressure).
The aims of First Aid- 3Ps

FIRST AID TRAINING
2. Prevent Further Injuries
 Ensure that all dangers have been avoided and that the casualty
does not suffer further injury due to unnecessary movement
 Don’t move a casualty unless there’s obvious danger
 If you are to move them be gentle.

FIRST AID TRAINING
3. Promote Recovery
 Treat injuries in the correct order (4Bs) and ensure that the
casualty is comfortable and protected from extreme elements of
weather
 4Bs of priority
 B – Breathing
 B – Bleeding
 B – Burns
 B – Broken Bones

FIRST AID TRAINING
 A series of actions that, properly executed,
reduce the mortality associated with sudden
cardiac arrest
 4 main interdependent links

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Doing your best.
 Assess the risk
 Responsibilities
 Ensuring safety,
 Assessing the casualty’s condition.
 Getting help.
 Administering First Aid.

FIRST AID TRAINING
First Aider Qualities
 Be in control of both of your own reactions and of the problem.
 Acting calmly and logically.
 Being gentle , but firm.
 Speaking to the casualty kindly but in a clear and purposeful way.
 Building up trust.
 Talking to relatives.
 Coping with children

FIRST AID TRAINING
When carrying out first aid, it is important for you to
protect yourself from injury and infection.
 Personal safety- do not attempt heroic rescues in
hazardous circumstances. If you put yourself at risk,
you are unlikely to be able to help casualties
effectively.
 Always assess the situation first and make sure that
the situation you are entering is safe for you.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Personal Protective Equipment (ppe) – gloves (latex,
rubber, and medical gloves), facemasks and eye
glasses should be used in emergency situations
 Personal Precautions – wash hands with soap and
water immediately after applying a life – saving
technique. If possible, clean hands before
intervening.

FIRST AID TRAINING
The law protects citizens and medical professionals
who act in good faith to give emergency assistance to
ill or injured persons at the scene of an emergency.
In fact, most regions explicitly encourage bystanders
to give first aid within the “Good Samaritan laws”

FIRST AID TRAINING
 If the person is unconscious, always get permission before
helping.
 Move the person only if the person’s life is endangered and
call for professional help.
 Only do what you have been trained to do in a real first aid
course offered by an authorized agency eg. Check the ABCs
before providing further care.
 Continue to care for any life-threatening conditions until
professional personal arrive.
 If the person requiring first aid is a child, seek permission
from a parent if they are in the immediate area.

FIRST AID TRAINING
A – Assess the situation
M – Make the area safe
E – Emergency Aid*
G – Get help*
A – dealing with Aftermath*

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Call the correct number 999 or a number that is
applicable.
 Essential details.
 Your telephone number.
 Exact location of the incident.
 The type and gravity of the emergency.
 Number, sex and approximate age of casualties.
 Details of any other hazards.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 First Aid kits are an essential item to have in any setting.
 The kits should be kept in clean dry place and replenished regularly.
 Contents include:
 Dressings.
 Adhesive and nonadherent
 Sterile dressings
 Sterile eye pads
 Bandages
 Roller bandages: self adhesive, crepe, open weave, Elastic, conforming
and crepe conforming.
 Triangular bandages

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Other items
 Disposable gloves
 Face shield and pocket mask
 Pins and clips.
 Gauze pads
 Cotton wool
 Cleansing wipes.
 Adhesive tape.
 Scissors and tweezers.
 Cardboard tags.
 Torch, whistle.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Two types of assessments.
 Primary survey.
 Assessing for life threatening conditions that need
emergency first aid (ABC)
 Secondary Survey (Head to toe Assessment)
 Check for other less life-threatening injuries and manage.
 Take History from a conscious casualty or bystander

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Scene size up.
 Are there any risks to you and or the casualty
 If you are safe proceed to DRHABC
D – Danger of the casualty
R – Response*
H – Help
A – Airway
B – Breathing
C – Circulation

FIRST AID TRAINING
 To find out what happened i.e. the history and do a
physical examination.
 Circumstances determine how detailed the
examination will be.
 To take history question the casualty and any other
bystanders at the site.
 Use some external clues such as drugs, puffer,
warning bracelet auto injector etc to concretize the
history.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Was the casualty ejected from vehicle
 Was the casualty wearing a correctly adjusted seat
belt.
 Did the vehicle roll over.
 Was the casualty wearing a helmet.
 How far did the casualty fall.
 What type of surface did he land on?
 Is thee evidence of body contact with a solid object,
such as floor of vehicle's windscreen or dashboard.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Symptoms are the sensations that the casualty
experiences and may be able to describe.
 Signs are details of a casualty’s condition that you can
see, feel, hear or smell.
 Be quick and alert but thorough.
 Be gentle but your touch must be firm enough to detect
any anomalies.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Casualty my tell you:
 Pain, anxiety, heat, cold, loss of sensation,
abnormal sensation,Thisrt, Nausea, tingling, Pain
on touch or pressure, faintness, stiffness,
momentary unconsciousness, weakness,
Memory loss, Dizziness, sensation of broken
bone and sense of impeding doom.

FIRST AID TRAINING
SENSE SIGN
SIGHT/SEE Anxiety and painful expression, unusual chest movement, burns,
sweating, wounds, bleeding form orifices, response to touch,
response to speech,bruising,abnormal skin colour, muscle
spasm,swelling,deformity,foreign bodies, needle
marks,vomit,incontinence,loss of normal movement, containers and
other circumstantial evidence.
FEEL/TOUCH Dampness, Abnormal body temperature, swelling, deformity,
irregularity, grating bone ends
HEAR Noisy or distresses breathing, groaning, sucking sounds chest
injury), Response to touch, Response to speech, grating bones
SMELL Acetone,Alcohol,Burning, Gas or fumes, Solvents or glue
Urine,feaces,cannabis

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Always do a head to toe examination
1. Run your hands carefully over the scalp to feel for bleeding, swelling
or depression.
2. Speak clearly to casualty through both ears to find out if she
responds or she can hear. Look for blood or clear fluid coming from
the ear.
3. Examine both eyes. Note if open, examine the pupil, check for any
other foreign objects, bruise or blood.
4. Check the nose for discharges as you did for the ears.
5. Note the rate, depth and nature of the breathing. Note any odour on
the breath. check for obstructions to the airway. check for wounds in
the mouth and burns on the lips.

FIRST AID TRAINING
6. Note the colour, temperature and state of the skin.
7. Loosen clothing around the neck for warning signs, run finger along the
spine gently
8. Ask the casualty to breath in deeply and note whether the chest expands
evenly easily and equally on both sides. Feel the ribcage. Observe if
breathing comes out with pain. Check for bleeding.
9. Gently feel along both collar bones and the shoulders for any deformity,
irregularity or tenderness.
10. Check the movements of elbows, wrists and fingers by asking the casualty
to bend and straighten the arm and hand at each joints
11. Any impairment in movement and loss of sensation in the limbs indicate
spinal injury, do not move the casualty.
12. Gently feel the casualty’s abdomen check for bleeding and identify any
rigidity.

FIRST AID TRAINING
13.Feel both sides of the hips and gently move the pelvis
to look for signs of fracture. Check clothes for any
evidence of incontinence or bleeding from the
orifices.
14.Ask the casualty to raise each leg in turn and to move
her ankles and knees. Look and feel for bleeding,
swelling, deformity and tenderness.
15.Check the movement and the feeling in the ties. Look
at their skin colour.

FIRST AID TRAINING
S – Signs & Symptoms
A – Allergies
M – Medication being taken
P – Past medical history
L – Last oral intake
E – Events leading to the Incident

FIRST AID TRAINING
 The handover report must have:
 Casualty’s name and address.
 History of the incident or illness.
 Brief description of any injuries.
 Any unusual behaviour.
 Any treatment given and when.
 Level of response, pulse and breathing.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Maintain an open airway, check breathing and resuscitate.
 If casualty is choking, relieve airway obstruction if possible.
 The following increases casualty’s chances of survival.
 Emergency help is called quickly.
 Blood circulation maintained by chest compressions.
 A defibrillator is used promptly.
 Specialised treatment and advanced care are
available s soon as possible.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Is the casualty:
A – Alert?
V – responding to Voice?
P – responding to Pain
U – Unresponsive

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Check casualty’s response.
 If yes, leave casualty in position and call for help.
 If no, move to step 2
2. Open the airway, check for breathing.
 If yes, do primary survey and place in recovery position.
 If no, call for help and proceed to step 3
3. Begin Chest compressions.- 30 compressions.
 Begin rescue breaths – 2 breaths.
 Continue CPR.
 NB: if you are unable to give Rescue breaths, give 120 compressions per minute till
help arrives.

FIRST AID TRAINING
C. CIRCULATION
• Carotid
• Femoral
• Brachial
• Radial
• Dorsalis pedis
Carotid
Brachial
Femoral
Radial
Dorsalis pedis

FIRST AID TRAINING
 If no, proceed to step 3
3. Begin Chest compressions.- 30 compressions.
 Continue CPR.30 comp:2breaths.
 Do CPR for one minute the call 1199/ambulance.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 If no, proceed to step 3
3. Breath for the infant – 5 initial breaths (puffs)
4. Begin Chest compressions.- 120 compressions for one minute
before calling an ambulance.
5. Continue with 120 compressions per minute until help arrives

FIRST AID TRAINING
Give
120 compressions
per minute
NB With 2 Rescues, CPR can be done with the each
choosing a task, either compressions or Rescue Breaths

FIRST AID TRAINING
AUTOMATED EXTERNAL
DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)
Analyzes the heart
rhythm
Advise if shocks are
necessary
Deliver the shocks
Use it after trying
CPR for 2 minutes

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Have partner
resume CPR
 Attach device
 Turn on defibrillator
power

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Switch on Defibrillator, Remove the backing paper then Follow the
Defibrillators instructions

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Steps
1
3 4
2

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Rationale
 NB: Cradle infant in your arms with his head tilted downwards
Support during the roll

FIRST AID TRAINING
 NB: Cradle infant in your arms with his head tilted downwards

FIRST AID TRAINING
Incase you suspect spinal injury, Logroll the casualty
 Step 1
Step 2

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. If effectively coughing, encourage them to
continue coughing
2. Check mouth and remove obvious
obstruction.
3. If still present, Give up to five firm blows
between the shoulder blades
4. If still present, Give up to five abdominal
thrusts/Heimlich Manoeuvre
5. Check mouth and remove obstruction
6. If still present, Call for help.

FIRST AID TRAINING
A casualty from drowning incident must receive medical attention.
Priority for First Aider:
To restore adequate breathing.
To keep the casualty warm.
To arrange urgent removal to hospital.
Steps.
Rescue from water and keep the head lower than the body.
Conduct life saving procedures, if unconscious, put in recovery
position.
Treat for hypothermia.
Monitor vital signs as wait for Ambulance.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 The condition arise when insufficient oxygen reaches body tissues
from the blood.
 Recognition:
 Rapid breathing
 Difficulty speaking.
 Cyanosis.
 Anxiety.
 Restlessness.
 Headache
 Nausea and possibly vomiting.
 Cessation of breathing if the hypoxia is not quickly reversed

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Insufficient oxygen inspired air.
 Airway Obstruction.
 Conditions affecting the chest wall.
 Impaired lung function.
 Damage to the brain or nerves that control
respiration.
 Impaired oxygen uptake by the tissues.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Caused by:
 Inhalation of foreign objects.
 Blockage by the tongue.
 Blockage from blood or vomit.
 Internal swelling of the throat
 Injuries to the face or jaw.
 Asthma.
 External pressure on the neck.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Recognition;
 Features of hypoxia.
 Difficulty in speaking and breathing.
 Noisy breathing.
 Red Puffy face.
 Signs of distress.
 Flaring of nostrils.
 A persistent dry cough

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Priority as a first aider:
 To remove the obstruction.
 To restore normal breathing.
 To arrange transport to hospital

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Recognition:
 A constriction article around the neck.
 Marks around the casualty’s neck.
 Rapid, difficult breathing, impaired consciousness and
cyanosis.
 Congestion of the face.
 To restore adequate breathing.
 To arrange urgent removal to hospital.
 Please note:
 Do not move casualty incase of spinal injury.
 Do not tamper with the strangulation materials for police.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Recognition:
 Distressed breathing in a young child .
 A short barking cough.
 A crowing or whistling noise.
 Cyanosis. respiratory distress.
 High temperature.
 First aid priority:
 To comfort and support the child.
 To obtain medical help if necessary.
 Steps:
 Sit the baby upright.
 Create a steamy atmosphere.
 Call for help if severe.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Manifestation of acute anxiety, may accompany panic attack.
 Recognition;
 Unnaturally fast deep breathing.
 Attention seeking behaviour.
 Dizziness or faintness.
 Trembling or marked tingling in the hands.
 Cramps n the hands and feet.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Priority of the First aider:
 To remove the casualty from the cause of distress.
 To reassure the casualty and calm her down.
 Steps:
 Reassure the casualty.
 Lead casualty to a quite place.
 Breathe and exhale in the paper bag.
 Encourage to see the doctor.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Breaks into the skin of the body surfaces
are known as wounds.
 Open wounds bleed and are a source of
infection.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Bleeding:
 Internal bleeding.
 External bleeding.
 Wounds
 Incised wounds/Clean cuts
 Lacerations.
 Abrasion.
 Contusion.
 Puncture.
 Stab
 Gunshot.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 If no object is imbedded in the wound
 Control bleeding by direct pressure, cold therapy or tourniquet
 Prevent and minimise effects of shock.
 Minimise infection.
 Arrange or urgent removal to hospital.
 If an object is embedded in wound
 Control bleeding by indirect pressure. Do not interfere with the
object. Control severe bleeding by use of a tourniquet
 Prevent and minimise effects of shock.
 Minimise infection.
 Arrange or urgent removal to hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Steps :
 Put on gloves, control bleeding by applying direct
pressure and raising the injured part (or
tourniquet).
 Apply sterile dressings
 Call ambulance.
 Wrap severed part in a plastic bag, wrap in a soft
fabric and place it in cold water or crushed ice in
a container.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Priority: minimise infection.
 Wash hands and put on gloves.
 Clean wound with clean water, pat dry and cover
with sterile wound dressing.
 Elevate the injured part.
 Clean surrounding area with soap and water.
 Dial 1199.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Priority: reduce blood flow to the area, thus
minimising swelling.
 Raise and support the injured part.
 Apply firm pressure to the wound using a
cold compress.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Basically chunks of tissue removed from the body,
including at least all three layers of skin.
 They are much more than simple lacerations, but
less than full amputations.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 An avulsion that wraps all the way
around an extremity and causes the
layers of tissue to pull away is called
a degloving injury.
 It’s called degloving no
matter where the injury
is; fingers, feet & hands,
 It is common for rings to catch on
things and cause degloving injuries of
the finger.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Stay Safe. Consider Body Substance Isolation
 Control bleeding with direct pressure and elevation, avoiding
tourniquets unless bleeding cannot be controlled and
medical care will not be available for several hours.
 If the tissue (skin, fat, and muscle) is not completely torn
away, replace the flap and dress the wound.
 If the tissue is completely separated from the patient's
body, collect it if available and bring it with the patient to
the hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Avulsions will likely need surgical intervention and bites
have a high incidence of infection.
 If bleeding cannot be controlled, if the injury is a degloving,
or if the area of the avulsion cannot be covered by both of
the patient's palms, then call 1199.
 Large avulsions and all degloving injuries are significant
emergencies that should be taken to the hospital
immediately.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Management
 Apply cold therapy (use ice
cubes wrapped in a clean cloth)
on the place of injury
 Preserve the tooth in milk,
honey or water and take it to the
dentist with the casualty

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Priority:
 To control blood loss
 To arrange transports to hospital

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. For Chemical Exposure
 Don't rub eyes.
 Immediately wash out the eye with lots of water.
 Get medical help while you are doing this, or after 15 to 20
minutes of continuous flushing
 Don't bandage the eye.
2. For a Blow to the Eye
 Apply a cold compress, but don't put pressure on the eye.
 If there is bruising, bleeding, change in vision, or it hurts
when your eye moves, see a doctor right away.

FIRST AID TRAINING
3. For a Foreign Particle in Eye
 Don't rub the eye.
 Pull the upper lid down and blink repeatedly.
 If particle is still there, rinse with eyewash.
 If rinsing doesn't help, close eye, bandage it lightly, and see
a doctor.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Priority:
 To control blood loss.
 Maintain an open airway.
 Steps.
 Ask casualty to sit down, lean forwards and pitch
the soft part of the nose.
 Ask casualty to breathe through the mouth.
 After clotting advice him not to blow or pick the
nose for a few hours
 .

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Bleeding inside the body.
 Recognition:
 Pale, cold, clammy skin.
 Rapid weak pulse.
 Thirst.
 Rapid, shallow breathing.
 Confusion, irritable.
 Pain.
 Bruising.
NB: Reassure casualty and seek medical aid immediately

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Priority: minimise infection.
 Wash hands and put on gloves
 Clean wounds with clean water, pat dry and
cover with sterile wound dressing.
 Elevate the injured part above the level of the
heart
 Clean surrounding area with soap and water.
 Use a clean swab for each stroke and pat dry
 Dial 1199.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 A sucking chest wound is a hole in the chest (from a gunshot
wound, stabbing or another puncture wound) that makes a new
pathway for air to travel into the chest cavity.
 Sucking chest wounds are dangerous because they lead to
collapsed lungs (pneumothorax).
 Treating a sucking chest wound requires two things: keeping air
from going in while still letting extra air out.1
 Assume any penetrating wound to the chest is a sucking chest
wound, whether you hear it hissing or not.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Difficult and painful breathing, rapid, shallow and uneven.
 Casualty feels an acute sense of alarm.
 Features of hypoxia
 Coughed up frothy, red blood.
 A cracking feeling of the skin around the site.
 Blood bubbling out of the wound.
 Sound bubbling out of the wound
 Sound of sucking air.
 Veins in the neck becoming prominent.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Call for Emergency medical help.
 Seal the sucking chest wound. Put something plastic (preferably sterile
or at least clean) over the hole and tape it down on three sides. You
can use a non-adherent dressing or foil for this.
 Watch for signs of a tension pneumothorax.
 Severe shortness of breath
 Unequal chest (one side looks bigger than the other)
 Veins on the neck bulging (jugular vein distension)
 Blue lips, neck or fingers (cyanosis)
 No lung sounds on one side
 Remove the seal if necessary. If you suspect a tension
pneumothorax is building, take off the seal to allow the air to escape.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Condition that comes as a result of failure of the circulatory to supply oxygen to the
vital body organs.
 Key cause is bleeding.
 Recognition:
 Rapid ,weak pulse.
 Pale,cold,clammy skin and sweating.
 Cyanosis.
 Weakness and dizziness.
 Nausea and vomiting.
 Thirst.
 Rapid shallow breathing.
 Restlessness, yawning, gasping for air.
 Unconsciousness

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Treat the cause of the shock.
 Lay casualty down
 Cover loosely to preserve body temperature and
reassure.
 Raise and support legs above level of the heart.
 Loosen tight clothing.
 Call for help
 Monitor vital signs.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 General rule :do not move a casualty unless there is an emergency
situation(casualty in water, fire, collapsing building, bomb or gun fire) that
demands that you take action.
 In order to move a casualty , consider the flowing:
 The necessity.
 Can casualty move by himself
 Casualty’s weight and size.
 The injuries.
 Helper
 Protective equipment.
 Equipment to assist in moving the casualty.
 Space.
 Crossing ground.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Select method relevant to the situation.
 Use a team and appoint a team leader.
 Position team and equipment.
 Use correct techniques.
 Ensure the safety and comfort of the casualty,
yourself, bystanders and helpers.
 Explain to casualty what you are doing.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Position yourself as close as possible to the casualty’s
body.
 Adopt a stable base with feet shoulder width apart so
that you remain well balanced.
 Maintain good posture at all times during the
procedure.
 Move smoothly. Use the strongest muscle in your legs
and arms to provide the power for the move.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Adopt elements of good practice outlined
above.
 Follow instructions given by the team
leader.
 Control bystanders incase of an air lift
evacuation.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Support the casualty.
 Stand at the casualty’s injured or weaker side, take hold
of the hand with a palm to palm thumb grip, and hold the
arm in front of you.
 Pass the other hand and hold the waist.
 Make sure casualty is ready to move and make short
steps.
 If the casualty begins to fall, follow the steps for
controlling the fall
 Using a transfer belt if available. (follow instructions on the belt)

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Loosen the grip slowly and move at the back of
the casualty.
 Stabilise yourself and allow the weight of the
person to lean on you.
 Allow the casualty to slide down into a sitting
position. Do not bend your back.
 Kneel down and adjust casualty into a
comfortable position.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 If conscious, advise the casualty to slide from
the chair to half sitting position, and the
comfortable position.
 If unconscious, slide a sheet under the casualty,
kneel beside the casualty, slide the casualty on
the sheet, to half sitting position than sitting then
lying on a soft surface.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Place the casualty on a blanket
carry sheet or spine board using
log roll.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Slide sheet.
 Blanket.
 Carry sheet.
 Carry chair
 Orthopaedics stretcher.
 Spinal Board.
 Stretcher trolley.
 Rescue stretchers.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Preparing to load a casualty to a spine-board through logroll
strapping casualty to the board

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Assess the casualty’s condition.
 Identify and remove the cause of the problem and
provide fresh air.
 Comfort and reassure the casualty.
 Maintain an open airway check breathing and be
prepared to resuscitate if necessary.
 Obtain medical aid if necessary. Call an ambulance
if you suspect a serious illness or injury.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Recognition:
 A constriction article around the neck.
 Marks around the casualty’s neck.
 Rapid, difficult breathing, impaired consciousness and cyanosis.
 Congestion of the face.
 Please note:
 Do not move casualty incase of spinal injury.
 Do not tamper with the strangulation materials for police.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 A casualty from drowning incident must receive medical attention.
 Priority for First Aider:
 To keep the casualty warm.
 Steps.
 Rescue from water and keep the head lower than the body.
 Conduct life saving procedures, if unconscious, put in
recovery position.
 Treat for hypothermia.
 Monitor vital signs as wait for Ambulance.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 This can be lethal.
 Priority of first aider:
 To obtain urgent medical attention and call the
emergency services.
 Steps.
 Call for help.
 Escape from the place with the fumes.
 Support the casualty and encourage to breath normally.
 Monitor vital signs.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Manifestation of acute anxiety, may accompany panic
attack.
 Recognition;
 Unnaturally fast deep breathing.
 Attention seeking behaviour.
 Dizziness or faintness.
 Trembling or marked tingling in the hands.
 Cramps n the hands and feet.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Priority of the First aider:
 To remove the casualty from the cause of
distress.
 To reassure the casualty and calm her down.
 Steps:
 Reassure the casualty.
 Lead casualty to a quite place.
 Breathe and exhale in the paper bag.
 Encourage to see the doctor.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 The muscles of the air passages in the lungs go into spasms and
the linings of the airways swell.
 Recognition:
 Difficulty in breathing.
 Wheezing as he breathes
 Difficulty speaking and whispering.
 Hypoxia.
 Distress and anxiety.
 Cough
 Exhaustion.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Priority for first aider:
 To ease breathing
 To obtain medical help if necessary.
 Steps :
 Keep calm and give the inhaler.
 Sit in comfortable position.
 If the attack persists call for help/ambulance.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 This condition is severe allergic reaction affecting the
whole body.
 Recognition:
 Anxiety.
 Widespread red, blotchy skin eruption.
 Swelling of the tongue and throat.
 Puffiness around and eyes.
 Impaired breathing.
 Signs of shock.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Priority for first Aider:
 Steps :
 Call for help.
 Check for medication.
 Sit up he casualty in a comfortable position.
 Treat for shock .

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Caused by sudden obstruction of the blood supply to part of the
heart.
 Recognition:
 Persistent central chest pain.
 Sudden collapse.
 Sudden faintness and dizziness
 Rapid week irregular pulse.
 Profuse sweating.
 Extreme gasping for air.
 Priority for First Aider:
 To encourage the casualty to rest.
 To arrange urgent removal of the casualty to hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Brief loss of consciousness caused by temporary reduction
of blood loss to the brain.
 Recognition:
 Fall to the floor.
 Slow pulse.
 Pale cold skin and sweating.
 First Aiders priority:
 To improve blood flow to the brain.
 To reassure the casualty as she recovers and make
her comfortable.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 The skeletal muscular system
 Components:
 Skeleton /Bones: Skull,Spine,Ribcage,Pelvis and
Limbs
 Muscles: Voluntary and involuntary
 Joints: Movable and immovable

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Assess the casualties condition.
 Steady and support the injured part.
 Enhance the support with padding bandages
and splints if necessary.
 Minimise shock.
 Obtain medical aid if necessary.

FIRST AID TRAINING
INTRODUCTION
A break or crack in the bone
Types:
 Open fracture
 Closed fracture

FIRST AID TRAINING
RECOGNITION
 Deformity, swelling and bruising at the fracture
site.
 Pain and difficulty in moving the area
 Shortening, bending or twisting of the limb.
 Coarse grating of the bone ends.
 Signs of shock
 A wound with bone ends protruding.

FIRST AID TRAINING
FIRST AID PRIORITIES
 CLOSED FRACTURE
 To prevent movement at the injury site.
 To arrange removal to hospital with comfortable support
during transport.
 OPEN FRACTURE
 To prevent blood loss, movement, and infection at the
site of injury.
 To arrange removal to hospital with comfortable surpport
during transport.
 Manage through splinting to immobilize the bones

FIRST AID TRAINING
 .
 INTRODUCTION
 Joint injury in which the bones are
partially or completely pulled out of
position.
 RECOGNITION
 Severe pain and difficulty in
moving the area.
 Swelling and bruising around the
joint.
 Shortening, bendning or twisting of
the area.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 .
 FIRST AID PRIORITIES
 To prevent movement at the injury site.
(Splint to immobilize)
 To arrange transport to hospital with
comfortable support.
 Never try to correct or massage a
dislocation

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Injuries to soft tissues..
 RECOGNITION
 Pain and tenderness
 Difficulty in moving the injured part.
 Swelling and bruising at the area
 To reduce the swelling and pain.
 To obtain medical aid if necessary.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Use “RICE”
 R – REST – Place the limb in the most
comfortable position
 I – ICE – Apply ice compress
 C – COMPRESSION – Use of a firm (Crepe) bandage
 E – ELEVATE – Raise the limb

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Fracture of the facial bones.
 RECOGNITION
 Pain around the area, if jaw, difficulty in speaking, swallowing
and chewing.
 Swelling and distortion of the face.
 Bruising and or a black eye.
 To keep the airway open.
 To minimize pain and swelling.
 To arrange urgent removal to hospital

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Fractures on the cheekbone and nose
 RECOGNITION
 Pain, swelling and bruising
 A wound or bleeding from the nose or mouth.
 To minimize pain and swelling.
 To arrange to transport or send the casualty to
hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Jaw fractures.
 RECOGNITION
 Difficulty in speaking, swallowing and moving the jaw
 Pain and nausea when moving the jaw.
 Displaced or loose teeth and dribbling.
 Swelling and bruising inside and outside the mouth
 To protect the airway.
 To arrange transport to the hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Fracture to the ribs.
 RECOGNITION
 Sharp pain at the site of a fracture.
 Pain on taking a deep breath.
 Shallow breathing
 An open wound over the fracture.
 Paradoxical breathing.
 Feature of internal bleeding and shock.
 To support the chest wall.
 To arrange transport to hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Injuries to the spine .
 RECOGNITION
 Pain in the neck or back at the injury site
 Irregularity in the normal curve of the spine.
 Tenderness in the skin over the spine.
 Loss of control over limbs, movement may be weak or absent.
 Loss of sensation.
 Loss of bladder and or bowel control.
 Breathing difficulty.
 NB: suspect spinal injury or all the injuries due to falls from
heights or speeding automobiles/animals.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 FIRST AID PRIORITIES(CONSCIOUS CASUALTY)
 Prevent further injury. Do not move casualty, unless there is danger.
If you are to move casualty use the log roll.
 To arrange for urgent transport to hospital.
 FIRST AID PRIORITIES(UNCONSCIOUS CASUALTY)
 To maintain an open airway
 To resuscitate the casualty if necessary.
 To prevent further spinal damage.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Shaking of the brain.
 RECOGNITION
 Brief period of impaired consciousness.
 Dizziness or nausea on recovery.
 Loss of memory.
 Mild generalized headache.
 To ensure casualty recovers fully and safely.
 To place casualty in care of a responsible person.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 When there is a build up of pressure on the brain.
 RECOGNITION
 Casualty may become unconscious.
 History of recet head injury.
 Intense headache.
 Noisy breathing, becoming slow.
 Slow, yet full and strong pulse.
 Unequal pupil size.
 Weakness and or paralysis down one side of the face or body.
 High temperature, flashed face, drowsiness, Noticeable change in personality, such as
irritability and disorientation.
 To arrange for urgent removal to hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Fracture of the skull.
 RECOGNITION
 Wound or bruise on the head.
 Soft area or depression on the scalp.
 Bruising or swelling behind one ear.
 Bruising around one or both eyes.
 Clear fluid or water blood coming from the nose or an ear.
 Blood in the white of the eye.
 Distortion or lack of symmetry of the head or face.
 Progressive deterioration in the level or response.
 To maintain and open airway.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 A condition whereby blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly impaired by a blood
clot of a ruptured blood vessel
 RECOGNITION
 Problems with speech and swallowing.
 Uneven movement of the lips.
 Loss of power or movement in the limbs.
 Sudden severe headache.
 Confused emotional mental state that could be mistaken for drunkenness.
 Sudden gradual loss of consciousness.
 To maintain an open airway.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Also called a fit/convulsion(involuntary contraction of the mucles)
caused by disturbance in electrical activity of the brain.
 RECOGNITION
 Sudden unconsciousness.
 Rigidity and arching of the back.
 Convulsive movements.
 To protect the casualty from injury.
 To give care when consciousness is regained.
 To arrange removal of the casualty to hospital if necessary.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Mild form of epilepsy with small seizures during which one appears
distant and unaware of their surrounding..
 RECOGNITION
 Sudden switching off, the casualty may stare blankly ahead.
 Slight or localized twitching or jerking of the lips, eyelids head or
limbs.
 Odd automatic movements such as lip smacking, chewing or making
noises.
 To protect casualty until she is fully recovered.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Also called a fit/convulsion(involuntary contraction of the muscles) caused by
disturbance in electrical activity of the brain.
 RECOGNITION
 Violent muscle twitching with clenched fists and an arched back.
 Signs of fever.
 Twitching of the face with squinting, fixed or upturned eyes.
 Breath holding, drooling at the mouth.
 Loss or impairment of unconsciousness..
 To protect the child from injury.
 To cool the child.
 To reassure the parents or carer.
 To arrange removal to hospital

FIRST AID TRAINING
Inflammation of the lining of the brain due to infection.
 RECOGNITION
 very unwell, with a flu-like illness and a high temperature
 mottled or very pale skin
 hands and feet may feel cold to touch
 joint and limb pain
 as the infection develops, severe headache
 neck stiffness
 vomiting
 eyes may be sensitive to light
 Drowsiness

FIRST AID TRAINING
Management
 Call for help.
 While waiting for help to arrive, start to treat their fever.
 If they have rash, you can do the glass test. Most rashes will
fade if you press the spots with the side of a glass. If they do
not fade, call for emergency help at once.
 Reassure them and keep them cool. Give them plenty of
water to replace fluids lost through sweating.
 Monitor their level of response.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Due to multiple causes
 RECOGNITION
 Headache.
 To relieve the pain.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Severe sickening headaches.
 RECOGNITION
 Before the attack, may be warning period with disturbance of vision
in the form of flickering lights and or a blind patch.
 Intense throbbing headache, which is sometimes on just one side of
the head.
 Abdominal pain , nausea and vomiting.
 Inability to tolerate bright light or loud noise.
 To relieve the pain.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Earache or ear pain may be due to infections and
inflammation of the external, middle or inner ear as well as
from structures that are located adjacent to the ear itself.
 Symptoms
 Redness and swelling around the outer ear
 Fever
 Ear pain
 Jaw pain
 Sore throat
 Itching
 Draining
 Ringing in the ears

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Severe sickening headaches.
 RECOGNITION
 Before the attack, may be warning period with disturbance of vision in the
form of flickering lights and or a blind patch.
 Intense throbbing headache, which is sometimes on just one side of the head.
 Abdominal pain , nausea and vomiting.
 Inability to tolerate bright light or loud noise.
FIRST AID
 Have the person rest in a cool, dark room.
 Apply a cool compress or ice pack to the painful area.
 Massage the scalp.
 Refer

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Tooth pain.
 RECOGNITION;
 Casualty will express this
 FIRST AID.
 Use dental floss to remove any food particles trapped
between the teeth.
 Rinse your mouth with warm salt water
 Ensure casualty sees a dentist.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Reassure casualty
 Replace lost fluids and salts (could give ORS)
 Give an adult plenty of clear fluid, like fruit juices, soda,
sports drinks and clear broth. Avoid milk or milk-based
products, alcohol, apple juice, and caffeine while you have
diarrhea and for 3 to 5 days after you get better. They may
make diarrhea worse.
 Give a child or infant frequent sips of a rehydration solution
 Make sure the person drinks more fluids than they are losing
through diarrhea. If they are unable to keep up with their
losses, call a doctor.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Injuries caused by environmental factors such as extremes of
heat and cold.
 Injuries may be localised or generalised.
 The skin:
 Largest body organ.
 Consist of inner layer(dermis), outer layer
(epidermis),fatty layer(subcutaneous).
 Epidermis is covered by dead cells and sebum.(protects
the body)
 Dermis made up of blood vessels and nerve endings.
 Skin functions: include protection/barrier, maintaining
body temperature,

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Obtain medical aid.
 Burns
 Protect yourself and casualty from danger.
 Assess the burn, prevent further damage and relieve the
symptoms.
 Extreme temperatures.
 Protect the casualty from heat and cold.
 Restore normal body temperature.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION:
 Damage to the skin caused by heat
TYPE OF BURN CAUSES
Dry burn Flames, contact with hot objects ,friction
Scald Steam from hot liquids
Electrical burn Low voltage current, high voltage current and
lightening.
Cold injury Frostbite, contact with freezing objects, contact with
freezing vapours.
Chemical burn Industrial and domestic chemicals
Radiation burn Sunburns, overexposure to UV rays, radioactive
rays such as x-rays.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Based on the depth of skin damage
 Superficial
 Partial thickness.
 Full thickness..
 Burns that need hospital treatment
 All full thickness burns
 All burns involving the face, hands, feet or genital area.
 All burns that extend right around the arm or a leg.
 All Partial thickness burns larger than 1% of the body.
 All superficial burns larger than 5% of the body.
 Burns with mixed pattern of varying depths.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 Pain
 Signs of shock.
 FIRST AID PRIORITIES.
 To stop the burning and relieve the pain.
 To treat associated injuries.
 To minimise the risk of infection.
 To arrange urgent removal to hospital and the gather
information for the emergency services.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 Reddened skin.
 Pain in the area of burn.
 Blistering of the affected area.
 To stop the burning.
 To relieve pain and swelling.
 To minimize the risk of infection.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 May be soot around the nose of mouth.
 Singeing of the nasal hairs.
 Redness swelling or actual burning of the tongue.
 Damage to the skin around the mouth.
 Hoarseness of the voice.
 Breathing difficulties.
 To maintain and open airway.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 Unconsciousness
 Full thickness burns, with swelling, scorching and
charring at the points of entry and exit.
 Signs of shock
 A brown coppery residues on the skin if the casualty has
been a victim of ‘arcing’ high voltage electricity.
 Treat the burns and shock.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 May be:
 Evidence of chemicals in the vicinity.
 Intense stinging pain.
 Later discoloration, blistering, peeling and swelling of
the affected area.
 To make the area safe and inform the relevant authority.
 To disperse the harmful chemical.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 May be:
 Intense pain in the eye.
 Inability to open the injured eye.
 Redness and swelling around the eye.
 Copious watering of the eye.
 Evidence of chemical substances in the area.
 To disperse the harmful chemical.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 DEFN: Surface of the eye damaged be exposure to the UV light.
 RECOGNITION
 May be:
 Intense pain in the affected eye
 A gritty feeling in the eyes
 Sensitivity to light.
 Redness and watering of the eye.
 To prevent further damage.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 DEFN: solvent spray used by police or for self defence..
 RECOGNITION
 May be:
 Watering of the eyes.
 Uncontrollable coughing and sneezing.
 Burning sensation in the skin and throat.
 Chest tightness and difficulty with breathing.
 To get casualty into fresh air.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 DEFN: burn caused by overexposure to sun or sun lamp.
 RECOGNITION
 May be:
 Reddened skin.
 Pain in the area of the burn.
 Blistering of the affected skin.
 To remove the casualty out of the sun.
 To relieve discomfort and pain.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 DEFN: highly irritating prickly red rash mostly in hot weather.
 RECOGNITION
 May be:
 Prickling or burning sensation
 Rash of tiny red spots or blisters
 To relieve discomfort and pain.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 DEFN: Lose of salt and water from the body through excessive sweating.
 RECOGNITION
 May be:
 Headache, dizziness and confusion.
 Loss of appetite and nausea.
 Sweating with pale clammy skin.
 Cramps in the arms, legs, or the abdominal wall.
 Rapid weakening pulse and breathing.
 To replace lost body fluids and salt.
 To cool the casualty down if necessary.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 DEFN: failure of the brain to regulate the body temperature.
 RECOGNITION
 May be:
 Headache, dizziness and discomfort.
 Restlessness and confusion.
 Hot flushed and dry skin.
 Rapid deterioration in the level of response.
 Full bounding pulse.
 Body temperature above 40deg.
 To lower casualty’s body temperature as soon as possible.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 DEFN: Extremities freeze due to low temperatures.
 RECOGNITION
 May be:
 At first, pins and needles.
 Pallor followed by numbness.
 Hadening and stiffening of the skin.
 A colour change in the skin.
 To warm the affected area slowly to prevent further tissue
damage.
 To arrange transport to hospital

FIRST AID TRAINING
 DEFN: develops when body temperature falls below 35deg.
 RECOGNITION
 May be:
 Shivering and cold, pale dry skin.
 Apathy or disorientation.
 Lethargy or impaired consciousness.
 Slow and shallow breathing.
 Slow and weak pulse.
 To prevent the casualty losing more body heat.
 To re-warm the casualty slowly.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Foreign objects: objects that find their way to the body through
wound, skim or body orifice.
 Affected are the sensory organs.
 Skin
 Eyes
 Ears
 Nose
 Mouth.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Establish whether or not a foreign object can be removed
safely.
 Prevent further damage.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Enter top layer of the skin.
 RECOGNITION
 See the splint.
 To remove the splinter.
 To minimize the risk of infection.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 Fish hook in the skin.
 RECOGNITION
 See the hook.
 To remove the fish hook without causing the casualty
any further injury and pain.
 To obtain medical aid.
 To minimize risk of infection.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION;
 There may be:
 Blurred vision.
 Pain or discomfort.
 Redness and watering of the eye.
 Eyelids screwed up in spasm.
 PRIORITIES OF FIRST AID
 To prevent injury to the eye.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION;
 The casualty would feel something in the ear.
 Ear ache.
 To prevent injury to the ear.
 To remove a trapped insect if it is moving.
 To arrange transport to hospital if a foreign object is
lodged in the ear.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION;
 There may be:
 Difficult or noisy breathing through the nose.
 Swelling of the nose.
 Smelly or blood stained discharge, indicating that an
object may have been lodged for a while.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION;
 There may be:
 Some sign or noise of choking, which quickly
passes.
 Persistent dry coughing.
 Difficulty breathing.
 Treat for choking.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 To obtain medical aid if necessary

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Include exposure to or ingestion of toxic substances, including
drugs and alcohol, chemicals and contaminated food.
 Non intentional is called poisoning and intentional is called
attempted suicide.
 Bites and stings require medical attention because of risk of
infection and allergic reactions.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Identify the poisonous substance.
 Ensure safety of your self and the casualty.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Route of entry Possible effects Action
Swallowed (digested) Nausea and vomiting, abdominal
pain,seizures,irregular or fast or slow heart beat,
impaired consciousness
Monitor casualty
Seek medical help
Resuscitate if necessary
Absorbed Poisons through skin Pain, swelling rash, redness, itching Remove contaminated clothing
Wash area for at least 10 minutes.
Seek medical help.
Inhaled Difficulty in breathing ,hypoxia, cyanosis (grey –
blue skin coloration)
Help casualty into fresh air.
Seek medical help.
Splashed in the eye Pain and weakening of eye blurred vision. Irrigate the eye
Seek medical help
Injected through skin Pain, redness and swelling at injection site, blurred
vision nausea and vomiting difficulty breathing
seizures, impaired consciousness anaphylactic
shock
For sting/venom
Remove sting, if possible, seek medical help and
For injected drugs
Seek medical help

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION:
 Depends on the poison, but there may be:
 Vomiting sometimes blood stained.
 Impaired consciousness.
 Pain or burning sensation.
 Empty containers in the vicinity.
 History of ingestion/exposure.
 To maintain the irway breathing and circulation.
 To remove any contaminated clothing.
 To identify the poison.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 Depends with drug ingested.
 To maintain breathing and circulation.
 To arrange removal to hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 There may be:
 A strong smell of alcohol.
 Empty bottles or cans.
 Impaired consciousness, the casualty may respond if roused, but will quickly relapse.
 Deep, noisy breathing.
 Full bounding pulse.
 Unconsciousness.
 Dry bloated appearance to the face
 Shallow breathing.
 Weak , rapid pulse.
 Dilated pupils that react poorly to light.
 To assess for other conditions.
 To seek medical help if necessary.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 The may be:
 Nausea and vomiting
 Cramping abdominal pains.
 Diarrhoea (possibly blood stained).
 Headache or fever.
 Features of shock.
 Impaired consciousness..
 To encourage the casualty to rest.
 Give casualty plenty of plain fliuids to drink.
 To obtain medical aid if necessary..

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 There may be:
 Cramping abdominal pains.
 Diarrhoeal
 Seizures.
 Impaired consciousness'.
 To identify the poisonous plant, if possible.
 To manage any seizures.
 To obtain medical aid if necessary

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 Pain at the site of the sting.
 swelling around the site of the sting.
 To relieve swelling and pain.
 To arrange removal to hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 Depends on species but generally
 Pain, and swelling at the site of sting
 Headache.
 To relieve he pain and swelling.
 To arrange removal to hospital, if necessary.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION
 There may be:
 A pair of puncture marks.
 Severe pain and swelling at the ste of the bite.
 Disturbed vision.
 Increased salivation and sweating.
 To prevent the spread of venom in the body.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 To relieve pain and discomfort.
 To arrange removal to hospital if necessary.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 FIRST AID PRIORITIES;
 To relieve pain and discomfort.
 To arrange transport of the casualty to hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 To control bleeding.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Normal delivery has three stages of labour.
 First stage; uterine contraction, baby gets to position
 Second stage: actual birth.
 Third stage: after birth (placenta and umbilical cord
expelled.)

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION;
 May be :
 Contractions, occurring at short intervals.
 Show (blood stained discharge )
 Breaking of the water.
 To reassure the woman and make her comfortable.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION;
 Urge to push.
 Strong frequent contractions.
 Emergence of baby head (crowning)
 Rapid delivery of baby’s body.
 Ensure mother is comfortable.
 To prevent infection in the mother, baby and yourself.
 To care for the baby, during and after delivery..

FIRST AID TRAINING
 RECOGNITION;
 Mild contractions before the afterbirth is expelled.
 Some bleeding from the uterus.
 To support the mother while she is delivering the
afterbirth.
 To preserve the afterbirth.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION;
 Loss of unborn baby before 24th. week.
 RECOGNITION;
 Cramp like pain in lower abdomen.
 Vaginal bleeding.
 Signs of shock.
 Passage of foetus.
 To reassure and comfort the woman.
 To obtain medical aid.

FIRST AID TRAINING

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION;
 Abnormal physical sensitivity to something.
 RECOGNITION;
 Features vary with allergent and persons.
 To assess the severity of the reaction.
 Treat symptoms if they are only mild.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION;
 Sustained body temperature above normal.
 RECOGNITION;
 Raised temperatures.
 Headache
 Generalised aches and pains
 To bring down the fever

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION
 When there is a build up of pressure on the brain.
 RECOGNITION
 Casualty may become unconscious.
 History of recet head injury.
 Intense headache.
 Noisy breathing, becoming slow.
 Slow, yet full and strong pulse.
 Unequal pupil size.
 Weakness and or paralysis down one side of the face or body.
 High temperature, flashed face, drowsiness, Noticeable change in personality, such
as irritability and disorientation.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION;
 Caused by spasms in the diaphragm.
 RECOGNITION;
 Actual hiccups
 To help normal breathing to resume.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION;
 Loss of balance.
 RECOGNITION;
 Sensation of spinning.
 Possible nausea and vomiting.
 To relieve any symptoms.
 Particle repositioning (Epley Manouvre)

FIRST AID TRAINING
DIABETES MELLITUS
 Insufficient production of insulin by the body.
 Hyperglycaemia.
 Hypoglycaemia.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION;
 High blood sugar
 RECOGNITION;
 Warm, dry skin, rapid pulse and breathing.
 Fruity/sweet breath and excessive thirst.
 If untreated drowsiness then unconsciousness..
 To arrange for urgent removal to the hospital

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION;
 Low blood sugar.
 RECOGNITION;
 History of diabetes/diabetes warning card.
 Weakness, faint ness or hunger.
 Palpitations and muscle tremors.
 Sweating, cold and clammy skin.
 Pulse may be rapid and strong
 Response deterioration.
 Raise sugar level of blood ASAP.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION;
 Sudden bout of extreme anxiety.
 RECOGNITION;
 Hyperventilation.
 Muscular tension.
 Fear
 Trembling, sweating and dry mouth.
 High pulse rate and sometimes, palpitations.
 To remove any obvious cause of panic.
 To help casualty regain self control..

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION;
 Abnormal or aggressive behaviour..
 RECOGNITION;
 Confusion..
 To help casualty resume normal behaviour.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INTRODUCTION;
 Pain in the throat expecially upon swallowing.
 RECOGNITION;
 Casualty will express this
 To relieve

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Relieve pain and discomfort.
 Obtain medical aid if necessary
 CRAMPS
 To help relieve the spasm and the pain.
 STITCH.
 To help relieve the symptoms

FIRST AID TRAINING
Respiration
12-20 per minute while resting
Under 12 or over 25 is abnormal
Chest Compressions
100-120 per minute
Heartbeat Rate
60-100 per minute (lower rate at rest= more
efficient
heart function. E.g. an athlete may have 40 per
min

FIRST AID TRAINING
Body Temperature
97F (36.1C) to 99F (37.2C) adults over 65years
Other adults – Below 98.6F (37C)
Blood Pressure 120/80

FIRST AID TRAINING
Blood Sugar Levels

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