OFA 2021.pptx

FIRST AID TRAINING
“Learn a Skill Save a Life”
instructor: GIDEON MUTUA

FIRST AID TRAINING

FIRST AID TRAINING
Course Objectives
At the end of this course you will be able to:
Define first aid as well as the scope and rules of
intervention.
Effectively manage a medical emergency incident.
Identify, prioritize and manage injuries effectively
until help arrives
Recognize and offer psychosocial support for people
who are emotionally distressed due to experiencing
or witnessing a traumatic event.

FIRST AID TRAINING
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
Introduction to First Aid
Incident and Casualty Management; Mass Casualty
Incidents
Breathing Emergencies
Medical Emergencies
Emergency Child Birth
Trauma
Environmental Emergencies
Movement of Casualties
Psychological First Aid
HIV & Stress Management (Open discussion)
POST COURSE EXAMINATION

FIRST AID TRAINING
WHY OFA?

FIRST AID TRAINING
Mainly due to lack of
Confidence; but may also
be caused by:
 Fear of blood
 Fear of Liability
 Fear of causing injury

FIRST AID TRAINING
 What is first aid?
 Who is a first aid provider?
 Do I have to help?
 What is my responsibility?
 Will I get challenges out there?
 What are the legal issues in first aid?

FIRST AID TRAINING
Ice Breaker #1
Locate the following organs in your body:
 Brain
 Heart
 Lungs
 Stomach
 Liver
 Kidneys

FIRST AID TRAINING
What is first Aid?
 First aid is the first help given to a casualty after
an injury or sudden illness using available
resources and accepted principles of treatment
before handing over to a medically trained person
or Hospital.
 It also seeks to offer psychosocial support for
people who are emotionally distressed due to
experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Ensure airway, breathing, and circulation, stop any bleeding
 Never move a casualty unless there is obvious danger
 When moving casualty, be very careful to avoid further injury
 Treat injuries in correct order
 Give comfort and protection to casualty
 Give protection from weather
 Never leave the casualty alone
 Arrange for medical assistance.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Ice Breaker #2
What are the qualities of a good
First Aider?

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Wash hands with soap and water before and after
treating a causality.
 Use disposable gloves or improvise a barrier when
giving treatment.
 Cover cuts and grazes on your hands with waterproof
dressings.
 Avoid touching a wound or touching any kind of
dressing that will come into contact with the wound.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Try not to breath, cough, or sneeze over a wound
while you are treating a causality.
 Take care not to prick yourself with any needle found
on or near a causality or cut yourself on glass,
 If a face shield or pocket mask is available, use it
when giving rescue breaths.
 Dispose of all waste safely.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Remember hand washing &
Personal hygiene before
and after handling
casualties.
Infection
Control

FIRST AID TRAINING
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
 Assumes that all body fluids are potentially
infectious
 Be aware of the risks associated with emergency
medical care.
 REMEMBER…IF IT IS WET,STICKY AND IT IS
NOT YOURS…DON’T TOUCH!

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Body Substance isolation
 Eye protection
 Gloves
 Clothing change
 Masks- surgical/dust
 Improvised techniques

FIRST AID TRAINING
INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT

FIRST AID TRAINING
Ice Breaker #3
 Describe one major/minor incident that you
have come across and explain how you
handled it.

FIRST AID TRAINING
EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN (E.A.P)
 A detailed step by step process for
assessment and treatment of casualties at a
scene of an incident.
 There are unique challenges that will arise
 Nature of the scene (safety, security, location)
 Number of and condition of casualties
 Number and competence of responders
 Availability of additional resources
 Who is in charge

FIRST AID TRAINING
Assess situation
Make area Safe
Emg. Aid (First Aid)
Get help
After math
•What has happened?
•What is happening now?
•What is likely to happen?
Under this one word stands out ‘AMEGA’

FIRST AID TRAINING
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
 WHAT HAPPENED? (past)
 WHAT IS HAPPENING? (continuous)
 WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN? (future)
1. ASSESMENT
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

FIRST AID TRAINING
Assessment
for Danger
Violence

FIRST AID TRAINING
SAFETY PRIORITY (ABC)
1. AIDER
2. BYSTANDERS
3. CASUALTY
2. MAKE AREA SAFE
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT

FIRST AID TRAINING
3. EMERGENCY AID
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
Establish Response
Call out (ask a direct question)
Give a command (open your eyes)
Give a gentle tap (on the shoulders)

FIRST AID TRAINING
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
4.GET HELP:
Additional Help can come
from;
• Other First Aiders/First
Responders
• Ambulance and EMS team
• Fire department (as necessary)
• Law enforcement (as necessary)

FIRST AID TRAINING
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
4.GET HELP:
PHONE CALL CONTENTS (4WCT)
WHO
WHERE
WHY
WHAT
CONFIRMATION
TIME

FIRST AID TRAINING
Ice breaker #4
Emergency numbers in Kenya

FIRST AID TRAINING
Police -999/112
Kenya Red Cross Society Ambulances
0700395395
0738395395
1199 -Emergency Ops Centre (EOC)
AAR
0725-225-225
0734-225-225
ST. John Ambulance
0721-225-285

FIRST AID TRAINING
5. AFTERMATH
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT

FIRST AID TRAINING
MASS CASUALTY
INCIDENTS (MCI)
who can give us example of
a MCI

FIRST AID TRAINING
Triage
Triage is a system of sorting casualties to
determine the order in which they will
receive medical care and transportation to
definitive care
MASS CASUALTY INCIDENTS

FIRST AID TRAINING
Triage Colour codes
Highest priority
RED
Caualties whose survival
requires care or transport
without delay
Medium priority
YELLOW
Casualties who will survive
even if care is somewhat
delayed
Least priority
GREEN
Casualties who do not require
or will not benefit from prompt
care
BLACK
Dead or unsalvageable victims

FIRST AID TRAINING
Highest Priority
Patients whose
survival requires
care or transport
without delay

FIRST AID TRAINING
Second Priority
Patients who will
survive even if care
is delayed

FIRST AID TRAINING
Low Priority
Patients who do not
require or will not
benefit from prompt
care
Dead Victims
With Minor Injuries

FIRST AID TRAINING
CASUALTY
MANAGEMENT

FIRST AID TRAINING
Casualty Assessment
This involves care of casualty's before transfer
to hospital or medical help arrives. It entails,
 Primary Survey/ Initial assessment
Danger, Response, shout for Help, Airway, Breathing,
CPR
 Secondary Assessment
Head to toe survey

FIRST AID TRAINING
Danger
Response
shout for Help
A B C s
Transportation to
Hospital
Always remember one
word ‘DR H ABC’

FIRST AID TRAINING
Primary Assessment
Secondary
Assessment
Transportation to
Hospital

FIRST AID TRAINING
Danger
Assess the situation and make area safe
Ensure you and the casualty are safe.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Response
 A-Alert/Awake
 V-Voice
 P-Pain
 U-Unresponsive/Unconscious

FIRST AID TRAINING
Response
 A= alert: means that the person is aware of
their environment, opens their eyes
spontaneously and can follow instructions.
 V= verbal: means that the person does not
open their eyes spontaneously, and only
responds to a verbal cue when it is said
directly to them.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Response
 P= pain: means that the person does not
open their eyes spontaneously, nor respond
to verbal cues and only reacts directly to
painful stimuli (like squeezing the fingers or
pinching the back of the hand). The person
may cry, moan or move.
 U= unresponsive: means that the person
does not react, either to verbal or painful
stimuli.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Open Airway
Airway
Obstructed Airway

FIRST AID TRAINING
Airway
 Protect yourself with a mask ;
 Gently tilt their head back (or into a neutral
position for a baby) until their mouth falls open
and lift their chin. (You may need to turn the
person onto their back to do this.)
 The jaw thrust maneuver might result in less
cervical spine movement than the head tilt,
which may be useful to consider when you
suspect a Spinal injury.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Breathing
 Keeping airway open, look, listen and feel for
normal breathing for up to ten seconds. Look for
chest or abdominal movement; listen for
breathing sounds; feel for air.
 Protect yourself with a mask

FIRST AID TRAINING
UNRESPONSIVENESS

FIRST AID TRAINING
 If the person is unresponsive, they will not
move or respond to any noise or touch.
 Perform the following first aid steps;
Unresponsive and breathing
normally

FIRST AID TRAINING
First Aid Steps
If the person is breathing normally:
1. Move them onto their side and tilt their head
back (or into a neutral position if it is a baby) to
maintain an open airway. This is called the
recovery position. A baby can be held in this
position in your arms.
2. Access emergency medical services (EMS).
3. Monitor the person for any changes in their
breathing or level of response. If possible, try to
establish why the person is unresponsive.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Recovery Position

FIRST AID TRAINING
Benefits of Recovery Position
To enable secretions to freely flow out (To
prevent aspiration)
Gravity helps in expansion of lungs
To maintain an open airway
It is a comfortable position

FIRST AID TRAINING
 If a person is unresponsive with abnormal or
no breathing, it is reasonable to assume the
person is in cardiac arrest.
 Perform the following first aid steps;
Unresponsive and abnormal
breathing (Adolescent and Adults)

FIRST AID TRAINING
First Aid Steps
If the person’s breathing is abnormal or they are not
breathing:
1. Immediately ask bystanders to access emergency
medical services (EMS), or if you are alone access
EMS yourself. If using a phone, activate the
speaker function.
2. Begin chest compressions without delay; push
down on the centre of the person’s chest at a
fast and regular rate (100–120 compressions per
minute).

FIRST AID TRAINING
First Aid Steps…cont
3. For those who are willing and able to provide
rescue breaths, a ratio of 30 compressions and 2
rescue breaths (30:2) is performed.
4. Continue to give chest compressions unless
otherwise instructed to pause (either by an
automated defibrillator or professional responder).
Pause compressions if the person shows signs of
recovery, such as coughing, opening their eyes,
speaking or moving purposefully and breathing
normally.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is a set of
lifesaving skills you begin to perform for a
casualty who is unresponsive, not breathing and
no pulse.
 CPR helps keep blood and oxygen flowing to the
brain and heart (vital organs); and buys time until
you can use an Automated External Defibrillator
(AED) or until professional help arrives.
What is CPR?

FIRST AID TRAINING
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
 Be a Strong Link in the Chain of
Survival
What Can YOU do to Help?

FIRST AID TRAINING
Ice breaker #5
Where is your heart located?

FIRST AID TRAINING
Landmark
 How do you locate the center of the
chest?

FIRST AID TRAINING
Elbows
locked &
fingers off
the chest
Press deep
& Fast
Allow chest
to recoil

FIRST AID TRAINING
“Push hard, push fast & allow the chest to
recoil”
 Minimize interruptions of compression

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Open their airway: For a baby, tilt their head slightly to
a neutral position and lift their chin. For a child, tilt
their head back and lift their chin.
 Check for breathing: Look, listen and feel for normal
breathing for up to ten seconds. Look for chest or
abdominal movement; listen for breathing sounds; feel
for breaths on your cheek. If you have any doubt
whether breathing is normal, take action as though it is
not.
Unresponsive and abnormal
breathing (Baby and Child)

FIRST AID TRAINING
First Aid Steps
 If the baby or child’s breathing is abnormal (or they
are not breathing):
1. Immediately ask a bystander to access EMS, or
if you are alone, access EMS yourself. If using a
phone, activate the speaker function.
2. Give two to ﬁve initial rescue breaths using a
mouth-to-mouth-and-nose technique for a
baby or a mouth-to-mouth technique for a
child. Blow steadily for one second until you see
their chest or abdomen rise.

FIRST AID TRAINING
3. Give 30 chest compressions without delay; push down
on the centre of their chest at a fast and regular rate
(100–120 compressions per minute).
4. Give two rescue breaths. Blow steadily into the mouth
or mouth-and-nose for one second until you see the
chest or abdomen rise.
5. Continue with cycles of 30 chest compressions and
two rescue breaths until emergency help arrives or the
baby or child shows signs of life (such as coughing,
opening their eyes, speaking or moving purposefully)
and starts to breathe normally.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Adult Resuscitation
Continue with regular Hands- only CPR

FIRST AID TRAINING
Child & Infant Resuscitation
Continue with regular CPR sequence (30
chest compressions;2 rescue breaths)

FIRST AID TRAINING
 An automated external defibrillator
(defibrillator) is a portable device that analyses
the heart’s rhythm and, if necessary, sends an
electric shock (or defibrillation) to help re-
establish a normal heart rhythm.
Unresponsive and abnormal breathing
when a defibrillator is available

FIRST AID TRAINING
First Aid Steps
1. Begin CPR immediately.
2. Ask a bystander to access emergency medical
services (EMS), or if you are alone access EMS
yourself. If using a phone, activate the speaker
function.
3. Ask a bystander to bring a defibrillator as quickly
as possible.

FIRST AID TRAINING
4. Use the defibrillator as soon as it is available.
Follow the voice prompts, only pausing CPR
when it is absolutely necessary.
5. Continue CPR unless otherwise instructed to
pause (either by the defibrillator or professional
responder). Pause CPR if the person shows signs
of recovery, such as signs of life (opening their
eyes, speaking, crying or moving purposefully) or
starts to breathe normally.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Defibrillation
An automated external defibrillator(AED)

FIRST AID TRAINING
Switch On A.E.D
Some AEDs will
automatically switch
themselves on when
the lid is opened

FIRST AID TRAINING
Attach Pads to Casualty’s Bare Chest

FIRST AID TRAINING
Attach Pads to Casualty’s Bare Chest
Babies and children
under 8 years old
Adults and children over 8 years old

FIRST AID TRAINING
Analysing Rhythm,
Do Not Touch The
Casualty

FIRST AID TRAINING
Shock Indicated
 Stand clear
 Deliver shock

FIRST AID TRAINING
Shock Delivered
Follow A.E.D Instructions
30 2

FIRST AID TRAINING
No Shock Advised
Follow AED Instructions

FIRST AID TRAINING
If casualty starts to breathe, place them in
recovery position

FIRST AID TRAINING
Complications of CPR
 Broken ribs
 Check and correct your hand position.
 Gastric distention
 Caused by too much air blown too fast and
too forcefully into stomach
 Regurgitation
 Be prepared to deal with it!

FIRST AID TRAINING
When to STOP C.P.R…
S – Casualty STARTS BREATHING
spontaneously
T - Transfer of care
O – You are OUT OF BREATH/ Too tired
P – Physician (Doctor) on scene tells you
to terminate your efforts

FIRST AID TRAINING
When not to begin CPR????

FIRST AID TRAINING
Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders

FIRST AID TRAINING
BREATHING PROBLEMS

FIRST AID TRAINING
Causes
 Tongue falling back
 In unconscious persons
 Foreign bodies
 Fluid, solid, stomach contents or other
 Swelling of upper airway
 Due to allergy, infection, trauma or tumor

FIRST AID TRAINING
Choking

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Choking is a true medical emergency that
requires fast, appropriate action by
anyone available. Emergency medical
teams may not arrive in time to save a
choking person's life.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Signs of choking
 Wheeze between cough
when partial
obstruction
 High pitched noise
when breathing in
 Difficulty breathing
 Unconsciousness
 Clutching of the neck
with thumb and
fingers(universal choking
sign)
 Inability to breathe or
speak
 Movement of airway may
be absent
 Death
PARTIAL COMPLETE

FIRST AID TRAINING
Ask “ are you choking ?”
If responds and coughs
ENCOURAGE TO COUGH
If not…
Give Abdominal thrusts for
Adult (Heimlich maneuver)

FIRST AID TRAINING
Chest thrust
Appropriate for:
• Pregnancy more than
3 months /obese
casualties
• When in doubt always
use chest thrusts

FIRST AID TRAINING
Management of choking in Children
 In a conscious child:
 Kneel behind the child.
 Give abdominal
thrusts.
 Repeat the technique
until object comes out.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Management of choking in Infants
 5 Chest thrusts
 5 Back slaps

FIRST AID TRAINING
MEDICAL
EMERGENCIES

FIRST AID TRAINING
Ice Breaker #6
Name the Common Medical
Emergencies

FIRST AID TRAINING
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
 Hypoxia
 Asthma Attack
 Allergic Reaction & Anaphylaxis
 Diabetic emergency
 Feeling Faint
 Disorders of the Heart
 Seizures(epilepsy)
 Stroke
 Emergency Child Birth

FIRST AID TRAINING
SAMPLE HISTORY
S (Signs and symptoms)
A (History of any allergies)
M (Are you taking any medications, as prescription
medication or over the counter)
P (any relevant past medical history)
L (Ask about last meal taken)
E (Ask about the events that led to the illness, e. g
what were you doing before this occurred)

FIRST AID TRAINING
HYPOXIA
 A condition that arises from low oxygen levels in
the body.
 List causes of hypoxia.

FIRST AID TRAINING
FEELING FAINT

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Fainting is a temporary loss of
responsiveness due to a fall in blood supply
to the brain.
 More often, the person does not become
completely unresponsive and usually
becomes fully responsive immediately after.
FAINTING

FIRST AID TRAINING
Causes
 Hunger
 Nervous reaction to pain
 Exhaustion
 Heat
 Stress/ Fear
 Underlying medical conditions
 Standing for too long/Sudden postural
changes
 Sudden bad or good news

FIRST AID TRAINING
Signs and Symptoms
 Paleness of the skin
 Complaint of “spinning sensation”, lightheadedness,
dizziness
 Cold and clammy skin
 Rapid and shallow breathing
 Unconsciousness

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Help the person to sit or lie down in a safe and
comfortable position, where they cannot fall.
2. Monitors casualty’s ABCs
3. Ask the person to do physical counter-
pressure maneuvers to improve blood flow to
their brain.
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
4. If counter-pressure maneuvers are not possible,
ask the person to lie down and raise the legs
(30-60 degrees) which may increase blood flow
to the person’s brain and may improve the
person’s condition.
5. Reassure the person and observe them closely
for changes in their level of response or
breathing. If possible, try to establish why they
feel faint and whether there is anything further
you can do to help them.
First aid steps…cont

FIRST AID TRAINING
1 Squatting 2 Leg tensing 3 Arm tensing
Physical counter-pressure maneuvers

FIRST AID TRAINING

FIRST AID TRAINING
ASTHMA ATTACK

FIRST AID TRAINING
Definition
 Asthma is a chronic illness of the airways in the
lungs. When an attack occurs, the airways in the
lungs swell, narrow and produce extra mucus,
making it difficult to breathe.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Asthma

FIRST AID TRAINING
The person may experience:
 difficult or labored breathing accompanied by
wheezing and coughing
 shortness of breath, or a feeling of suffocation or
tightness in the chest
 rapid breathing and elevated heart rate
 altered mental status including becoming anxious,
confused or unresponsive.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Help the person into a comfortable position.
Reassure them.
2. Help the person to use their inhaler. Loosen
any tight clothing.
3. Access EMS immediately if:
a. the person has no inhaler and the attack
lasts for several minutes
b. the inhaler is ineffective within a few
minutes
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
c. the person is experiencing severe
breathing difficulties
d. the person’s lips, ears, fingers or toes
turn a bluish colour
e. the person has a change in mental status,
such as becoming confused or
unresponsive
f. their breathing becomes slow, less noisy,
or if the person is getting tired.
First aid steps..cont

FIRST AID TRAINING
4. Stay with the person and continue to
observe them, keeping them calm and
comfortable until the attack is over.
Depending on the person’s prescription,
they may use their inhaler again before
medical help arrives.
First aid steps..cont

FIRST AID TRAINING
Reliever inhaler
Universal Blue Capped

FIRST AID TRAINING
Preventor Inhaler

FIRST AID TRAINING
Allergic Reaction and
Anaphylaxis

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Allergies are relatively common, presenting on the
skin, or in the airways and sometimes
accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms.
Chronic allergic disease sometimes deteriorates
suddenly. Some people can also be severely
allergic to something resulting in a life-
threatening anaphylactic reaction (a severe
allergic reaction).
Allergic Reaction

FIRST AID TRAINING
Types of allergic reaction
 Local allergic reaction – affecting a specific area
of the body
 Moderate allergic reaction – spread to other
parts of the body.
 Severe allergic reaction – affects the whole body

FIRST AID TRAINING
 SEVERE allergic reaction
 May occur within up to 30
minutes after exposure
Anaphylaxis

FIRST AID TRAINING
A mild allergic reaction will vary depending on
what is causing it but may include:
 red, itchy eyes
 sneezing, snuffles or runny nose
 abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting
 itching, swelling or hives on the skin,
including the face.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
A severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) is likely to
develop further to also include life-threatening
conditions such as:
 difficulty breathing including shortness of breath, wheezing
or asthma-like appearance
 airway narrowing, swelling of the tongue, throat and larynx,
causing hoarseness, noisy breathing.
Often, the first symptom occurring is difficulty swallowing.
 signs of shock including confusion or agitation, pale or
ashen skin, which may lead to collapse and
unresponsiveness.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
Mild allergic reaction
1. Ask the person about known allergies and any prescribed
medication.
2. If appropriate, remove the allergen (e.g. by rinsing from the skin)
or remove the person from the environment containing the
allergen.
3. Help the person get into a comfortable position and to take their
medication if they have it with them. If trained to do so, and the
local regulations allow, offer the person common antiallergic
medication or remedies.
4. In case of an allergic reaction to the skin, advise the person not
to rub the skin, as this may make it itch more.
5. Monitor the person closely as a mild allergic reaction can develop
into a severe allergic reaction.
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
1. Access EMS as soon as you recognize the person is experiencing
a severe allergic reaction.
2. Help the person to lie down unless they are experiencing breathing
difficulties. In that case, help them to sit down.
3. If the person has an epinephrine auto injector, help them to use it.
The best place for injection is the middle of the outer side of the
thigh. The injection can be administered through clothes if the
clothes are not thick.
4. If a person with symptoms of severe allergic reaction was treated
with but did not respond to the first dose of epinephrine within five
to ten minutes, a second dose may be considered.
5. Keep monitoring the person’s responsiveness and breathing
regularly until EMS is accessed.
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
Epi-pen Auto-injectors

FIRST AID TRAINING
DIABETIC EMERGENCY

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the
body struggles to produce or respond to insulin,
the hormone which regulates blood sugar levels.
 A diabetic emergency happens when a person’s
blood glucose level goes outside the normal
range, resulting in either too much sugar in the
blood (hyperglycemia) or too little sugar in the
blood (hypoglycemia).
Diabetes

FIRST AID TRAINING
General weakness
Headache
Extreme thirst
Rapid heartbeat
Blurred vision
Frequent urination
Fruity breath
Confusion and disorientation
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain/ bloating
Deep rapid breathing
Early recognition
Hyperglycaemia

FIRST AID TRAINING
Someone with low blood sugar
(Hypoglycaemia) may experience:
 sweating with cold, clammy skin
 weakness, faintness or hunger
 drowsiness, restlessness, aggressiveness
(often resembling drunkenness)
 headache
 rapid pulse
 muscle tremors
 deteriorating level of response and leading
eventually to seizures or unresponsiveness.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Help the person to sit down.
2. If the person has their own glucose or another sugar
source, help them to take 15-20 grams of it. If they do
not, give them a sugary (non-diet) drink, such as fruit
juice, or some sugar (such as three teaspoons of sugar
or three pieces of candy.
3. If symptoms continue after 15 minutes, give the
person a repeated amount of glucose or sugar
substance.
4. If the person’s condition does not improve quickly
(around 30 minutes) or they become unresponsive
access EMS.
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
SEIZURES

FIRST AID TRAINING
Seizure
 A seizure is caused by a disruption in the
brain’s electrical activity and can cause
unresponsiveness, muscle twitching, loss of
bodily control or blank staring. Convulsion is
a sudden, violent, involuntary muscle
contractions.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Causes
• Epilepsy – most common
• Other causes:
 High fever
 Infections
 Poisoning
 Head trauma
 Shock
 Hypoxia
Hypoglycemia
 Stroke
 Drugs or alcohol
Hypertension
 Complications of
pregnancy

FIRST AID TRAINING
Signs of a seizure include:
 sudden loss of responsiveness
 sudden collapse
 involuntary muscle movements such as
twitching, jerky movements, stiffness,
arching of the back, clenched jaw
 noisy, difficult breathing
 saliva foaming around the mouth.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
Following the active stage of a seizure the
person may:
 fall into a deep sleep
 start to breathe normally or deeply
 become responsive again, often after a
few minutes
 be unaware of what has happened.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Protect the person from harm by moving any nearby
objects that may hurt them. Avoid moving the person
unless they are in immediate danger (e.g., they are in
oncoming traffic).
2. Place soft padding (e.g., a cushion or sweater) under the
person’s head to protect it. Remove eyeglasses and
loosen any restrictive clothing from around their neck. Do
not restrain the person. Do not force anything between the
person’s teeth.
3. Access emergency medical services (EMS) in any of the
following cases:
a. the person has hurt themselves

FIRST AID TRAINING
c. it is the person’s first seizure
c. the seizure lasts more than five consecutive minutes
d. the person does not regain responsiveness after the
seizure
e. the person is experiencing repeated or different types of
seizures than usual or the seizures have increased in
frequency
f. the person is pregnant or diabetic
g. the person has a high fever
h. the person is under the influence of alcohol or drugs
i. when in doubt.

FIRST AID TRAINING
4. Note the start and stop time of the seizure, as well as
if it reoccurs. Communicate this information to EMS if
available.
5. When the seizure is over, check the person’s breathing
and keep checking this regularly. Remove the padding
from under their head if it may interfere with their
breathing.
a. If they are breathing normally, move them onto
their side and ensure their airway is open.
b. If they have abnormal breathing, see
Unresponsive with abnormal breathing adolescent
and adult or baby and child.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Once you have
ensured your own
safety, remove any
obstacles that could
injure the casualty.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Circulatory Disorders

FIRST AID TRAINING
The Heart
Superior
Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Aorta
Left Atrium
Left ventricle
Pulmonary
arteries
Pulmonary
veins

FIRST AID TRAINING
 The heart pumps blood
 During an emergency
the heart can stop
pumping!

FIRST AID TRAINING
Risk Factors
 Age - (≥ 45 years for men and ≥55 yrs. for women)
 Smoking - damages arterial linings
 Diabetes Mellitus-causes damage to blood vessels
 Family History of Cardiovascular disorders
 Obesity (BMI ≥ 30kg/m²)
 Physical Inactivity

FIRST AID TRAINING
Risk Factors

FIRST AID TRAINING
Preventive Measures
 Eliminate cigarette smoking
 Control hypertension
 Manage cholesterol levels
 Control diabetes(DM)
 Exercises
 Eliminate obesity

FIRST AID TRAINING
Angina
(Narrowing of
Coronary
Arteries)

FIRST AID TRAINING
)Heart Attack
(Blockage of
Coronary Artery

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Pain may be described as discomfort, vice-like
pressure, cramping, squeezing, burning. A heart
attack can start with non-specific complaints:
 nausea
 shortness of breath
 pain radiating to the jaw
 pain in the upper abdomen
 pain between the shoulder blades
 pain that lasts more than a few minutes or it
may come and go.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
 People may also experience the following:
 paleness
 anxiousness
 bluish colour to the skin on their lips, ears, or
fingers.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Help the person to sit down in a comfortable
position and take their medication.
2. Access EMS immediately if you suspect a heart
attack. Ask a bystander to bring a defibrillator if
possible.
3. Suggest the person considers chewing a dose of
325mg Aspirin (or 2 160mg tablets) if a heart
attack is suspected.
4. Reassure the person and monitor their breathing
and responsiveness.
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
Do not give Aspirin if;
 Casualty is allergic to Aspirin
 Casualty has had a recent surgery
 Casualty has stomach ulcers

FIRST AID TRAINING
STROKE

FIRST AID TRAINING
STROKE
A stroke occurs when the blood flow to part of
the brain is interrupted.
This can be caused by bleeding in the brain,
or a blockage of a blood vessel such as by a
blood clot.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Occurs when a part of
the brain is starved of
oxygen.
 Might be due to a clot
or a rupture in the
brain’s blood vessels.

FIRST AID TRAINING
FAST
 FACE – Facial numbness or weakness, especially on one side: ask
the person to smile or show their teeth. Check if the person’s mouth
is crooked and whether one corner of their mouth is drooping.
 ARM – Arm numbness or weakness, especially on one side: ask the
person to extend both arms at the same time, straight out in front of
them and ask them to turn their palms upwards. Carefully look if one
arm is sagging or drifting around.
 SPEECH – Abnormal speech, difficulty speaking or understanding
others or a loss of speech: ask the person or companions if there are
any changes in their speech
 TIME – Time is important: try to find out how long the symptoms have
been going on (when the symptoms started or when they were seen
acting normally by others). Access EMS immediately.
Early recognition (Stroke Scale)

FIRST AID TRAINING
FAST
 Facial Droop
 Arm Drift
 Slurred Speech
 Time
Early recognition (Stroke Scale)

FIRST AID TRAINING
Signs of stroke
 Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or
leg, especially on one side of the body. The
probability of stroke is likely if the person, when
asked to:
show their teeth, the corner of their mouth droops
lift both arms with palms turned upwards while
eyes are closed, one arm drifts or droops.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
Signs of stroke
 Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or
understanding. The probability of stroke is likely if the
person, when asked to:
repeat a simple sentence, speech is unclear or
slurred, or the words do not come easily.
 Sudden trouble in seeing with one or both eyes.
 Sudden trouble walking or experiencing dizziness,
loss of balance or coordination.
 Sudden, severe headache with no known cause.
 Seizure (of a non-epileptic person).
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Use a stroke assessment system to recognize
the symptoms of a stroke.
2. If you suspect a stroke, access EMS
immediately. Note the time it started.
3. Help the person get into the best possible
position, keeping in mind the person’s comfort,
physical and cognitive abilities. Support them if
they are at risk from falling.
4. Monitor the person’s breathing and reassure
them. Keep talking to the person.
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
EMERGENCY CHILD
BIRTH

FIRST AID TRAINING
Emergency Child Birth
 Childbirth is a natural process which usually
takes several hours. This allows time to access
the support of a midwife or to transport the
woman to a birthing facility.
 In some cases, an “emergency birth” takes
place very quickly and not in the place where it
was planned. Childbirth happens naturally
without intervention so for an emergency birth,
the first aid provider’s role is to support the
woman through the process.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Assisting in Emergency Child Birth

FIRST AID TRAINING
Anatomy of a Pregnancy

FIRST AID TRAINING
Stages of Labor
 First stage:
 Lasting an average of 16 hours
 Starts with onset of regular contractions
 Rupture of amniotic sac
 Appearance of “bloody show”
 Ends with full dilatation and effacement
of the cervix

FIRST AID TRAINING
1st Stage
of Labor
Delivery is
imminent
First Contraction to Crowning

FIRST AID TRAINING
First Stage

FIRST AID TRAINING
Stage 2 of Labor
 Begins when cervix is fully dilated
 Contractions become stronger, are closer
together and last longer
 Urge to push
 Presenting part appears
 Ends with the birth of the baby

FIRST AID TRAINING
Second Stage

FIRST AID TRAINING
The infant’s head appearing at the
opening of the birth canal.
Crowning

FIRST AID TRAINING
Birth of the infant

FIRST AID TRAINING
3rd Stage of Labor
 Ends with the
delivery of the
placenta and
umbilical cord

FIRST AID TRAINING
Third Stage

FIRST AID TRAINING
3rd Stage
of Labor
Delivery of the
Placenta

FIRST AID TRAINING
Equipment for Delivery
 Sterile gloves
 Sterile towels
 4 x 4 gauze pads
 Bulb syringe
 Umbilical cord
clamp/strings
 Sanitary pads
 Towel or blanket for baby

FIRST AID TRAINING
Preparation for Delivery
 Wash your hands thoroughly.
 Place a towel or sheet under the woman.
 Have plenty of towels on hand.
 Place the woman in a comfortable position (often
on back with knees bent and legs drawn up and
apart).-Lithotomy Position

FIRST AID TRAINING
Assisting with Delivery
 Have the woman lie
on her back with
her knees drawn up
and apart.
 Tell the mother to
breathe rapidly.
 Do not attempt to
pull the baby during
delivery.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Place your gloved
fingers on the bony
part of the infant’s
skull, and exert gentle
pressure to prevent
explosive delivery.
Use caution to avoid fontanelles

FIRST AID TRAINING
As infant’s head is being born, support the
head, then keep the nose and mouth open

FIRST AID TRAINING
Receive newborn in
clean or sterile towel.
Grasp feet as they are
born.
Wrap infant in a warm
blanket and place on its
side, head lower than
trunk.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Observe for delivery of placenta.
 Expect delivery within 10 – 20 minutes
 Guide placenta from birth canal when it
appears by grasping and rotating –
NEVER PULL
 Do not delay transport

FIRST AID TRAINING
1st clamp
2nd clamp Clamp, tie, and
cut umbilical
cord.
Wait for pulsations to cease
 1st Clamp approximately 4 finger’s
width from the infant

FIRST AID TRAINING
Caring for the Newborn
 Clear mouth and nose.
 Dry infant with towel.
 Wrap child to keep warm.
 Place infant on side with head slightly lower than
trunk.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Aftercare of the Mother
 Observe mother and baby.
 Recheck firmness of uterus.
 Recheck vagina for excessive bleeding.
 Clean mother with towels.
 Cover vaginal opening.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Complications

FIRST AID TRAINING
Prolapsed Cord

FIRST AID TRAINING
Prolapse of Umbilical Cord
 Umbilical cord comes out of the birth canal before
the baby is born.
 A serious emergency that requires rapid
transport
 Prop the mother’s hips and legs higher than the
rest of her body.
 Keep cord covered and moist.

FIRST AID TRAINING
TRAUMA

FIRST AID TRAINING
BLEEDING AND SHOCK
Bleeding occurs due to rupture of blood
vessels that is veins, arteries and
capillaries
Two Types Of Bleeding
 External- can be seen
 Internal -from internal organs

FIRST AID TRAINING
INTERNAL BLEEDING
RECOGNITORY FEATURES
History of injury
Cyanosis
Sign and symptoms of shock
Cold clammy skin
Blood may come out from the body
orifices

FIRST AID TRAINING
INTERNAL BLEEDING
 Mouth -cough up (from lungs)
 Mouth- vomited (upper abdomen)
 Ear -oozing (skull fracture)
 Anus- stool (lower abdomen)
 Urethra ( bladder)
 Vaginal discharge (menstrual/abuse/labour)

FIRST AID TRAINING
FIRST AID FOR INTERNAL BLEEDING
 Lay casualty head and shoulders lower than
the legs
 Loosen tight clothing
 Reassure and explain the necessity of relaxing
 Treat for any other injuries as required
 When conscious put to recovery position and
monitor
 Keep the casualty warm but do not give
anything to eat or drink
 Observe and note progress with ABC as the
priorities
 Be ready to resuscitate

FIRST AID TRAINING
Types of Bleeds
Recognizing the types of external bleeding.
A. Capillary. B. Venous. C. Arterial.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Nose bleeding (Epistaxis)
 Place the patient in a
sitting position leaning
forward.
 Ask casualty to pinch the
nostrils

FIRST AID TRAINING
EXTERNAL BLEEDING
 Severe external bleeding is a life-
threatening condition requiring urgent first
aid. The human body relies upon blood
circulating around the body to deliver
oxygen to organs and tissues such as the
heart and brain.

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Ask the person to apply direct pressure to their
own bleed with their hands.
2. Help the person to lie or sit down.
3. Access emergency medical services.
4. Apply direct pressure to the bleed. If blood
soaks through the dressing, apply a second
dressing over the first one, applying greater
pressure.
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
5. If direct pressure is ineffective and the person is
bleeding from an arm or leg, consider applying a
tourniquet if available. If no tourniquet is available
or it cannot be applied, consider applying a
haemostatic dressing, if available, and continue to
put direct pressure on the bleed.
6. Shock is likely to develop from significant
bleeding. Help the person to lie down on their
back and keep them warm by wrapping them in
clothing if necessary.
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Expose
 eXamine
 Pressure
 Elevate
 Cover
 Treat for shock and Transport
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
Dressings
Bandage
s
A dressing controls
bleeding
Prevents infection
Absorbs discharge
A bandage holds a
dressing/splints in
place
Dressing & Bandaging

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
Apply finger tip pressure directly on the point of
bleeding.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Large gaping wounds may require packing
with sterile gauze and direct pressure to
control bleeding.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Arrange URGENT evacuation to hospital
 Loosen tight clothing
 Reassure and explain the necessity of
relaxing
 Treat for any other injuries as required
 Keep the casualty warm but do not give
anything to eat or drink
 Observe and note progress with ABC as
the priorities
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
SHOCK
 If bleeding is not taken care of, the casualty
might go into SHOCK
 Shock is insufficient supply of oxygen and
nutrients in the body
 Signs include cold clammy skin, thirst ,dizziness,
deteriorating levels of consciousness

FIRST AID TRAINING
1. Help the person to lay down on their back (or in a
comfortable position).
2. Provide care for the cause of shock if possible. For
example, apply pressure to a severe bleed or help them
take their medication if they are having a severe allergic
reaction.
3. Access EMS immediately.
4. Continue to provide care for the cause of the shock if
possible.
5. Keep the person warm. Cover them with a blanket or
clothing and protect them from the ground if it’s cold.
6. Reassure the person by talking to them. Monitor their
responsiveness and breathing regularly.
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
Nothing to eat, drink, or smoke
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
WOUNDS

FIRST AID TRAINING
 INJURIES into the skin or the body surfaces
can cause wounds.
 There are two types of wounds (open & closed)
 Open wounds bleed and are a source of
infection.
 While closed wounds only bleed under the
skin (bruise, black eye & a blister)

FIRST AID TRAINING
Avulsion
Flaps of skin or tissue are torn
loose or pulled completely off

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Basically chunks of tissue removed from the body,
including at least all three layers of skin.
 They are much more than simple lacerations, but
less than full amputations.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 An avulsion that wraps all the way
around an extremity and causes the
layers of tissue to pull away is called
a degloving injury.
 It’s called degloving no
matter where the injury
is; fingers, feet & hands,
 It is common for rings to catch on
things and cause degloving injuries of
the finger.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Stay Safe. Consider Body Substance Isolation
 Control bleeding with direct pressure and elevation, avoiding
tourniquets unless bleeding cannot be controlled and
medical care will not be available for several hours.
 If the tissue (skin, fat, and muscle) is not completely torn
away, replace the flap and dress the wound.
 If the tissue is completely separated from the patient's
body, collect it if available and bring it with the patient to
the hospital.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Avulsions will likely need surgical intervention and bites
have a high incidence of infection.
 If bleeding cannot be controlled, if the injury is a degloving,
or if the area of the avulsion cannot be covered by both of
the patient's palms, then call 1199.
 Large avulsions and all degloving injuries are significant
emergencies that should be taken to the hospital
immediately.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Management
 Apply cold therapy (use ice
cubes wrapped in a clean cloth)
on the place of injury
 Preserve the tooth in milk,
honey or water and take it to the
dentist with the casualty

FIRST AID TRAINING
Amputation

FIRST AID TRAINING
Amputations
 There are two types of amputations: complete
and partial.
 Complete amputation is the total removal of a
limb, while partial amputation is when part of the
limb is still attached to the body.

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
If the amputation is partial:
a. Advise the person to keep the limb as still as possible,
preferably in a position of normal alignment to protect it from
further amputation.
b. Use a sterile bandage or dressing, or clean cloth, to cover the
wound and keep the limb in place.
If amputation is complete:
a. Use a sterile bandage or dressing, or clean cloth, to cover the
wound.
b. Keep the amputated body part dry and cool. To do this, place
the amputated body part in a clean, watertight, plastic bag, and
firmly seal it. Place this inside a larger bag of ice and water
until it can be taken to a medical facility.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Penetration/Puncture
 Caused by
sharp pointed
object
 Internal bleeding
may be severe
 Exit wounds
may be present

FIRST AID TRAINING
Impaled Objects
Do not remove an
impaled object, unless
it is through the cheek,
it would interfere with
CPR, or interferes with
transport.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Apply a Ring Pad

FIRST AID TRAINING
Abrasion
 Outermost layer
of skin is
damaged by
shearing forces.
 Painful injury,
although
superficial
 No or very little
oozing blood

FIRST AID TRAINING
Contusion
 Epidermis
remains intact
 Swelling and
pain are
present
 Blood
accumulation
causes
discoloration

FIRST AID TRAINING
Laceration
 Break in skin of
 varying depth
 May be linear or
stellate
 Caused by forceful
impact with
sharp object.
 Bleeding may be
severe

FIRST AID TRAINING
GUNSHOT WOUNDS
 Could lead to serious
internal injuries. The
entry point is always
very neat while the
exits are always very
rough and rugged and
could come out with
internal body parts.

FIRST AID TRAINING
CHEST INJURIES

FIRST AID TRAINING
 A chest injury includes any injury to the ribs,
heart and lungs.
 Some chest wounds are ‘open’ which means
there is a hole in the chest, usually caused by
injuries such as a gunshot or stabbing. It is also
possible to have sucking or blowing chest
wounds which can cause severe breathing
difficulties.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Penetrating chest wounds
 These are sucking wounds that may result in
the collapsing of either of the lungs caused by
accumulation of air or blood in the chest
cavity.

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
Open chest wound
1. Help the person get into a comfortable position.
Usually, this is a half-seated position leaning slightly on
their injured side to maximize the function of the other
lung.
2. Control any external bleeding by applying pressure
using your hands, ensuring the pressure does not
completely seal the wound.
4. Reassure the person and monitor their breathing,
circulation and level of response, particularly looking for
any signs of shock or breathing difficulties.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Sucking chest wounds
Apply occlusive dressing to the open
wound with a partial seal.

FIRST AID TRAINING
ABDOMINAL INJURIES

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Abdominal wound is any injury to the
abdomen.
 Example is Evisceration
Abdominal Wound

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
1. Help the person get into a comfortable position,
Usually, this is a lying position with knees pulled up,
as this reduces tension on the abdomen.
2. Control any external bleeding by applying pressure.
4. Place a clean dressing over the wound once the
bleeding is controlled by pressure. If internal organs
are bulging out, do not try to push them back into the
abdomen. Cover them with a clean wet dressing.
5. Reassure the person and monitor their breathing,
circulation and level of response, particularly looking
for any signs of shock.

FIRST AID TRAINING
MUSCULOSKELETAL
INJURIES

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Fracture – break, crack or chipping of the bone
 Dislocation – displacement of two or more bones at
a joint.
 Sprain – is the wrenching, tearing or overstretching
of ligaments at a joint by direct or indirect force.
 Strain – is the wrenching, tearing or overstretching
of muscles or tendons either by direct or indirect
force.

FIRST AID TRAINING
o Movement of a bone at a joint away from the
normal position.
o More obvious than a fracture.
o Often forms a bump, ridge (fold) or hollow.
Dislocation

FIRST AID TRAINING
o Tearing of ligament at a joint
o May swell & can involve fractures or dislocations
o Most often occurs in the ankle, knee, wrist or
finger joint.
Sprain

FIRST AID TRAINING
o Stretching & tearing of muscles or tendons.
o Often caused by lifting or overwork.
o Usually involves muscles in the neck, back,
thigh, shoulder or lower leg.
Strain

FIRST AID TRAINING
 R- Rest – Injured part (Do not attempt to straighten the injured area).
Stabilize it in the position found; and splint the injured part ONLY if the
person must be moved.
 I – Ice – Fill a plastic bag or wrap ice with a damp cloth & apply ice
to the injured area for a period of about 20min.
N.B. if continued icing is needed, remove the pack for
20min. & then replace it their after. (Place a thin barrier
between the ice & bare skin).
 C – Compress- Injured part with a crepe bandage to minimize swelling
 E – Elevate - elevate the injured part, if it doesn't cause pain
 S – Splint the injured part
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
Improvise

FIRST AID TRAINING
Fractures
Open Injuries (fracture)
 Break, crack or chipping of the bone
 Break in the continuity of the skin.
Closed Injuries(fracture)
 Break, crack or chipping of the bone
 No break in the continuity of the skin.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Cover an open wound with a clean dressing and
bandage.
 Splint the fracture with a padded and correct
size splint.
 Check for signs of shock and give first aid as
needed.
 Refer the casualty to hospital.
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
Principles of Splinting
 Remove clothing.
 Assess limb.
 Cover all open wounds
with dressing.
 Do not attempt to move
before splinting.
 Immobilize joint above
and below injury.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Apply Manual Stabilization

FIRST AID TRAINING
Measure Splint

FIRST AID TRAINING
Secure entire injured extremity
Apply
splint
immobilizing
the bone
and joint
above and
below the
injury.

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
Elbow Injuries

FIRST AID TRAINING
HEAD INJURIES

FIRST AID TRAINING
CONCUSSION
 This is defined as
shaking of the brain
following a violent blow
to the head leading to
temporary but wide
spread disturbance,
brief loss of
consciousness and loss
of memory.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Becomes unresponsive, even for just a few seconds.
 Has an altered mental status (e.g., they become aggressive,
have slurred speech, have a seizure; children may have an
abnormal attitude or be very quiet and stop playing).
 Has a motor or sensory deficit of one or more limbs (e.g.,
tingling in a limb, or balance or coordination problems).
 Has a severe headache for more than two hours despite taking
pain relief.
 Has impaired vision (e.g., sensitivity to light, blurred or double
vision).
 Has blood or a clear fluid coming out of their nose, ear or
mouth.
 Vomits more than once.
 Is unresponsive with abnormal breathing.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
COMPRESSION
 This is the exertion
of pressure on the
brain either by
clotted blood or
swelling of the brain
pressing itself
against the skull.
This could be hours
after experiencing a
concussion.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Rapid deterioration in levels of response
 Airway is partially obstructed
 Noisy breathing
 Slow weak but full pulse
 Weakness on one side of the body
 Unequal pupils
 History of concussion
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
1. Remove the person from their activity and ask them to
rest.
2. Monitor the person according to the signs of a concussion
and for changes in their level of response and breathing.
3. If the head injury is severe:
a. Access EMS.
b. Reassure the person and encourage them to keep
their head and neck as still as possible. If the person is
lying down, you may also use your hands or knees to
keep their head as still as possible.
c. Monitor the person’s level of response and breathing
until EMS arrives.

FIRST AID TRAINING
SPINE INJURIES

FIRST AID TRAINING
Spine Injuries
Spinal injuries can result in damage that can be
permanent and may include disability such as the loss
of use of the arms or legs.
As with all first aid emergencies, the safety of the first
aid provider should be paramount. Ensuring or
maintaining normal breathing and blood circulation of
the person with a suspected spinal injury remain vital to
their survival.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Early recognition
You may suspect a spinal injury if the injured
person has:
 fallen from a height greater than standing
 been involved in a road traffic collision
 bumped their head while diving head-first
into shallow water
 been involved in a traumatic event (e.g.,
explosion, mechanical incident).

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
1. If the person is responsive and alert, reassure them
and ask them to stay as still as possible. If necessary,
(e.g., they are a child, are drunk, or do not follow to
your instructions) gently support their head to help
them to prevent movement of their neck and spine.
3. Ensure minimal handling or movement of the person
at all times. Monitor their breathing and level of
response for any changes.

FIRST AID TRAINING
BURNS

FIRST AID TRAINING
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
fatty tissue
Muscle fibers
Capillary network
Sebaceous glands
Shaft of hair
Hair follicle
Hair root
(Bulb, papilla)
Sweat gland
Deep fascia
The Skin

FIRST AID TRAINING
Burns
 A burn is a type of injury to the skin or other
tissues caused by:
1. Heat (fire, steam)
2. Cold (ice)
3. Chemicals (acid)
4. Radiation (radioactive materials, the sun,
sunlamps)
5. Electricity.
 Burns are caused by dry heat where as scalds
are caused by moist heat.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Severity Determinants
 Causes
 Location
 Age (<5-55>)
 Depth
 Extent
 Pre-existing Medical Conditions

FIRST AID TRAINING
Superficial Burn (1st Degree)
•Involves the outermost layer of the skin
(epidermis)
•Pain at the site

FIRST AID TRAINING
Partial Thickness Burn (2nd Degree)
 Involves both the dermis and epidermis
 Intense pain; blisters may form
 White-to-red skin that is moist and spotted

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Burn involves all dermal layers and may include
muscle, bone, or organs
 Dry and leathery skin; Charred
 Little or no sensation;; pain at periphery
Full Thickness Burn
(3rd Degree)

FIRST AID TRAINING
Rule of 9's
 Compares burn area to
casualty's palm
 Palm equals
approximately 1% of BSA

FIRST AID TRAINING
BSA - RULE OF NINES (%)
Head & neck
Posterior trunk
Anterior trunk
Each upper extremity
 Genitalia
Each lower extremity
9
18
18
9
1
18
Posterior trunk
18 18
14
14
9
9
18

FIRST AID TRAINING
Assessment
And Care
• Ensure safety & do a Body Surface Area Estimation
• Help the casualty lie down (as this may help prevent
shock).
• Cut around areas of clothing that adhere to patient; do
not attempt to remove adhered fabric.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Stop The
Burning
Process
 Use water or saline to cool burn injuries
 (Copious amount) in the first 10 minutes of injury.
 Remove jewelry and any clothing on fire; (advise the casualty to STOP,
DROP & ROLL)
 Cover the injured area with a sterile dressing to protect it from infection.
 Be ready to resuscitate (burn to the face)

FIRST AID TRAINING
Chemicals burn on the skin
o Ensure your own safety- do not become contaminated
o Carefully remove any contaminated clothing
o Brush away the dry chemical away from the skin
o Flood the affected area with water-unless the chemical
reacts violently with water E.g.: Alkali metals and Acid
(sulfuric)
o Do not attempt to neutralize acid or alkali burns

FIRST AID TRAINING
Chemical Burns to Eyes

FIRST AID TRAINING
Precautions when giving First Aid For Burns
Remove Constrictions, e.g. watches and rings must be
removed before swelling starts
 DO NOT overcool the burn you might lower their body
temperature
 DO NOT remove anything sticking to the burn
 DO NOT break blisters
 DO NOT touch the burn with your bare hands

FIRST AID TRAINING
 DO NOT breath, talk or cough over the burn
 DO NOT apply lotion, oils Vaseline, butter
or fat to the injury
 DO NOT cover the burn with cotton wool,
fluffy materials, adhesive dressings or tape
 DO NOT underestimate burn seriousness
Precautions when giving First Aid For Burns

FIRST AID TRAINING
TRANSPORT OF
CASUALTIES

FIRST AID TRAINING
Movement Determinants
• Distance
• Transport Aids
• Weight (Not heavier than you)
• Terrain
• Bulk

FIRST AID TRAINING
Body Mechanics
 Ensure your own safety.
 Exercise good body mechanics.
 Use leg muscles when lifting.
 Get close to patient and keep your back straight.
 Lift without twisting.
 Assess the weight of your patient.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Body Mechanics
 Know your limitations. Call for additional help if
needed.
 Communicate with all those lifting.
 Practice lifts and moves.

FIRST AID TRAINING
General Principles
 Do no further harm to the patient.
 Move casualty only when necessary.
 Move casualty as little as possible.
 Move casualty body as a unit.
 Use proper lifting and moving techniques.
 Have one rescuer give commands.

FIRST AID TRAINING
The Principles
 Keep your back straight
 Use the body’s strongest muscles
 Keep load close to the body
 If of irregular weight, heaviest side closest to the body
 Safety is always a priority
 Push rather than pull
 Maintain a firm grip
 Use the most correct and safest way to move
 Consider injuries
 If aids are available, use them in the most convenient
way

FIRST AID TRAINING
Straight Back

FIRST AID TRAINING
Power Grip

FIRST AID TRAINING
Recommendations
 Delay movement.
 Treat casualty before starting the move.
 Try not to step over patient.
 Explain to casualty what is going to be done
and how.
 Move casualty as few times as possible.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Emergency Movement
 Move casualty immediately when:
 Danger of fire, explosion, or structural
collapse exists.
 Hazardous materials are present.
 Accident scene cannot be protected.
 Access to other seriously injured patients
is needed.
 CPR must be performed.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Emergency Drags
 Clothes drag
 Cardiac patients and clothes drag
 Blanket drag
 Arm-to-arm drag
 Fire fighter drag
 Emergency drag from a vehicle

FIRST AID TRAINING
Clothes Drag
Incline Drag

FIRST AID TRAINING
Fireman’s Drag
Shoulder Drag

FIRST AID TRAINING
One Rescuer Assist
Blanket Drag

FIRST AID TRAINING
Carries for Non-ambulatory casualty
 Two-person extremity carry
 Two-person seat carry
 Cradle-in-arms carry
 Two-person chair carry
 Pack-strap carry
 Direct ground lift
 Draw-sheet method

FIRST AID TRAINING
One-Person Walking Assist

FIRST AID TRAINING
Wheeled ambulance
stretcher
Stretchers
Portable stretcher

FIRST AID TRAINING
Stair Chair

FIRST AID TRAINING
Suspected Head or Spine Injury
 Move patient as a unit.
 Transport patient face up.
 Keep patient’s head and neck in a neutral
position.
 Be sure all rescuers know what is being
done.
 Be sure only one rescuer is giving
commands.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Log Rolling
 Primary technique to move patient onto a long
backboard
 Move patient as a unit.
 Keep the patient’s head in a neutral position at
all times.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Head Immobilization
 Blanket roll
 Commercial devices
 Head stabilization must be maintained
throughout entire procedure.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Movements when alone

FIRST AID TRAINING
Movements when you are two

FIRST AID TRAINING
Direct Ground Lift
(no suspected
spine injury)

FIRST AID TRAINING
(no suspected spine injury)
Extremity Lift

FIRST AID TRAINING
Movements when your more than
two

FIRST AID TRAINING
ENVIRONMENTAL
EMERGENCIES

FIRST AID TRAINING
Near Drowning
 Near Drowning -
involuntarily submersion of
the body.
 Hypoxia(Oxygen starvation)
leads to unconsciousness

FIRST AID TRAINING
What to expect
 Airway obstruction
 Cardiac Arrest
 Signs of a heart attack
 Injuries to the head and neck
 Internal injuries
 Hypothermia
 Substance abuse
 Spinal injuries

FIRST AID TRAINING
Safety Measures
 Never attempt a rescue unless you
meet all of the following criteria:
You are a good swimmer
Trained in water rescue techniques
Wearing a personal flotation device
You are accompanied by other rescuers
(Continued)

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
 Take care of the ABC’s as a priority
 If breathing adequately, place in recovery
position
 If casualty is not breathing begin CPR
 Treat for hypothermia
 Do not induce vomiting or force water out
 Keep on reassuring the casualty
 Arrange transfer to hospital

FIRST AID TRAINING
Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is a condition in which the body reaches
abnormally high temperatures because it cannot regulate
its internal temperature.
It is caused when the body produces or absorbs too
much heat or both.
Hyperthermia can be mild (heat exhaustion) or severe
(heatstroke). A person can experience hyperthermia
through intense physical activity or from being in a very hot
environment. Children and the elderly are most at risk. If
left untreated, heatstroke can lead to a seizure or a coma,
and be life-threatening.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Mild to moderate hyperthermia (heat exhaustion)
 Normal or mildly higher temperature
 Cool, pale, clammy skin
 Excessive sweating
 Thirsty
 Headache
 Muscle cramps
 Rapid, weak pulse
 Fainting or dizziness
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
Severe hyperthermia (heatstroke)
 The person has stopped sweating (indicating they
are severely dehydrated)
 High body temperature (above 40°C/104°F)
 Dry, flushed, hot skin
 Nausea
 Muscle spasms
 Pain throughout the body
 Unusual behaviour or signs of confusion
 Seizure or possible loss of responsiveness
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
1. Advise the person to stop all physical activity. Help them to
rest in a cool place and to remove any excess clothing.
2. Severe hyperthermia, immediately start cooling them down:
i. Immerse them in cold water (1-26° C/33.8-78.8°F) for around
15 minutes, or until temperature drops to less than 39°C
(102.2°F).
ii. If this is not possible, cool the person by active cooling technique
(e.g., place a cool, wet sheet on the person or wet them with cold
water and place ice packs on their neck and groin areas).
iii. Fanning them may also increase the cooling action.
3. Access EMS.

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
4. Mild to moderate hyperthermia:
i. cool them off using any technique available such as immersing
their hands and feet in cold water, applying icepacks to their
neck and groin area.
ii. encouraging them to have a cold shower, or fanning them.
iii. Give them some water to drink. Sports drinks or cold tea may
also be helpful.
5. Monitor the person’s temperature and level of response.
Try to reduce their temperature to less than 39°C.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Hypothermia
 Hypothermia is a condition in which the body’s core
temperature drops below 35ºC (95ºF) and cannot
function properly: the blood circulation reduces
significantly, especially in the small vessels in the skin.
 It can occur:
1. when a person is exposed to extreme cold, such as in
mountainous regions or working in cold rooms,
2. living in homes that lack heating,
3. the use of alcohol or drugs or pre-existing mental
health conditions.

FIRST AID TRAINING
The person may have the following:
 shivering
 poor coordination
 slow movements
 mild confusion
 skin becomes paler, ashen or loses its color
 bluish coloring to lips, ears, fingers and toes.
As their condition worsens, they may show the following:
 no shivering
 disorientation, lack of memory
 exposed skin becomes blue and swollen
 the person may become incoherent or behave irrationally
 coordination continues to worsen; the person cannot walk or use their hands.
Early recognition

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
1. Remove the person from the cold or protect them from cooling down
further.
2. Have the person remove any wet clothes (or help them if they are
unable to do so). Carefully dry off the person if they are wet. Cover
them with a blanket.
3. If a person is responsive and shivering, let them warm up using a
sleeping bag, or alternatively a blanket. If they can swallow, give them a
warm, sugary drink (e.g., hot chocolate) or some high-energy food.
4. If the person is in an altered state of responsiveness and is not
shivering, gradually warm them using an electric heating blanket, or
alternatively hot water bottles, heating pads or warm stones.
5. Reassure them and monitor their breathing and level of response.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 A poison is a substance that when taken into
the body in high enough quantity will cause
harm or death. The damage caused may either
be temporary or permanent
Poisoning

FIRST AID TRAINING
Route of entry into the body
 Poisons can enter the body through:
• The skin ( absorbed) - Chemicals on the skin
• The lungs (inhaled) - Inhaled gases e.g.; CO
• The mouth (ingested) – swallowed poisons
• The blood stream (injected) - Drug & substance
abuse

FIRST AID TRAINING
INGESTION
INHALATION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
Meds Cleaners
Toiletries
Plants
CO
Sprays
Solvents
Insecticides
Chemicals
Plants
Drugs
Bites
Stings
Routes of Exposure

FIRST AID TRAINING
General effects of poisoning
• Breathing problems
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting & Diarrhea
• Skin reactions
• Seizures
• Organ damage (eyes, liver, heart, kidneys, etc.)

FIRST AID TRAINING
Swallowed (Ingested) poisons
 Try to identify the poison, look for empty
containers or other evidence
 Remove tablets or fragments from the
casualty’s mouth.
 Do NOT induce vomiting
 Be prepared to perform life-saving
techniques

FIRST AID TRAINING
Food poisoning
 Occurs when two or more people at the same
scene are sick at the same time. E.g.
 Abdominal pains/Discomfort
 Nausea and vomiting
 Diarrhea
 Cramping
 Encourage casualty to rest
 Give lots of fluids to manage dehydration

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
• Ensure airway and breathing
• Prevent further poison reaction
• Manage any seizures
• Identify poisonous substance
• Call for help-Poison Control centers

FIRST AID TRAINING
Poison Control Centers Contacts
Medicines and Poisons Info. Service
(Gertrude's Children's Hospital-Muthaiga)
+254 20 720 6438
National Poison Info. and Management Centre
(K.N.H)
+254 27 26 300

FIRST AID TRAINING
Inhaled gases
 Ensure your own safety- do not inhale fumes
 Try to identify the poison
 Move casualty away from fumes
 Ensure good ventilation
 Be prepared to apply CPR if casualty stops
breathing

FIRST AID TRAINING
Poisons in the eye
• Ensure your own safety- do not become
contaminated
• Hold eye under running water for at least 10
minutes
• Ensure that water drains away from the face
• Place loose, sterile eye dressing over eye
 Don’t remove contact lenses, or touch the eye

FIRST AID TRAINING
Poisoning Prevention
 Properly label all poisonous substances
 Keep poisons in their original container
 Store poisons out of reach of children and away
from food
 Understand and follow doctors’ prescriptions
 Generally avoid behavior that may expose you to
poisoning case.
Prevention is better than cure!

FIRST AID TRAINING
Bites and Stings

FIRST AID TRAINING
Bee stings
Aim:
 Remove the stinger without inducing release of
more venom
 Relieve pain and reduce swelling
 Scrape the stinger off by using a plastic card
 Apply ice at the site to reduce swelling and pain
Bites and Stings

FIRST AID TRAINING
If stinger is present, remove it
 Scrape stinger out
 Avoid using tweezers or
forceps as these can squeeze
venom into the wound
 Wash with Soap and Water
First aid steps

FIRST AID TRAINING
Snake Bites

FIRST AID TRAINING
Snake bites
 Can be poisonous or non poisonous
 Snake bites cause panic which in turn
raises the heart rate

FIRST AID TRAINING
First aid steps
1. Ensure Scene safety
2. Help the person to lie down in a comfortable position.
Advise them to move as little as possible.
4. Remove jewellery, watches or tight clothing to prevent
blood flow being restricted if there is swelling. Do this
while moving the limb as little as possible.
5. It may be helpful to immobilize the limb by applying a
non-elastic bandage (or using clean clothing such as
trousers or shirt)
6. Monitor the person’s level of response and breathing.
Encourage them to remain as still as possible.

FIRST AID TRAINING
 applying a tourniquet
 sucking out the venom
 applying a cold compress
 rubbing the bite
 cutting the wound with a knife to
increase bleeding.
DONT’S

FIRST AID TRAINING
(PFA)

FIRST AID TRAINING
 Psychological first aid is a method of assisting
people when they are in distress and helping them
feel calm and supported in coping with their
challenges.
 It addresses both the emotional and social needs of
individuals, to empower people to use their own
resources, enhance resilience, and make informed
decisions.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Why provide psychological first aid?
 Psychological first aid aims to support the
affected families or communities in regaining
control over their lives and reducing their
experience of distress.
 It is a method of addressing practical needs that
often involves linking people with assistance
from others.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Psychological first aid skills involve knowing:
 How to assess a situation
 The common patterns of reactions to crises
 How to safely approach people in distress
 How to remain calm and to manage overwhelming
emotions when needed
 How to provide emotional support and practical
help.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Psychological first aid approach
 The approach ensures safety, promoting calmness,
connectedness, hope, and a sense of efficacy.
 By integrating various aspects of the different
approaches, the World Health Organization (WHO)
developed the three action principles of ‘Look,
Listen and Link’.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Who can provide psychological first aid?
 Anyone with appropriate training including
volunteers, first aid providers, and members of
the general public can provide psychological first
aid. It does not depend on the expertise of mental
health specialists or professional psychologists.
 Learning and receiving training in psychological
first aid enables anyone to know how to respond
in supportive ways to people in distress.

FIRST AID TRAINING
When is psychological first aid used?
 For those in acute distress and needs help,
psychological first aid can help provide emotional
support and practical assistance during or in the
immediate aftermath of the stressful event.
 It can also be helpful in the days, weeks, months or
even years after an event has taken place. Some
people have stress reactions during or just after an
event, while others have strong reactions much
later.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Where to provide psychological first aid?
 Psychological first aid can be provided in any
setting that is safe and comfortable for both
the first aid provider and those in distress.
 It can be in a home, community centre,
shopping centre, school, train station, airport,
evacuation centre, hospital, clinic, under a tree,
or even at the location of a crisis.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Where to provide psychological first aid?
 It is best to be in a quiet and calm environment
where everyone feels safe and secure. If
someone has experienced something very
sensitive, such as sexual violence, privacy is
essential for confidentiality and dignity.

FIRST AID TRAINING
The three action principles: Look, Listen and Link
 It is important to understand that in reality, first aid
providers may have to go through these actions in
different ways and sequences.
 It is considered a cycle which can be initiated at any
point and may involve repeating or cycling through
“Look’’, “Listen”, “Link” multiple times during the
process.

FIRST AID TRAINING
LOOK for:
 information on what has happened and is happening
 who needs help?
 safety and security risks
 physical injuries
 immediate basic and practical needs
 emotional reactions.

FIRST AID TRAINING
LISTEN refers to how the helper:
 approaches someone
 introduces oneself
 pays attention and listens actively
 accepts others’ feelings
 calms the person in distress
 asks about needs and concerns
 helps the person(s) in distress find solutions to their
immediate needs and problems.

FIRST AID TRAINING
LINK is helping people:
 access information
 connect with loved ones and social support
 tackle practical problems
 access services and other help.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Techniques to calm a person in distress:
 use a calm soft tone of voice
 maintain eye contact (without staring) with the person
while talking with them (if culturally appropriate)
 remind them of the intent to help, and that they are safe
(if it is true)
 engage in activities or create a physical distance to
distract a distressed person or to reinstate a sense of
normality (e.g., go for a short walk, distance oneself from
the sight of the event, prepare something to drink).

FIRST AID TRAINING
Psychological First Aid in Children
Here are some key differences between helping adults and
children, or additional actions needed:
LOOK for:
 whether the child is alone or accompanied by others
 protection needs such as risks of exploitation or abuse.
LISTEN refers to how the first aid provider communicates:
 depending on children’s age and emotional and social
development e.g. use of simpler words for younger
children
 about needs and concerns with age-appropriate
questions.

FIRST AID TRAINING
Psychological First Aid in Children
LINK is to:
 assess the child’s needs with the child and caregiver,
whenever possible
 help the child access protection and services for basic
needs
 give age-appropriate information
 help parents and caregivers support their children
 help children to distance themselves from the
stressors or danger by providing space for play or
referring them to a child-friendly space together with
their caregivers.

OFA 2021.pptx

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OFA 2021.pptx