The document discusses the anatomy of the human integumentary system. It defines the integumentary system as the skin and its derivatives, including hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands. The skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. It provides protection, regulates temperature and moisture, and detects sensory stimuli. Characteristics like hair, nails, and glands are described. The effects of aging and diseases like burns and skin cancer are also summarized.

2. Dr. SAMINA SHAHEEN

3. Human Anatomy:
Its is defined in various ways :-
a) It is concerned with the consideration of Various
structures which make up the human body.
b) In the restricted sense , the anatomy deals with
the parts , which from the fully developed
individual and can be demonstrated to the
naked eye by various methods of dissection.

4. c) Its is defined as an important scientific
discipline which is concerned with the
investigation of biological structure by :
i) Dissection ;
ii) Microdissection ;
iii) Light microscopy ;
iv)Electron microscopy ;
v) Radiology ; and
vi)Autoradiography etc

5. Topographical anatomy or regional
anatomy :
Its deals with anatomy of various structures as they
lie in relationship with one another in different
region of the body . It is valuable for surgeons.
.

6. invisibleSurface anatomy:
It deals with the study and identification
of various structures in the living person
by methods of inspection and palpation
It helps to enhance the knowledge
acquired through dissection of the
cadaver by either of line of study,
Regional or systematic. It is helpful both
in health and disease and is daily used in
medical practice.

7. Radiological Anatomy
It deals with the study of structure of
human body with the aid of X-Rays. It
helps to investigate the anatomical facts
which cannot be understood by any
other method. It is very useful both in
health and disease and is in current use
in modern medical practice.

8. Morphology
It is a branch of anatomy which deals with factors
which have influenced and determined the form,
structure and functions of the constituent parts of the
body (or) it explains the changes in form of human
beings and different animals.

9. Comparative Anatomy
It is the study of anatomy of various animals. It helps to
understand and correlate the morphological
differences between various animal groups including
man. It reflects the evolutionary trends among various
animal forms.

10. Ontogeny (or) Ontogenetic History
The changes through which any organism passes from
the fertilization of the ovum up to the adult form are
collectively called as ontogeny (or) ontogenetic history.

11. Phylogeny (or) Phylogenetic
History
It comprises the evolutionary history of the group to
which the organism belong (or) it deals with
developmental changes in ancestors from which the
human beings evolved.

12. Embryology
It is the study of various changes in the developing
organism from the fertilization of ovum up to the birth
of the baby.

13. Comparative Embryology
It is the study of intrauterine development of the lower
but allied animal forms. It helps to interpret many of
the features of human development, e.g., study of 10
mm pig embryo helps to understand many features of
the human embryogenesis.

14. Experimental Embryology
It is the study of various casual mechanisms like
proliferation, growth, differentiation, induction,
metamorphosis, cell death and removal, potency,
determination and integration which operate during
development. This branch of embryology is limited to
lower vertebrates and inveretbrates.

15. Teratology
It is the study of developmental abnormalities,
including their nature, causation and mechanism of
genesis, e.g., cleft lip, patent foramen ovale etc.

16. Statistical Anatomy
It deals with Fact and figures (data) on variations in
measurements structures and relationship of different
parts of human body .

17. Cross-sectional Anatomy
It is study of human structure with the help of cross-
sections of various regions of the body. It is pofitable
but to a limited extent.

18. Cytology
It is the study of the cells by various biological methods.
The cell is defined as the structural unit of a
multicellular organism like man.

19. Histology
It is the study of various tissues by various scientific
method (microscopy ; histochemistry ; radio
autography ; etc.). A tissue may be defined as a
combination of various cells performing a certain
function.

20. Applied (or) Clinical Anatomy
It is the direct application of facts of human anatomy to
medicine and surgery. The students are advised to lay
the stress on applied aspects while they are studying
gross anatomy in dissection hall.

21. Systematic Anatomy
The description of several systems of organs separately
and in logical order comes under the head of
systematic anatomy. The several parts of each system
not only show a certain similarity of structure but are
also associated in specialized functions.

22. Basic organization of the body
A collection of cells of similar morphology performing a
specific function is termed tissue.
There are four basic tissues:
i) Epithelium
ii) Connective tissue
iii) Muscle tissue
iv) Nervous tissue

24. Organs and systems
An association of different tissues which perform
certain function is called Organ e.g., bone, muscle,
heart, stomach and urinary bladder.
A group of organs working harmoniously to discharge a
specific function forms a system.
The following systems are formed in the human body.

25. Body Systems-11
 Integumentary
 Skeletal
 Circulatory
 Digestive
 Respiratory
 Urinary
 Reproductive
 Nervous
 Muscular
 Endocrine
 Lymphatic

26. 26

27. 27

28. 5-28
The Integument
 The skin that covers your body.
 Skin is also known as the cutaneous membrane.
 Integumentary system consists of the skin and its
derivatives—nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous
glands.

29. 5-29
The Integument
 Is the body’s largest organ.
 Its surface is covered by an epithelium that protects
underlying body layers.
 The connective tissues contain blood vessels that provide
nutrients and provide strength and resilience to the skin.
 Smooth muscle controls both blood vessel diameter and
hair position.
 Neural tissue supports and monitors sensory receptors in
the skin

30. 5-30
2 Distinct Layers
 A layer of stratified squamous epithelium called the
epidermis.
 A deeper layer of dense irregular connective tissue
called the dermis.
 deep to the dermis is a layer of areolar and adipose
connective tissue called the subcutaneous layer, or
hypodermis

31. 31

32. 32

33. 5-33
Thick Skin
 Thick epidermis is found on the palms of the hands,
the soles of the feet, and corresponding surfaces of the
fingers and toes.
 All five epidermal strata occur in thick skin.

34. 5-34
Thin Skin
 Thin epidermis covers most of the body.
 Lacks the stratum lucidum
 Has only four specific layers.
 Contains the following accessories: hair follicles,
sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

35. 5-35
Functions of Skin
 protection
 prevention of water loss
 temperature regulation
 metabolic regulation
 immune defense
 sensory reception
 excretion

36. 5-36
Skin Color
 Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein present
in red blood cells. Upon binding with oxygen,
hemoglobin exhibits a bright red color.
 Melanin is a pigment produced and stored in cells
called melanocytes.
 the two types of melanin occur in various yellow,
reddish, tan, brown, and black shades
 Carotene comes primarily from diet.

37. 5-37
Friction Ridges
 Found on the fingers, palms, soles, and toes.
 Formed from large folds and valleys of both
dermal and epidermal tissue.
 Help us to grasp objects, and they
 Increase friction so that items do not slip easily
from our hands.
 Our feet do not slip on the floor when we walk.

38. 5-38
Friction Ridges
 Friction ridges can leave noticeable prints on touched surfaces.
 Each individual has a unique pattern of friction ridges.
 Fingerprints have become a valuable tool for law enforcement in
identifying individuals.Their unique
 Pattern for an indvidual is genetically determined at
 3-4 month of i.u life and remain constant through out
 Life.Dermatoglyphics,a science which deals with the study of
analysis of ridge pattern. There are 3 basic patterns arches ,
loops and whorl.

39. 5-39
Skin Markings
 Nevus (mole)
 Freckles
 Hemangioma
 capillary hemangiomas (“strawberry-colored
birthmarks”)
 cavernous hemangiomas (“port-wine stains”)

40. 5-40
Layers of the Dermis
 Composed of cells of the connective tissue proper and
primarily of collagen fibers, although both elastic and
reticular fibers are also present.
 Other components of the dermis are blood vessels,
sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail
roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.

41. 5-41
2 Major Regions of Dermis
 Superficial papillary layer
 Deeper reticular layer

42. 5-42
Lines of Cleavage
 Tension lines in the skin identify the predominant
orientation of collagen fiber bundles.
 Clinically and surgically significant because cuts
can result in slow healing and increased scarring.

43. 43

44. 5-44
Innervation and Blood Supply
 The dermis has extensive innervation.
 Monitor sensory receptors in the dermis and epidermis,
and control both blood flow and gland secretion rates.
 Tactile corpuscles and tactile (Merkel) cells perceive touch
sensations, and work with a variety of other sensory nerve
endings in the skin.
 This rich innervation allows us to be very aware of our
surroundings and to differentiate among the different
kinds of sensory signals from receptors in the skin.

45. 5-45
Nails
 Scalelike modifications of the epidermis that form on
the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes.
 Protect the exposed distal tips and prevent damage or
distortion during jumping, kicking, catching, or
grasping.
 Hard derivatives formed from the stratum corneum
layer of the epidermis.

46. 46

47. 5-47
Hair
 Found almost everywhere on the body except the
palms of the hands, the sides and soles of the feet, the
lips, the sides of the fingers and toes, and portions of
the external genitalia.
 Most of the hairs on the human body are on the
general body surface rather than the head.

48. 48

49. 5-49
Functions of Hair
 Protection
 Heat retention
 Prevents the loss of conducted heat from the scalp
to the surrounding air
 Facial expression
 Sensory reception
 Visual identification
 Chemical signal dispersal

50. 5-50
Hair Color
 Result of the synthesis of melanin in the matrix
adjacent to the papillae.
 Variations in hair color reflect genetically
determined differences in the structure of the
melanin.
 Environmental and hormonal factors
 Age
 Gray hair

51. 5-51
Hair Growth and Replacement
 Sometimes hair loss may be temporary as a result of
one or more of the following factors: exposure to
drugs, dietary factors, radiation, high fever, or stress.
 Thinning of the hair, called alopecia can occur in both
sexes, usually as a result of aging.

52. 5-52
Exocrine Glands of the Skin
 Sweat (sudoriferous) glands produce a watery solution
that performs several specific functions.
 merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
 apocrine sweat glands
 Sebaceous glands produce an oily material that coats
hair shafts and the epidermal surface.

53. 53

54. 5-54
Other Integumentary Glands
 Ceruminous glands
 Mammary glands
 modified apocrine sweat glands

55. Points of interest about the skin
 The skin for the ANATOMIST is the first dissecting
layer.
 The skin for the SURGEON is the first layer to be
incised on the living body.
 The skin for the PHYSIOLOGIST is a functional
membrane to control the output of body water.
 The skin for the CLINICIAN is the part of the body to
be noted first on inspection to see anemia, cyanosis
and jaundice.
 The skin for the GENETIST is the part of the body the
finger print of which form a useful diagnostic tool.
5-55

56. Superficial fascia
The subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia) is the
second layer of the body beneath the skin. It is
combination of loose connective tissue and adipose
tissue. Its character varies in different regions of the
body. The fatty tissue is most abundant in the buttocks
and absent in the eyelids, pinna of the ear, penis and
scrotum.
In some regions like scalp, face and scrotum it is
characterized by presence of muscle fibers forming the
subcutaneous muscles of these regions.

57. Hypodermis
The subcutaneous layer is a sort of fibrous membrane
attached firmly to the dermis of the skin and also to
the deeper structures, like deep fascia, periosteum and
the perichondrium. In it nerves, blood vessels and
lymphatics pass to the skin. Its main functions are:
i) Padding
ii) Space filling among others anatomic structures and
organs.
iii) Storage of fuel in the form of fat, to be used at the
time of starvation.

58. Deep fascia
It is the third layer covering the body in the same manner as
the skin and superficial fascia. It is the real fascia. The
fascia is the sheet like connective tissue structure and is
continuous everywhere in the body.
It either invests the anatomic structure or binds together two
or more structures.
It sends partitions and thus forms fascial compartments in
the body to isolate other structures like muscles, nerves
and blood vessels. The deep fascia is named according to
the area of body. It covers or the function it performs, i.e.,
pectoral fascia and the extensor or flexor retinacula.

59. Clinical Importance of Deep Fascia
 A general understanding of the fascia of the whole
body will make the clinician to know about where and
how certain fluids like pus, blood accumulate and will
permit the surgeon to FIND AND FOLLOW the
cleavage planes for easy separation of the anatomic
structures.
 Since lymphatics are carried on the fascia, therefore
its knowledge will aid in knowing the extent of
resection in case of malignancy of any organ.

60. 5-60
Burns
 Major cause of accidental death, primarily as a
result of their effects on the skin.
 Usually caused by heat, radiation, harmful
chemicals, sunlight, or electrical shock.
 The immediate threat to life results primarily from
fluid loss, infection, and the effects of burned,
dead tissue.
 Burns are classified according to the depth of
tissue involvement.

61. 5-61
Classification of Burns
 First- and second-degree burns are called partial-
thickness burns.
 Third-degree burns are called full-thickness burns.
 first-degree burns involve only the epidermis and are
characterized by redness, pain, and slight edema
 an example is sunburn

62. 5-62
Classification of Burns
 Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of
the dermis.
 The skin appears red, tan, or white, and is blistered
and painful.
 An example is a scald.

63. 5-63
Classification of Burns
 Third-degree burns involve the epidermis, dermis, and
subcutaneous layer, which are often destroyed.
 Regeneration may occur from the edge only, due to the
absence of dermis.
 Skin grafting is required to prevent abnormal connective
tissue fibrosis and disfigurement.
 Dehydration is a major concern because the entire portion
of skin has been lost, and water cannot be retained.
 Must be aggressively treated for dehydration.

64. 5-64
Aging of the Integument
 Skin repair processes take longer due to reduced
number and activity of stem cells.
 Skin forms wrinkles and becomes less resilient.
 Skin’s immune responsiveness is diminished.
 Skin becomes drier due to decreased sebaceous
gland activity.
 Altered skin and hair pigmentation.

65. 5-65
Aging of the Integument
 Sweat production diminishes.
 Blood supply to the dermis is reduced leading to
impaired thermoregulation.
 Hair thinning and loss.
 Integumentary production of vitamin D3 diminishes.
 Development of skin cancers.

66. 5-66
Skin Cancer
 The most common type of cancer.
 The greatest risk factor is exposure to UV rays of the
sun.
 The highest incidence is in people who have had
severe sunburns, especially as children.