The constellation of emergency procedures needed to ensure a person’s immediate survival, including CPR, control of bleeding, treatment of shock and poisoning, stabilisation of injuries and/or wounds, and basic first aid.

1. By: Chila G. Lipata EMT, SO2

2. Introduction
First Aid
Is an immediate help provided to injured person
until professional medical arrives or becomes
available.
Scope and Limitation
First aid does not imply medical treatment
and is by no means replacement for it.

3. Basic Life Support
An emergency procedure that consist of
recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest or
both and the proper application of CPR to
maintain life until a victim recovered or
advanced life support is available.

4.  Emergency Action Principles
 SoftTissue Injuries
 Bandaging and splinting
 Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
 Victim removal
Topics

5. Objectives
 How to take appropriate action in any emergency.
 Basic wound management.
 How to control bleeding, immobilizing and basic
bandaging and splinting techniques.
 How to increase the chances of survival.
 Basic victim removal techniques.
Upon completion of this module you will be able to
learn the following:

6. Objectives of First Aid
 First aid aims to accomplish the following
goals:
1. Preserve life
2. Prevent further harm and complications
3. Seek immediate medical help
4. Provide reassurance

7. ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FIRST AID
PROVIDER
 Act as a bridge that fills the gap between the victim and
the physician.
 Ensure the personal safety and of the patient and
bystanders.
 Summon more advanced medical care as needed.
 Provide needed care for the patient.
 Assist EMT and medical personnel.
 Record all assessments and care given to the patient.

8. CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD FIRST AID
PROVIDER
G- Gentle
R- Resourceful
O- Observant
T-Tactful
E- Empathetic
R- Respectable

9.  Rubbing alcohol
 Bandage (triangular)
 Elastic roller bandage
 Splints
 Povidone iodine
 Penlight
 Tongue depressor
 Hydrogen Peroxide
 Safety pins
 Cotton
 Forceps
 Band aid
 Scissors
 Gauze Pads
 Tweezers
 Gloves
 Medical tape
Items you should have in your First Aid kit

10. Emergency Action Principles
An emergency scene can be overwhelming. In order for the
first aider to help effectively, it is important that actions have
to be prioritized and planned well.
Scene Safety
 Knowing what happened
 Cause of injury
 Nature of illness
 Role of bystanders
 Number of casualties
 Asking permission or consent

11. To obtain consent, do the following:
 Identify yourself to the victim.
 State your name of training.
 Ask the victim weather you may help.
 Explain what you observe.
 Explain what you plan to do.

12. Primary Assessment
Assessing Responsiveness
a patients response level can be summarized in the
AVPU mnemonic as follows:
 A- Alert
 V- Responsive to voice
 P- Responsive to pain
 U- Unresponsive/Unconscious

13. II. Activate Medical Help
Ask someone to call for local emergency number and get an
Automated External Defibrillator (AED).
III. Airway
An open airway allows air enter the lungs for the person to
breathe. If the airway is block, the person cannot breathe.
IV. Breathing
While maintaining an open airway, quickly check an
unconscious person for breathing by doing the Look, Listen
and Feel (LLF) technique for no more than 10 seconds.

14. V. Circulation
 Pulse
Check for definitive pulse at carotid area for adult or child,
while brachial for infant (Applicable for Professional
Rescuers and Healthcare Providers)
 Bleeding
Quickly look for severe bleeding by looking over the
persons body from head to toe for signals such as blood-
soaked clothing or blood spurting out of the wound.

15.  Shock
If left untreated, shock can lead to death. Always look for
the signals of shock whenever you are giving care.
 Skin color, temperature and moisture
Assessment of skin temperature, color, and condition can
tell you more about the patients circulatory system.

16. Secondary Assessment
If you determine that an injured or ill person is not in an
immediately life-threatening condition, you can begin to
check for other conditions that may need care.
 Interviewing the person and bystanders
 Checking the person head to toe.
 Checking for vital signs.

17. To gain essential information about the patients
medical history, ask the patient questions based on
the SAMPLE approach:
S – Signs and symptoms
A – Allergies
M – Medications
P – Pertinent past medical history
L – Last intake and output
E – Events leading up to the injury or illness

18. Bandaging
What is Bandaging?
Covering a break in the skin helps to control
bleeding and protect against infection. Dressings are pads
of gauze or cloth that can be placed directly against the
wound to absorb blood and other fluids. Cloth bandages
cover dressings and hold them in place.

19. Parts of Triangular Bandage

20. Three Folds of a Triangular
Bandage

21. Square Knot
A square knot (or reef knot) is used to tie the ends of a
triangular bandage. It is easy and quick to tie an untie.
It is forms by tying a left-handed overhand knot, or vice versa.
A common mnemonic for this procedure is “ right over left,
left over right, make a knot both duty and tight.”

22. Bandaging techniques using a triangular bandage
OPEN PHASE
 HeadTopside- Wound;Top
of the head
 Face; Back of the head-
Burn
 Chest; Back of the chest -
wound
 Hand; Foot- Burn
 Arm sling- Fracture
 Underarm sling- collarbone
Fracture
NARROW PHASE
 Forehead; eye – wound
 Ear; cheek; jaw- wound
 Shoulder; Hip - Dislocation
 Arm; leg- wound
 Palm bandage of open hand- wound
 Palm bandage of close hand- wound
 Elbow; Knee straight- wound
 Elbow; Knee bent- wound
 Shoe on- Sprain
 Shoe off- Sprain

23. What is splint?
splint is a supportive device that protects a broken
bone or injury. A splint keeps the injured part of your body
still to help with pain and promote healing. Some splints
are flexible and some are rigid.The type of splint you
need will depend on the type of injury you have and the
part of your body that is injured.
Splinting

24. What Are Splints Used For?
Splints are used to treat different types of injuries. Sometimes a
splint is used before a cast, and sometimes a splint is used
alone.
Injuries that are treated with splints include:
 Broken bones
 Sprains
 Carpal tunnel syndrome
 Dislocation
 Strains
 Tendon ruptures

25. Types of
Splint
Rigid splint Soft
splint
Self-splint
(anatomic splint)

26. Soft Tissue Injuries
A wound is any physical involving a break in the layers of
the skin. Wounds are generally classified as either closed or
open.
Closed Wound
A closed wound is a wound where the outer layer of the
skin is intact and the damage lies below the surface.

27. First Aid Management
 Apply an ice pack.
 Elevate the injured part.
 Do not assume that all closed
wounds are minor injuries
 Help the person to rest
 Provide comfort and reassure the
person

28. Open Wound
In an Open Wound, the outer layer of skin is broken.
The break in the skin can be as minor as a scrape of the
surface layers or as severe as a deep penetration.
First Aid Management
General care for open wound includes controlling
bleeding, preventing infection and using dressings and
bandages correctly.

29. Minor Open Wounds
 Use a barrier between your hand
and the wound.
 Apply direct pressure.
 Wash abrasions and other
superficial wounds.
 Apply a Povidone-iodine (PVP-I)
antiseptic solution or if available, a
triple antibiotic or cream.
 Cover the wound with a sterile
dressing.
 Wash your hands immediately after
giving care.
Types of OpenWounds
 Abrasions
 Lacerations
 Avulsion
 Amputation
 Puncture

30. Major Open Wounds
 Call the local emergency number.
 Put on PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
 Control bleeding by applying direct pressure
or employing a pressure bandage.
 Monitor airway and breathing
 Incase where the injured party is in shock,
keep him or her from experiencing chills or
feeling overheated.
 Have the person rest comfortably and provide
reassurance.
 Wash your hands immediately after care.

31. Burn
Burn are injuries to the skin and to other body tissues that is
caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
First Aid Management
 Thermal burns
 Check the scene for safe.
 Stop the burning by removing the
victim from the source of the burn.
 Check for life-threatening
conditions.

32.  Cool the burn with large amounts of cold running water.
 Cover the burn loosely with a sterile dressing.
 Prevent infection. Do not break blisters.
 Apply a triple antibiotic ointment if the person has no
known allergies or sensitivities to the medication.
 Take steps to minimize shock.
 Comfort and reassure the victim.

33. Chemical Burns
 Remove the chemical from the skin as quickly as possible.
 Flush the burn with large amounts of cool running water.
 If an eye is burned by chemical, flush the affected eye
with water until advanced medical personnel take over.
 If possible, have the person remove contaminated
clothes to prevent the spread of infection while you
continue to flush the area.

34. Electrical Burns
 Never go near the person until you are sure that he or
she is no longer in the contact with the power source.
 Turn off the power at its source and be aware of any life
threatening conditions.
 Call the local emergency number.

35.  Be aware that electrocution can cause cardiac and
respiratory emergencies.
 Care for shock and thermal burns.
 Look for entry and exit wounds and give appropriate
care.
 Remember that anyone suffering from electric shock
requires advance medical attention.

36. Radiation
 Care for dressing radiation burn, sunburn, as you
would for any thermal burn.
 Always cool the burn and protect the area from
further damage by keeping the person away from the
burn source.

37. Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
A combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths.
When the heart is not beating, chest compressions are
circulate blood containing oxygen.
Cardiac Arrest
Occurs when the heart stops contracting and no blood
circulate through the blood vessels and vital organs are
deprived of oxygen.

38. When not to Start CPR
It is recommended that all patients in cardiac arrest receive
resuscitation unless:
 The patient has a valid “ Do Not Attempt Resuscitation”
(DNAR) order:
 The patient has sign of irreversible death: rigor mortis,
decapitation, or dependent lividity.
 No physiological benefit can be expected because the vital
functions have deteriorated despite maximal therapy for
such conditions as progressive septic or cardiogenic shock.

39. When to Stop CPR
 Spontaneous signs of breathing and circulation are
restored.
 Turned over to professional provider.
 Operator is exhausted and cannot continue CPR.
 Physician assumes responsibility
 Scene become unsafe.

40. Checking for danger forms the first part of DR’s ABC – an
acronym used to remember the steps to take when dealing
with a collapsed person.
DR’s ABC stands for:
 Danger
 Response
 Shout for help
 Airway
 Breathing
 Circulation/CPR/Call for help (this can vary depending on
local protocol)

41. CPR with rescue breaths
 Place the heel of your hand on the center of the
person's chest, then place the palm of your other
hand on top and press down by 5 to 6cm (2 to 2.5
inches) at a steady rate of 100 to 120 compressions a
minute.
 After every 30 chest compressions, give 2 rescue
breaths.

42.  Tilt the person's head gently and lift the chin up with 2
fingers. Pinch the person's nose. Seal your mouth over
their mouth and blow steadily and firmly into their
mouth for about 1 second. Check that their chest rises.
Give 2 rescue breaths.
 Continue with cycles of 30 chest compressions and 2
rescue breaths until they begin to recovered or
emergency help arrives.

43. Chest compression only (Hand only) CPR
Is performed if a person is unwilling or unable to perform
ventilation.
 Chest compression only (Hands only) CPR is recommended
in the following circumstances:
 When a rescuer is unwilling or unable to perform mouth-to-
mouth or rescue breathing.
 For use in dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions where the
simplicity of this modified technique allow untrained
bystanders to rapidly intervene.

44. Lifting and Moving
Lifting and carrying are dynamic processes. A patient
can be moved to safety in many different ways, but no
one way is best for every situation.The objective is to
move a patient to safety without causing injury to either
or the first aider.

45. Emergency Move
is the movement of a patient to a safe place before initial
assessment and care is provided, typically because there is
some potential danger.
Non-emergency Move
is the movement of a patient when both the scene and the
patient are stable

46. Generally, DO NOT move an injured or ill person while
giving care except in the following situation:
 When faced with immediate danger such as fire, lack of
oxygen, risk of explosion or a collapsing structure. Give
care only when it ca be done safely.
 When there is a need to get to another person who may
have a more serious problem. In this case, a person with
minor injuries may be moved to reach someone needing
immediate care.

47.  When it is necessary to give proper care. For example, if
someone need CPR, he or she might have to be moved
from a bed because CPR needs to be performed on a
firm, flat surface. If the surface or space is not adequate
for giving the necessary care, the person should be
moved.

48. Lifting and Moving Guidelines
 Only attempt to move persons who you are sure you can
comfortably handle.
 Bend your body at the knees and hips.
 Lift with your legs, not with your back.
 Walk carefully using short steps.
 When possible, move forward rather than backward.
 Always look where you are going.

49.  Support the victims head, neck and back, if necessary.
 If supine, lift and carry the patient's entire body as one
unit.
 Avoid bending or twisting a victim with a possible head,
neck or back injury.
 Use the log-roll technique when placing a blanket or a
spine board under the patient in preparation for a carry.

50. Lifting and Moving Techniques
Transferring
One Man
 Assist to walk
 Carry in Arm (lovers carry)
 Pack Strap Carry
 Fireman’s Carry
 Fireman’s Drag
 Piggy-Back Carry
 Ankle Drag
 Armpit/Clothes Drag
Two Man
 Two-Man Assist to walk
 Hand as a litter
 Carry by Extremities
Three Man
 Bearer’s Alongside
 Hammock Carry

51. Steps in assisting a victim lying supine on the
ground or floor to stand
 Kneel beside the victim
 Fold arms on chest and flex victim’s legs at the knees.

52.  Lift the shoulders so that the victim can sit.
 Hold on to the arms through the armpits and squat behind the victim with the
body upright.
 Stand and lift the victim by straightening legs.

53. Assist to walk
 This is for someone who has
suffered a minor injury and merely
feels weak. He can still walk, but
needs help.
 Bring one arm over your shoulder.
 Grasp his wrist with the hand now
below the arm.
 Place your free arm around his
waist.
 In this manner, walk slowly to your
destination.

54. Carry in Arm (lovers carry)
 Single rescuer to lift a
victim safely by arm
carries. Rescuer holding the
victim around the victim’s
back and under the knees.

55. Pack-Strap Carry
 Place both the victim's arms over
your shoulders.
 Cross the victim's arms, grasping
the victim's opposite wrist.
 Pull the arms close to your chest.
 Squat slightly and drive your
hips into the victim while
bending slightly at the waist.
 Balance the load on your hips
and support the victim with your
legs.

56. Fireman’s Carry
 This technique is for carrying a
victim longer distances. It is very
difficult to get the person up to this
position from the ground. Getting
the victim into position requires a
very strong rescuer or an assistant.
 The victim is carried over one
shoulder.
 The rescuer's arm, on the side that
the victim is being carried, is
wrapped across the victim's legs and
grasps the victim's opposite arm.

57. Fireman’s Drag

58.  The Fireman’s Drag may be used to drag an unconscious casualty
for a short distance.
 It is particularly useful when you must crawl underneath a low
structure, but it is the least desirable because the casualty's head is
not supported.
 Use a triangular bandage, a torn shirt, etc. to tie the casualty's
hands together and place them around your neck.This way you
can move a person much heavier than yourself.

59. Piggy-Back Carry
 This is for a victim who is too
tired to walk, and you have no
one else to assist you with the
carrying.
 Grasp his hands over your chest.
 Slowly stand up, lifting with
your legs to avoid straining your
back.
 Place one arm around their back
and the other hand under their
legs.This carry is used mainly
for women and children.

60. Ankle Drag
• The ankle pull is the fastest method for moving a
victim a short distance over a smooth surface.
This is not a preferred method of patient
movement.
• Grasp the victim by either ankles or pant cuffs.
• Pull with your legs, not your back.
• Keep your back as straight as possible.
• Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as
possible.
• Keep aware that the head is unsupported and
may bounce over bumps and surface
imperfections.

61. Armpit/Clothes Drag
 The Armpit Drag is preferred to the ankle
Drag. It supports the head of the victim.The
negative is that it requires the rescuer to
bend over at the waist while pulling.
 Grasp the victim by the armpit under the
shoulders.
 Keep your arms on both sides of the head or
Support the head.
 Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as
possible.

62. Two-Man Assist to walk
 Wrap the person’s arms around each of your
shoulders and grab their waist.
 Once you have the person standing, guide their arm
around the back of your neck and over your
shoulder.
 Have your partner do the same thing on the other
side.
 As you do this, bend your knees and crouch down
slightly, then straighten up into a standing position.
 Help the person walk while supporting their weight.
Once you’re confident that you have the person well
supported, you and your partner can start walking.
Make sure you are all facing the same direction

63. Hand as a litter
 This technique is for carrying a victim
to the longer distances and can
support an unconscious victim.
 Pick up the victim by having both
rescuers squat down on either side of
the victim.
 Reach under the victim's shoulders
and under their knees.
 Grasp the other rescuer's wrists or
from the squat, with good lifting
technique, stand.
 Walk in the direction that the victim
is facing.

64. Four Arms Seat
 This technique is for carrying conscious
and alert victims to moderate distances.
The victim must be able to stand
unsupported and hold themselves
upright during transport.
 Position the hands as indicted in the
graphic.
 Lower the seat and allow the victim to
sit.
 Lower the seat using your legs, not your
back.
 When the victim is in place, stand using
your legs, keeping your back straight.

65. Carry by Extremities
 Rescuer 1 squats at the
victim’s head and grasps
the victim from behind at
the midsection.
 Rescuer 2 squats between
the victim’s knees,
grasping the outside of the
knees. o Both rescuers rise
to a standing position.

66. Bearer’s Alongside

67.  This technique is for lifting a patient into a bed or stretcher, or for
transporting to short distances
 Each person kneels on the knee nearest the victim's feet.
 On the command of the person at the head, the rescuers lift the victim up
and rest the victim on their knees.
 If the patient is being placed on a low stretcher or litter basket:
 On the command of the person at the head, the patient is placed down on
the litter/stretcher.
 If the victim is to be placed on a high gurney/bed or to be carried:
 At this point, the rescuers will rotate the victim so that the victim is facing
the rescuers, resting against the rescuers' chests.
 On the command of the person at the head, all the rescuers will stand.
 To walk, all rescuers will start out on the same foot, walking in a line
abreast.

68. Hammock Carry

69.  This is the method of rescuing person by which three or
more rescuers get on both sides of the victim.
 The strongest member is on the side with the fewest
rescuers.
 Reach under the victim and grasp one wrist on the
opposite rescuer. The rescuers on the ends will only be
able to grasp one wrist on the opposite rescuer.
 The rescuers with only one wrist grasped will use their
free hands to support the victim's head and feet/legs.
 The rescuers will then squat and lift the victim on the
command of the person nearest the head, remembering
to use proper lifting techniques.