Cilia Are Tiny Hairs Of The Respiratory Tract By Capturing...

Cilia Are Tiny Hairs Of The Respiratory Tract By Capturing...
What are cilia?
Cilia are tiny hairs, which protect parts of the respiratory tract by capturing particles, which has entered the body by
using a sweeping movement to keep the particles such as dust and debris out of the lungs. The cilia are found attached to
the apical surface of the cell. For example, dust that has been breathed in through the nose would be captured to stop it
going even further. There are roughly 200 to 300 tiny hairs on the cell.
Non–ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue
Non–ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue is found on the lining digestive tract, which is the stomach, gall bladder
and the excretory ducts of some glands. It is a tube, which transfers food to the digestive organs. It also contains a
nucleus at its base, has a single layer of cells however are not ciliated; they do not contain tiny hairs. It also has
microvilli to increase the surface area and to make the absorption more effective, the microvilli can also be referred to as
the brush border due to its hairy appearance.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue
The Pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue that lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract contains many goblet
cells. They are unevenly shaped due to the nucleus that is positioned in different places within the cells; it is this that
makes the cells look as if it has many layers, however it only has one layer that stretches between the apical surface and
basement membrane. It secretes mucus and can
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Small Intestine: The Most Rapidly Dividing Tissue of...
Small intestine is the most rapidly dividing tissue of the body. It undergoes a fast turnover of 3–5 days by Intestinal Stem
Cells (ISCs), replacing all the older cells with new ones which is necessary for the nutritional uptake by intestinal cells
and thereby, maintaining tissue homeostasis. Small intestinal epithelium has several crypts/villi structures which inhabits
ISCs. Cells are arranged in the order of increasing maturity from bottom to top of each crypt. ISCs are present at base of
each crypt and they give rise to transit–amplifying cells (TA).These transit–amplifying cells divide actively 4–5 times,
approximately after every 12 hours. Further, these cells differentiate to form – enterocytes, goblet cells and
entroendocrine cells. ISCs differentiate to form Paneth cells towards the base of crypt (Marshman et al., 2002).
ISCs were first identified by BrDU label retention method (Cheng and Leblond, 1974). After 30 years, Clevers and
colleagues identified ISCs at single cell resolution by lineage tracing. They found that Lgr5 gene, encoding the leucine–
rich repeat–containing G–protein coupled receptor 5, is expressed in ISCs and LGR5+ cells give rise to all four different
kind of intestinal epithelial cells (Barker et al., 2007).In addition, LGR5+ cells cultured in vitro give rise to organoid
expressing all the markers of intestinal epithelium (Sato et al., 2009). Potential stem cell niche for ISCs consist of Paneth
cells, dispersed in between ISCs. In vitro, growth

The Basic Types Of Tissue
Tissue
In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:
1. Connective tissue
2. Muscle tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue & subtypes
The epithelial tissue covers inner and outer layer/surface of the body, e.g. the stomach, or blood lines, vessels and the
lung.
The epithelium consists of closely packed, flattened cells that make up the inside/ outside lining of body areas. Epithelial
tissues that cover/line surfaces are classified by cell shape and by the number of cell layers, the image on the left is the
subtypes of epithelial tissue;
Squamous – flattened cells, fried egg shape in appearance. The nucleus is flattened and centrally located. Because of
their thin membrane and large surface area, it allows passage of small molecules e.g. air diffusion in the lungs. The
function of simple squamous tissue is absorption & excretion of gases lungs. And the function of stratified squamous is
protection due to its many layers and is located in the outer layer of skin, oral cavity lining, esophagus, vaginal & anal
canal.
Cuboidal– cubed or squarish shaped, has a single nucleus located in the middle. The simple cuboidal tissue can be found
in the lines of kidney tubules and glands it's function is absorption, secretion and protection. The stratified cuboidal
tissue is found in the lines ducts of sweat glands, it's job is to secrete water & ions.
Columnar– has the shape of a column. The simple columnar tissue is a single row of tall, closely

The Importance Of Homeostasis And A State Of Equilibrium...
All living things strive towards one goal: homeostasis. Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium reached through
physiological processes. In order to maintain homeostasis, living things use cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems to
counteract physical changes. Using a variety of different tissues, organs are formed to accomplish specific tasks. The
four main types of tissues are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue. Several sublevels
exist for each type of tissue. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities. The three main kinds of
Epithelial tissue are squamous which is composed of flat cells, cuboidal, which is composed of cube–shaped cells, and
columnar which is composed of stretched, pillar–like cells. Each type of epithelial tissue can be either simple or
stratified. Simple is one layer of cells, while stratified has more than one layer. Each type can also be glandular. Glands
can be either one epithelial cell or multiple cells. Its purpose is to secrete products into different parts of the body or
outside of the body. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts or directly into a tube/cavity. Endocrine glands
secrete their products directly into the bloodstream. Examples of epithelial tissue are the linings of lungs, kidneys, small
intestine, and the nose. A common trait that all epithelial tissue have is that they are attached to the basement membrane,
a thin layer of proteins that anchors to connective

How Internalisation Of Subgingival Bacteria By Epithelial...
DENT262C Oral Microbiology
Does internalisation of subgingival bacteria by epithelial cells represent invasion by the bacteria or a defensive strategy
of the host?
I.D. 58962
Word Count:1828
Summary
Residence within host gingival epithelia cells provides bacteria with a nutrient–rich, generally reducing environment that
is partially protected from the host immune system. Accessing this secure environment isvital in the early stages of
sulcus colonization by periodontal bacteria, as low numbers of bacteria are susceptible to clearance by immune
mechanisms. While this does not immediately contribute to disease, invasive bacteria use the intracellular location to
safely persist and replicate. The main bacteria focused in this essay isP. gingivalis. It is a gram–negative anaerobic
bacteria that is associated with more severe forms of the periodontal disease.P. gingivalisuses many mechanisms for
adhesion and internalisation into host cells such a frimbriae, gingipains, and proteolytic enzymes. These and other
processes cause induction of host's immune–inflammatory activity, which affects the structures supporting the teeth. This
may also lead to the destruction of the surrounding bone and connective tissue, and ultimately tooth loss.
Adhesion
Initial interactions with epithelial cells require adhesion. The adhesion in the human oral cavity is essential for the
microbial survival, as microbes have to attach themselves to a host surface before being able to

Columnar Connective Tissue
Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function. There are four main tissues in the body which are
epithelium, muscle, connective tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelium functions are It protects us from the outside world.
For example, the skin, absorbs the stomach and gut, filters the kidney, and forms glands traits. It closely attached to each
other forming a protective barrier, has no blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood vessels in connective tissue
underneath, can have lots of nerves in it, very good at regenerating for example fixing a sunburn or skinned knee. There
are different types of epithelium by shape and cell. The shapes are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. By cell there is
simple and stratified epithelium. Connective tissue functions are it wraps around and cushions and protects organs, stores
nutrients, internal support for organs, as tendon and ligaments protects joints and attached muscles to bone and each
other, and runs through organ capsules and in deep layers of skin giving strength. The three elements of connective tissue
are ground substance, fibers, cells. There are two kinds of Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue which has
Areolar Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, and Reticular Connective Tissue. And there is Dense Connective Tissue:
which has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three types of Muscle Tissue are Smooth Muscle – organ walls and blood vessel walls, involuntary, spindle–shaped
cells for pushing things through organs, Skeletal Muscle, and Cardiac Muscle. Cardiac muscle is so named because it is
found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow the synchronization of the heartbeat.
Skeletal muscle, which is attached to bones by tendons, is controlled by the peripheral nervous system and associated
with the body's voluntary

What Is Cellular Specialisation
Cellular specialisation is very important
Tissues are groups of similar cells carrying out specific functions.
In the human body we have four main tissues, Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous.
Epithelial tissues line all body surface. The epithelial tissue can have one or more layers. Epithelial tissues is related with
protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. For example, the epidermis has epithelial cells that protect our body.
There two groups of epithelia: when the cells are grouped in one layer are called simple, if the cells are grouped in two
or more layer is called stratified.
Cubical – these are cube shaped with a spherical nuclei, they are often found in the kidney tubes, sweat ducts and glands
like the thyroid gland and breast tissue. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theyre also positioned close together in random patterns, simple squamous epithelium is found on the walls of the lung
aveoli and the blood capileries.
Compound being,
* To protect deeper structures, this can be found in the vagina, mouth, tongue and the oesophagus this is lined by
stratified epithelia (simple) which then consist of layers being squamous, cuboidal or columnar cells which eventually
become flattened due to pressure from below as the rech the surface.
Secondly, Muscle is an excitable tissue because it's capable of responding to stimuli, the three different types of muscle
tissue are, striated, non–striated and cardiac.
* Striated – also known as voluntary, skeletal or striped muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton although some
facial muscles are attached to skin.
Non–striated – also known as involuntary, smooth or plain muscle contains protein filaments.
Cardiac – this muscle is only found in the four chambers (atria and ventricles) of the heart. It is capable of rhythmically
contracting without receiving any nervous

The Hooves Of Horses Are Particularly Prone
The hooves of horses are especially prone to infection, due to their constant exposure to bacteria and sensitivity of the
hoof wall to environmental changes. Abscesses within the hoof may vary in degree, ranging from mild to life
threatening. Typically, abscesses occur when bacteria are introduced into the epithelium of the hoof, where the body
responds and produces purulent fluid that effectively forms a pocket. This pocket will become enlarged with pus and due
to the inability of the hoof to expand, pressure will begin to build up and cause pain. Severe lameness and resistance to
bearing weight on the painful hoof is therefore the first sign of an abscess. Normally, the thick outer wall and sole of the
hoof protects the more sensitive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stratum basale and stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum (forms the hoof capsule) are subdivisions of the
epidermis. The five regions of the hoof include the coronary band, the hoof wall, the sole, the frog, and the heel bulbs.
Highly specialized subcutaneous tissues within the hoof include the perioplic tissue, coronary tissue, lamellar tissue,
solar tissue, and cuneate tissue.
The outer hoof wall consists of keratinized laminar epithelium that is constantly being regenerated. Regeneration of the
hoof wall takes place at the coronary band where there are basal epithelial cells that produce keratinocytes. Just below
the outer hoof wall sits the lamina, connecting the interior wall to the distal phalanx, and acts to secure the bone in place.
The lamellae layers consist of the stratum externum, stratum medium, and stratum internum (see Figure 1). The laminar
layer surrounds the distal phalanx (P3) and makes up the statum internum (lamellatum) of the laminar corium, consisting
of keritanized primary laminae, and non–keratinized secondary laminae. The strong bond between the hoof wall and
pedal bone is a result of interdigitating of the primary and secondary laminae as shown in figure 2 (Ownby, 2002),
(Anatomy of the Hoof Capsule, n.d.).
The band of soft tissue that acts as the junction between the epithelium of the pastern and the coronary band is the
periople, which produces the outer layer of the hoof wall

Essay On Systemic Enteric Fever
Generalized systemic enteric fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, enlarged spleen, and constipation followed by more
severe abdominal symptoms; rose spots on trunk in 25% of Caucasian patients; complications include ulceration of
Peyer's patches in ileum, can produce hemorrhage or perforation; Common enterocolitis may result without enteric fever;
characterized by headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration may result; case fatality of 16%
reduced to 1% with antibiotic therapy; mild and atypical infections occur ("Salmonella typhi | MSDSonline", 2017)
Gastrointestinal contaminations are overwhelmingly connected with those serotypes which happen broadly in people.
They can go in seriousness from asymptomatic carriage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Systemic Disease
Host–adapted serotypes are more invasive and tend to cause systemic disease in their hosts; a feature which is linked to
their resistance to phagocytic killing. In humans, this applies to the typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli, S. Typhi, and S.
Paratyphi A, B, and C, which cause the septicemia diseases, enteric fever. Typhoid fever has an incubation period of
anything from 3 to 56 days, though it is usually between 10 and 20 days. Invasive salmonellas penetrate the intestinal
epithelium and are then carried by the lymphatics to the mesenteric lymph nodes. After multiplication in the
macrophages, they are released to drain into the bloodstream and are then disseminated around the body. They are
removed from the blood by macrophages but continue to multiply within them. This eventually kills the macrophages
which then release large numbers of bacteria into the blood stream causing a septicemia. In this, the first phase of the
illness, the organism may be cultured from the blood. There is a slow onset of symptoms including fever, headache,
abdominal tenderness and constipation and the appearance of the body of rose red spots which fade on pressure. During
the second stage of the illness, the organism reaches the gall bladder where it multiplies in the bile. The flow of infected
bile infects the small intestine causing inflammation and ulceration. The fever persists but with

Glomerular Filtration : The Major Function Of The Glomerulus
Glomerular filtration
The major function of the glomerulus is to produce an ultrafiltrate from the blood using the glomerular capillary
wall(GCW) as a filter by a process differs from the transcapillary exchange process as in other organs in two ways. First,
the GCW almost completely excludes plasma proteins of the size of albumin (radius 36Å) or larger from the filtrate.
Second, the glomeruli exhibit an extraordinary high permeability–surface area productto water and small solutes and also
a very high capillary filtration capacity (Anderson et al. 2000)⁠
.
Fluid movement across the glomerulus is, similar to the conditions in other capillaries, governed by the Starling forces,
i.e. the effective hydrostatic pressure gradient minus the effective oncotic pressure gradient. The glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) can thus be described by:
GFR = LpS × ( ∆ P − ∆Π )
Where, Lp represent the hydraulic conductivity of the GCW, and S is the surface area available for filtration. ∆ P denotes
the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's space, and ∆Π the
effective oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries minus that in the Bowman's space. If LpS is 4
ml/min/mmHg/100g of kidney weight in humans, and ∆ P ≈ (52–15) mmHg, while ∆Π ≈ (28–0) mmHg, then, the GFR
in man equals 4 x 3 x [(52–15) – (28–0)] ≈ 120 ml/min. GFR can be measured clinically using molecules that are freely
filtered across the glomerulus and that are not bound to

Yess
Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation
In order to function properly, the cells and tissues have to maintain a steady state (homeostasis)– the cells must
constantly adapt cellular adaptation– is the state between a normal unstressed cell and the overstressed injured cell –by
definition – an adaptative process is reversible –within defined limits, all the cells are capable of adapting to a variety of
stimuli which may upset normality
NORMAL CELL GROWTH –Normal tissue growth depends on a balance between the number of cells actively dividing
and the number of the cells dying –the cells of the body can be divided into 3 groups on the basis of their regenerative
capacity– they respond differently to stress and injury ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Atrophy – is a decrease in the size of tissue or organ resulting from decrease either in the size of individual cells or in the
number of cells composing the tissue atrophy– decrease in size of normally developed organ. It is different from
agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia which are abnormalities of organ development. atrophy– decrease in the size of the cell
results from the loss or reduction of cell substances, reduction of the number of cytoplasmic organelles associated with
diminished cell function
Atrophy represents a reduction of cell structural components –less mitochondria –less endoplasmic reticulum –fewer
myofilaments metabolic rate is reduced –less amino acid uptake –less oxygen consumption –less protein synthesis
Degenerating organelles are taken up in lysosomal vacuoles for enzymatic digestion, process is represented by –marked
increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles –many autophagic vacuoles may resist digestion–residual bodies some of
them contain lipofuscin granules–brown atrophy
–atrophy may progress to cell injury and death, a decrease in cell number results from cell death due to irreversible cell
injury –when sufficient number of cells is involved–the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size= becomes atrophic –
connective tissue or adipose tissue fills

Cardiac Muscle Cells
Your heart beats approximately 100,000 times a day to circulate 7570 liters of blood.
Cardiac muscle cells are called Cardiomyocytes. These cells are equipped with specialized organelles such as myofibrils,
mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage and release of calcium and the sarcolemma which is a membrane
that encloses each muscle cell.
Cardiomyocytes have a tremendous amount of mitochondria present inside the cell compared to many other cells, this
gives the cardiomyocyte the ability to be highly resistant to fatigue. Whereas skeletal muscle cells can fatigue much
easier.
Cardiomyocytes are very flexible as they shorten and lengthen to perform the mechanical function of a beating heart.
The Cardiomyocytes are equipped with

Mucus Essay
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in the gastrointestinal tract
Mucus is a thick secretion made up of water, electrolytes, and a mixture of several glycoproteins. The Glycoproteins are
made up of large polysaccharides which are bound with much smaller quantities of protein.
Mucus is slightly different in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It has numerous important characteristics
applicable everywhere that make it both a superb lubricant and a protectant for the wall of the gut. These are as follows:
1. It has adherent qualities – it adheres tightly to the food or other particles to spread as a thin film over the surfaces.
2. It has sufficient body – the wall of the gut is coated by the mucus and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It causes fecal particles to adhere to one another to form the fecal masses that are excreted during a bowel movement.
5. It can't be easily digested by the gastrointestinal enzymes (very strong resistance).
6. The glycoproteins of mucus have amphoteric properties (they are capable of buffering small amounts of either acids or
alkalies) and mucus regularly contains moderate amounts of bicarbonate ions, which particularly neutralise acids.
Mucus allows easy slippage of food along the gastrointestinal tract and to prevent abrasive or chemical damage to the
epithelium. When the salivary glands does not secrete saliva you very quickly become aware of the lubricating qualities
of mucus, as it is then difficult to swallow solid food even when it is eaten while drinking large amounts of water.
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in other parts of the body
The mucus secreted by the epithelial cells within the linings of the respiratory and upper gastrointestinal tracts also
contains antimicrobial chemicals. As mucus is sticky, particles that stick to it are prevented from entering the blood. In
the upper respiratory tract they are swept by ciliary action up into the pharynx and then swallowed, or are phagocytosed
by macrophages in the various

Epidermis Layers
The skin has two principal layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the epithelial tissue layer of the skin.
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands are found in this layer. The epithelial layer is primarily used for
protection. This layer consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It is tough, relatively impermeable, and
self–replacing. The epidermis is made up of several layers. Stratum corneum are cells of the cornified layer are dead,
protective keratinized that are eventually sloughed off. Stratum granulosum cells are in the granule–cell layer, and they
accumulate keratohyalin or darkly stained granules. Stratum spinosum cells are the prickle–layer, and are attached to one
another. These cells gradually

Synthetic Fibers And Its Effects On The Body
2.2.2.2 Elastic fibres
Elastic fibres are 1 µm to 3µm in diameter and are loosely arranged in all directions in the dermis [90]. These fibres are
scattered among the collagen bundles and become thicker in the deeper layers of the dermis [90]. Elastic fibres, as their
name indicates, are extremely elastic and help in the elastic recoil of the skin and that is the reason why they are more
abundant in the dermis of the face, scalp and the extensible organs, such as tendons and arteries [91, 92].
2.2.2.3 Extrafibrillar matrix
The extrafibrillar matrix includes a ground substance (glycosaminoglycans), dermal fibroblasts, dendritic cells, mast
cells, histiocytes, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics [85]. Ground substance is a gelatinous amorphous substance of
sugar and proteins (glycoproteins and proteoglycans) that is observed between the fibres and between the cells. It
provides support to the dermis and has an extraordinary capacity to store water. Moreover, it facilitates the passage of
nutrients, hormones, and other molecules through the dermis [72, 73].
Fibroblasts, the major cell type of the dermis, produce and maintain most of the ECM proteins. Indeed, they produce
collagen, elastic fibres, and glycosaminoglycan [93]. The dermal fibroblasts are differentiated from the mesenchymal
cells and appear as thin spindle–shaped cells. The dermis includes other types of cell such histiocytes, mast cells and
dermal dendritic cells. Histiocytes are star–shaped cells with a small

Essay about Histology Lab
Histology
Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? The purpose of this exercise is to become more familiar with microscope
and slides through observations of tissues. By looking at so many slides I am now much more comfortable at identifying
some basic structures. The tissue slides were very important to my understanding of the tissue's function. By looking at
the dense regular tendon I can see how supportive it is because of all of the fibers present. It connected what I had read
and studied to an actual picture and that helps with memorization and understanding.
Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be
taken. There are no safety concerns with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Simple Squamous
2. Simple Columnar
3. Pseudostratified Columnar
4. Transitional Exercise 2: Connective Tissue Data Table 2 – Connective Tissue
Tissue Amount and Shape of Cells
Amount of Matrix Are there fibers? If so, are they parallel or scattered?
Mesenchyme (online) many cells, stellate shape little matrix yes there are fibers and they appear scattered
Aerolar (online) many cells and appear oval some matrix yes fibers are loose and scattered
Adipose (online) lots of cells and polygonal in shape little matrix some connective tissue, can't see fibers, can't see
parallel or scattered
Dense Irregular (online) some cells that appear oval lots of matrix yes fibers look bundled but scattered
Reticular many cells can't see shape on slide but in book look spheroidal lots of matrix yes fibers look loose and
scattered
Dense Regular: Tendon some cells that appear fusiform lots of matrix yes they appear parallel
Hyaline Cartilage many cells, can't tell shape, look like blobs lots of matrix can't see fibers on my slide but in book
they're there and parallel
Elastic Cartilage lots of cells that look oval and round some matrix can't see the fibers on my slide but online pic they
look scattered
Fibrocartilage some cells that appear oval lots of matrix yes fibers look parallel
Compact Bone some cells that appear oval lots of matrix yes and the fibers appear parallel

Comparing Cardiac Muscle And Brain Tissue
1) Comparing and contrasting cardiac Muscle tissue (figure a) and brain tissue (figure d)
Commonalities in the structures and functions of muscle tissue and brain tissue
In cardiac muscle, a single nucleus is located in the middle of each fibre. The brain tissue also has a nucleus which is
located in the middle of cell body. The cardiac muscle and brain tissue don't have the exact same function. The cardiac
muscle and the brain tissue don't work together because the cardiac muscle doesn't takes any instructions from the brain
tissue (Neurones). This means that the cardiac muscle contracts automatically.
Differences in the structures, functions and location of muscle tissue and brain tissue
The cardiac muscle consists of long branched fibres. Whereas, the brain tissue has spider web like structure. The cardiac
muscle cell are made up of fibres. The function of cardiac muscle is to help the heart to pump blood. The function of
brain tissue is to send messages to and from the brain. The cardiac muscle is present inside the heart. However, the brain
tissue is located inside brain.
2) Comparing and contrasting loose Connective tissue (figure c) and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue (figure b)
Commonalities in the structures and functions of loose connective tissue and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
The cells in simple cuboidal epithelium have a nucleus. The cells in loose connective tissue also have nuclei. Although
the loose connective tissue and simple cuboidal

Airway Defects: A Case Study
The only treatment for a variety of large airway defects, including bronchomalacia is tracheal resection. However the
resectable length is limited to less than 30% of the total trachea length in children and 50% in adults. This study looked
at the clinical application of a TET in an adult patient to treat a large segment airway defect.
METHODOLOGY: The patient was a 30–year–old woman who presented with tuberculosis, subglottic stenosis and an
underdeveloped left main bronchus with expiratory collapse. Initial treatment included tuberculosis irradiation,
subglottic tracheal resection with primary end–to–end anastomosis and left main bronchus stent placement. The stent
was poorly tolerated and after multiple revision attempts it was ultimately ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The surgery was completed without complication. Two week postoperative endoscopy confirmed that the graft was
integrating with host environment via the presence of an internal mucosal coating. One–month endoscopy with graft
biopsy elicited mucosal bleeding, which verified angiogenesis had occurred. Anti–donor HLA antibodies were
undetectable confirmed rejection had not occurred. There was potential for antibody production as after completing the
decellularization process several annuclear, distorted chondrocytes were found. It is speculated that these retained cells
may have aided in the host–graft integration and helped to reduce inflammation, but also have the capability to induce

The Oropharynx : The Area Behind The Oral Cavity
Oropharynx: the oropharynx occupies the area behind the oral cavity, which extends from the uvula to the level of the
hyoid bone. Its boundaries are: anteriorly, the mouth through the isthmus faucium, laterally, is the palatine tonsil,
between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch. The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and
the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars; the superior
wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula1'2. Groups of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the
pharynx surround the entrance of the throat in a ring–like positioning, known as Waldeyer 's Ring. They are three groups:
–1– Palatine tonsils, the most protruding groups in the ring and form recognizable masses, (also known as the tonsils), –
2– Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as the "adenoids"), and the –3– Lingual tonsils2'3. Histologically, there are three
characteristic features distinguish the tonsils from each other: their position, type of the epithelium and the number of
crypts3.
Tonsil Position Type of epithelium Crypts
Palatine In the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. Stratified squamous non–keratinising. 10–20 in number.
Pharyngeal In the midline on the roof of the nasopharynx. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, as well as some
patches of stratified squamous epithelium. Numerous folds of pharyngeal epithelium, not real crypts.
Lingual At

Histology Lab Essay
Histology
Laszlo Vass, Ed.D. Version 42–0013–00–01
Lab RepoRt assistant
This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a
summary of the experiment's questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab
report. The intent is to facilitate students' writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which
can be sent to an instructor.
Purpose
What is the purpose of this exercise?
The purpose of this exercise is to use the microscope to get an in depth look at different cell structures and to learn how
the shape and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
The connective tissue's primary function is to join bodily structures like bones and muscles to each other or to hold
tissues in their correct places in the body.
B. What can the shape of the cells in a particular type of tissue tell about the function of that tissue?
The shape of the cells in a particular tissue can tell us the function of that particular tissue based on how it can move or
communicate with other parts of the body. For example, a neuron can carry electrical messages from the brain to other
parts of the body because these cells are long and thin, making them mobile.
C. What is matrix? Why do some tissues have more matrix than others?
The matrix is the extracellular fibers and ground substance of a connective tissue. Some tissues have more matrix
because the cells and fibers are not as tightly packed.
D. What do collagen fibers provide?
Collagen is strong and flexible and resists force in one direction. It is stronger than steel when

Systemic Sclerosis
Vasculopathy in Systemic Sclerosis
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi–faceted, heterogeneous disease of unknown etiology. Despite its high clinical
variability, it is consistently characterized by three main elements: vascular alterations, autoimmunity and progressive
fibrosis. However, there is increasing evidence that SSc pathogenesis is dominated by vascular changes, as demonstrated
by numerous experimental and clinical studies (1).
Diagnosis is made by the physician based on the presence of specific features; however, until recently, the requirements
for classifying patients as having SSc lacked sensitivity for milder or early forms of the disease. Taking into account the
pleomorphism of SSc disease manifestation, the American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Matucci–Cerinic M, Kahaleh B, Wigley FM. Review: evidence that systemic sclerosis is a vascular disease. Arthritis
Rheum. 2013; 65(8): 1953–62.
2. van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College
of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2013; 65(11): 2737–
47.
3. Gheorghiu AM, Dobrotă R, Predescu T, et al. Performance of the 2013 American College of Rheumatology/European
League Against Rheumatism Systemic Sclerosis Classification Criteria. EUSTAR Congress 2016. In press
4. Sáez–Comet L et al. Applying the ACR/EULAR Systemic Sclerosis Classification Criteria to the Spanish Scleroderma
Registry Cohort. J Rheumatol. 2015; 42(12): 2327–31.
5. Allanore Y, Simms R, Distler O, et al. Systemic sclerosis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2015; 1:1–21.
6. LeRoy EC, et al. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis. J. Rheumatol. 1988; 15:
202–205.
7. Hasegawa M. Biomarkers in systemic sclerosis: Their potential to predict clinical courses. Journal of Dermatology.
2016; 43: 29–38.
8. Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite BC and Postlethwaite AE. Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Front. Immunol.
2015; 6:

Is Cancer A Genetic Disease?
Introduction Cancer is one of the oldest genetic diseases known to man. Since the evolution of mitosis as a means for
cell division and the development of multicellular eukaryotes – like humans and their biological progenitors – mutations
in normal cell maturation and proliferation have resulted in various types of cancers, some benign but many of which
exhibit great malignancy (Hajdu, 2011). Cancer, and one of its more common forms carcinoma, is characterized as a
genetic disease where by mutations – often caused by environmental stressors such as chemical or radiation exposure –
in the development of epithelial cells lead to abnormal growth, either in terms of size or abundance. This abnormal
uncontrolled growth is known as neoplasia (Rock & Hogan, 2011). Carcinoma cells can develop by other methods
however, anaplasia for example is the process by which normally mature differentiated cells begin to lose their form and
resemble immature cells lacking proper function, becoming irresponsive to normal stimuli (Scatena, 2011). Dysplasia is
similar in that it consists of a proliferation of immature often undifferentiated cells, eventually outnumbering the number
of mature cells as they 're removed by the process of apoptosis – programmed cell death (Wang, 2010). Eventually the
neoplasm, or anaplastic cells, can replace normal tissue; as apoptosis of cancer cells is non–functioning, the development
of a large tumour can inhibit the functionality of healthy organs and their

Classification of Tissues Essays
R E V I E W
NAME____________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
S H E E T
EXERCISE
6A
Print Form
Classification of Tissues
Tissue Structure and Function–General Review
A group of cells similar in structure and function. 1. Define tissue.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Use the key choices to identify the major tissue types described below. Key: a. b c c, d a b d c b a a a d connective
tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue
1. lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface 2. pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are three general characteristics of connective tissues?
__________________________________________________ . large amount of noncellular material called matrix
between the cells.
12. What functions are performed by connective tissue? Protection, support, and the binding of other tissues of the body.
13. How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure? The large amount of extracellular matrix
provides strength to protect the body.
14. Using the key, choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. c a c f i b h d h i a 1.
attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones 2. acts as a storage depot for fat 3. the dermis of the skin 4. makes up the
intervertebral discs 5. forms the hip bone 6. composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike
matrix 7. forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton 8. provides a flexible framework
for the external ear 9. firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth 10.
matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on 11. insulates against heat loss
15. Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single

HPV Life Cycle Model
A1.1. HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) VIRAL STRUCTURE AND PROTEINS
The HPV genome is a double–stranded circular DNA which is approximately 8 kb (7200–8000 base–pair) long (Figure
1).1 HPV DNA can be divided into early (E), late (L) and long control (LCR, non–coding) regions.1 These regions are
separated by two (early and late) polyadenylation (pA) sites.1 The early region constitutes more than 50% of the total
viral genome and includes six open reading frames (ORFs) that encodes E1, E2, E4, E5, E6 and E7 viral proteins.2 The
late region, located downstream of the early region, forms 40% of the viral genome, and has L1 and L2 ORFs which
encodes major (L1) and minor (L2) viral capsid proteins. LRC forms 10% of the viral genome, and it is a non–protein ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Table A1.2 shows a comparison for various cutaneous HPV types across four studies. It can be seen that estimates are
also different based on the site of sample collection (e.g. eyebrow specimens or skin swabs) and the population being
investigated. Different studies have included different sets of cutaneous HPV with the most common being beta types 5,
8, 9, 20 and 38. Also, statistical methods and reported measures varied across studies. Some studies reported prevalence
estimates based on genus (e.g. β–HPV, γ–HPV), while other studies reported positivity to one type, two types, three
types and so on. The prevalence estimates to at least one HPV ('any–HPV') increased when the number of the types in
the study increased, whereas the prevalence estimates decreased when concurrent seropositivity was measured for more
than one type (i.e., positive for 2 types or 3

Tissues and Cell Structures
Tissues are groupings of cells with similar functions. There are four main kinds of human tissues: Muscle Tissue
Muscular tissue is made up of cells that have sliding protein (actin, a globular protein, and myosin) filaments. As these
filaments slide over each other, they cause the cell to contract. Cells are arranged in cables within cables, twined around
each other, so that when a muscle contracts, it is actually millions of cells contracting synchronously. There are three
types of muscle tissue; cardiac muscle that operates in the heart; skeletal muscle which is used for locomotion (among
other functions) and is found all over the body; and smooth muscle which is found in a variety of organs (such as the
stomach and bladder) and in blood vessels. Smooth muscle also causes our hair to stand on end.
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue makes up the brain and nervous system. It is used to transmit information around the body for a huge
variety of tasks (for example, controlling muscles). Apart from in the brain, it is also found in the spine and in sensory
organs such as the eyes. It is made up of cells called neurons which transmit electric–chemical signals around the body
and centrally to the brain. For example, when we feel pain in our finger, it is caused by sensory input to the nerve cells in
the finger, which transmit an electric impulse to the brain. The brain then "translates" this impulse into what we call pain.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue, among other things,

A Family Of Transcription Factors
Introduction
1. The Grainyhead (Grh) gene family
Grainyhead (Grh) genes are conserved in metazoans. They encode a family of transcription factors with a unique,
unusually large, DNA–binding and dimerization domain, and an isoleucine–rich activation domain(Attardi and Tjian,
1993; Gustavsson et al., 2008; Moussian and Uv, 2005; Ting et al., 2003b; Uv et al., 1994; Venkatesan et al., 2003;
Wilanowski et al., 2002). Grh factors were first identified in Drosophila (Bray et al., 1989; Bray and Kafatos, 1991;
Dynlacht et al., 1989; Johnson et al., 1989) and since then, they were also found in animals as diverse as nematodes and
humans. Grh proteins have not yet been detected in unicellular organisms. Phylogenetic analysis subdivides this gene
family into two main classes, the Grh–like sub–family and the CP2 sub–family, depending whether the family members
are more related to the Drosophila grh, or to another Drosophila gene, CP2 (Ting et al., 2003b; Venkatesan et al., 2003;
Wilanowski et al., 2002). The fly and worm genomes each contain a single grh gene. Mammals, both mice and humans,
have evolved three Grh homologues: Grh–like–1 (Grhl–1, or Mammalian Grainyhead (MGR)/TFCP2L2), Grhl–2
(Brother–of–MGR (BOM)/TFCP2L3) and Grhl–3 (Sister–of–MGR (SOM)/ TFCP2L4). This group of genes encodes
proteins with highly homologous DNA–binding and dimerization domains. They all show restricted expression pattern
during embryogenesis and play important roles in organogenesis and epidermal

The Expression Of Matriptase Centered On Lung Cancer Cells
The Expression of Matriptase centered networking proteins in Lung Cancer Cells
Runyu Zhong1 Chen–yong Lin2 Michael D Johnson2
1Department of Biochemistry & Molecular and Cellular Biology and
2Lombardi Cance Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington DC, 20057–
1455
Abstract Pulmonary carcinoma, also known as Lung Cancer, in among the most prevalent and thermal kinds of cancers
in the world. A network around Matriptase including it 's inhibitor HAI–1, HAI–2 and it 's downstream substrate
prostasin play a significant role in both the epithelia construction in normal epithelial cells and tumor development and
progression in cancer cells. My research focuses on the expression of matriptase, HAI–1, HAI–2 and prostasin in lung
cancer cell line NCI–H209, NCI–H292 and NCI–H1944 by means of Western blot and Inmunoflurescense. Antibodies
M23, M19 and DC16 are used to recognize matriptase, HAI–1 and HAI–2, respectively and antibidies YL89, YL11 and
YL10 are used to recognize prostasin in both experiment. All the 4 proteins in the network are detected to express in all
cells line used in research and they express both on cells menbrane and inside cells in NCI–H1944. Both HAI–1 and
HAI–2 can act as inhibitors to both matriptase and prostasin while HAI–1 is the predominant inhibitor. This network
should be very essential to the oncogenesis and metastasis of lung cancer cells.
Introduction
Pericellular proteolysis plays important roles in many

Recent Advancement Of Periodontal Treatment
Recent advancement in periodontal regeneration
Periodontology .
St. Moath Riad Saifi .
Introduction :
 Regenerative periodontal treatment involves systems which are especially intended to reestablish those parts of the
tooth–supporting structures which have been lost because of periodontitis or gingival injury. The expression "recovery"
is characterized as a recreation of lost or harmed tissues in a manner that both the first structures and their capacity are
totally reestablished. Strategies went for reestablishing lost periodontal tissues support the making of new connection,
including the development another periodontal tendon with its filaments embeddings in recently framed cementum and
alveolar bone.
 Profound infra–hard imperfections connected with periodontal pockets are the great sign for periodontal regenerative
treatment. Furthermore, distinctive degrees of furcation association in molars and upper first premolars are a further sign
for regenerative methodologies as the furcation range stays hard to keep up through instrumentation and oral cleanliness.
A third gathering of signs for regenerative periodontal treatment are confined gingival subsidences and root presentation
since they may bring about a noteworthy tasteful sympathy toward the patient. The stripping of a root surface with
resultant root affectability speaks to a further sign to apply regenerative periodontal treatment keeping in mind the end
goal to accomplish both the decrease of root

Unit 5
P2: Outline the four main tissue types such as Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.
Tissues are groups of cells, which are placed together to achieve a common function. There are four main types of tissue:
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. Most of these tissues are found in our bodies, however the epithelial tissue is
covered all over the surfaces of the body.
Epithelial tissue
This tissue covers the whole surface of the body and is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal and
external body surfaces. The bottom layers of the cells are attached to the basement membrane for support and
connection. Endothelium is an epithelial tissue that occurs on surfaces on the interior of the body. There are nerve ...
It doesn't contain blood vessel and is nourished by the diffusion from the bone. Adipose, is another term for fatty tissue.
It is common for under the skin and around the organs such as the heart, kidney and part of the digestive tract.
Muscle tissue
These muscle tissue cells specialised to contract and move parts of the body. It is also capable of responding to stimuli.
There are three types of muscle in the body such as: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. Each muscle is created of muscle
fibers that are capable of contracting and returning back to original state–relaxation. Contraction causes movement of the
skeleton, soft tissue, blood or specific material. Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton. Some facial
muscles are attached to the skin. They have direct control over them through nervous impulses from our brain sending
messages to the muscle. Contractions can vary to produce fast, powerful movements. These muscles also have the ability
to stretch and contract to return to original shape. Cardiac muscles are found in the chambers of the heart such as the
atria and ventricles. It is under the control of the automatic nervous system; however, even without nervous input
contractions can occur. It is completely different to all the other muscles. Smooth muscles are also known as involuntary
due to our inability to control its movement. This muscle is usually found in the walls of hollow organs

Socm Study Guide Essay
Chapter 1 ELO's Describe the basic functions of living organisms. A. Responsiveness – organisms respond to changes in
their immediate environment (long term changes is adaptability) B. Growth – over a lifetime, organisms grow larger
through an increase in size or number of cells. Differentiation is when cells have specialized functions C. Reproduction –
Organisms reproduce, creating subsequent generations of similar organisms D. Movement – Organisms are capable of
movement a. Internal – moving food, blood, or other materials internally b. External – moving through environment E.
Metabolism – Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy for responsiveness, growth, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To survive every living organism must maintain homeostasis. Describe how positive (+) and negative (–) feedback are
involved in homeostatic regulation * Negative feedback provides longterm regulatory control that results in relatively
stable internal conditions * Positive feedback is important in driving a potentially dangerous or stressful process to
completion. * Negative feedback opposes stimuli, positive feedback reinforces stimuli Use anatomical terms to describe
body sections, body regions, and relative positions. Body regions– – Cephalon (head) – axillia (armpit) – Cervicis (neck)
– Brachium (arm) – Thoracis (chest) – Ante Brachium (forearm) – Abdomen – Manus (hand) – Pelvis – Thigh – Loin
(lower back) – leg (anterior) – Buttock – Calf – Pubis (anterior pelvis) – Pes (foot) – Groin Body sections– Transverse
plane – cuts the body parallel to the ground as the person is standing. Positions are referred to as superior (top) or
inferior (bottom). Frontal plane – or coronal plane, cuts the body length wise and is dividing it into a anterior (front) and
posterior (back) section. Sagittal Plane – also cuts the body length wise, but divides it into a right and left half A cut the
produces an equal left and right half is a midsagittal section *

Esophagus Research Paper
1– Mucosa or mucosal membrane; the type of mucosal membrane varies depend on the location within the GI tract. For
example, the mucosa of the oesophagus is composed of tough and stratified epithelium. The mucosa of the rest of the
tract is a delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium.
2– Submucosa; is a connective tissue layer that lies just bellow the mucosa. It contains many blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels and nerves.
3– Muscularis; two or three layers of smooth muscle tissue make the muscularis layer. These muscle layers have an
important role in the GI tract motility.
4– Serosa; is the outermost covering of the digestive tube. In the abdominal cavity the serosal covering is called visceral
peritoneum. It attaches the digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity forming folds called mesenteries. ...
Discuss the esophagus and its function. Page 502
The esophagus is a collapsible, muscular mucous lined tube about 25 cm long and extend from the pharynx to the
stomach. It is the first segment of the digestive tube and its muscular wall make it a dynamic passageway able to push
food toward the stomach. Each end of the esophagus is guarded by a muscular sphincter. The upper sphincter helps to
prevent air from entering the tube during respiration, and the lower sphincter normally prevents backflow of the acidic
stomach content.
11. Describe the stomach and how it functions. Page

Histology Chapter 5 Summary
Chapter 5 deals with histology, the study of tissues. Types of tissue include epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous
and muscular tissue. Cell junctions, glands and tissue growth, development, repair and degeneration are discussed.
Histology is also called microscopic anatomy because a microscope is needed to view the structures of tissues.
Tissues are prepared for study thinly slicing the tissue, preserving them with a fixative and staining them to produce
greater detail. Tissue samples can be sliced longitudinally, by cross sections or by oblique sections. Liquid tissues, like
blood are smeared on a slide for microscopic study. Epithelial tissue covers the body and internal organs. It protects the
body from injury and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two types of osseous tissue are spongy bone and compact bone. Blood is the liquid connective tissue. It is made of a
ground substance called plasma and other formed elements. The formed elements are erythrocytes (red blood cells),
leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets that aid in clotting.
Nervous tissue is made of neurons, and neuroglia (glial cells). The neurons have a pronounced cell body called the
neurosoma. Dendrites are extensions that branch from the neurosoma to receive messages and communicate those
messages to the neurosoma. Neurosoma also have an axon (nerve fiber) that extends from the cell body that sends out
signals to other cells. Glial cells transmit messages only short distances. They provide protection and support to the
nervous system.
Muscular tissue is built to contract and relax for movement, circulation and digestion. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth
muscle are the 3 types of muscular tissue. Skeletal muscle is usually attached to bone, but there are exception like the
tongue and some muscles of the face. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated. Cardiac muscle is only found in the
heart. It is involuntary muscle tissue but is also striated. Smooth muscle is neither striated nor voluntary. It can be found
in the digestive tract, respiratory tract and urinary

Different Methods Used For The Diagnosis Of The Cancer
In the medical field, currently various methods are used for the diagnosis of the cancer. Mostly the cancer specialist uses
the gland structure for the diagnosis of the cancer patient. Hence the glandular structure observation is very important for
the cancer patient disease diagnosis. For the disease diagnosis purpose we required the microscopic image of the gland.
A single gland contains thousands of tissues and cells in it, some of them may be overlapped to each other. In this paper
we used the, Saliency Map Method, for the segmentation of the input image given by the user. Then we have used the
Visual Signal To Noise Ratio (VSNR) Method, This method is used to detect the overlapped cells and it also plays the
important role to separate the overlapped cells. The VSNR method is also helps to detect the various features of the
gland like area, eccentricity and the orientation of each cells present and detect the total area covered by cells in that
image. from all above observations the pathologist can easily predict the disease.
Keywords: Gland Structure, Cells, Microscopic images, Segmentation.. 1. INTRODUCTION
Tissue diagnosis [1] is the very important factor in the modern day medical field. The tissue diagnosis technique helps to
detect various diseases easily from the glandular images. For such type of tissue diagnosis the tissue samples are taken
from the patients and then these tissue samples are viewed under the microscope by pathologist. As soon as the

Kidney And Corne Aquaporin Analysis
Aquaporin: Structure and Role in Kidney and Cornea
The isolation of aquaporin helped many scientists to determine the nature of aquaporin as a water channel protein and
work out how water transport occurs across membrane.
Structure of Aquaporin
Aquaporin consists of a tetramer (Verkman et al, 2014) and each monomer has a single aqueous pore that allows water
transportation and prevents proton transfer (Agre et al, 2002). There is an extracellular and cytoplasmic vestibule in each
monomer which connects to a central amphipatic pore region that has a hydrophilic (α–carbonyl groups) and
hydrophobic surface that helps preventing permeation of larger molecules (Verkman et at, 2014). There are six
membrane domains in each aquaporin that then form ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cornea is part of the ocular surface system and is of vital importance to maintain its slightly dehydrated state
(Gipson, 2007). The cornea consists of layered structures as shown in Figure 3. Corneal epithelium consists of three
layers of superficial, wing and basal cells and is the main refractive site of the eye and is constantly bathed by water
(tears) secreted from lacrimal glands (Schey et al, 2014). Keratocytes are scattered among a network of collagen fibrils
which are spaced in the stroma is important in maintaining the transparency of the cornea (ibid). The endothelium layer
is immersed in an aqueous humor and gives access to fluid and nutrients for the cornea (ibid). Changes in the corneal
water volume will change the length and spacing of stromal collagen fibrils which later affects the transparency of the
cornea (ibid). Both AQP5 and AQP1 are the major channels for water transport across the corneal epithelium and
endothelium (ibid). AQP5 is responsible for water transport across the corneal epithelium onto the ocular surface due to
the high osmotic pressure of the tear film (ibid). AQP1 facilitates water transport across the corneal endothelium and
together with epithelial AQP5, maintains the slightly dehydrated and transparent stromal layer of the eye

Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care...
Btec Level: 3 in Health and Social Care
Unit 5: Anatomy and physiology for Health and Social Care
Assessor: F. Mansell
Task2: The main tissue types of the body and the role these play in two named organs of the body.
P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body
There are many different types of cells in the human body. These cells would not be able to function on their own, they
are all part of a large organism that is called – you.
The two named organs that I have chosen for this assignment are the intestines and the heart.
Tissues
All cells group together within the body to form tissue, a collection of similar cells group together to perform a
specialized function. There are four primary tissue types in the human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is made up of either liquid, solid, or connective tissue, within the matrix there are many types of connecting fibres,
such as collagen and elastic fibres.
The function of the connective tissue is to support, bind, cover, protect and give structure to the body.
Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue.
Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, areolar, adipose bone
and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of
connective tissue.
Cartilage tissue is a smooth, firm substance that protects ends of the bones from friction during movement and they can
be found at the end of our bones in mobile joints, the front ends of the ribs, also in parts of our nose and ears.
Our bone tissues are made of a much harder substance than the cartilage, but they can be worn away by friction. They
are tough on the outside, but on the inside they have a sponge–like design that helps to reduce the weight while retaining
strength. They are designed to maintain the body's structure and support the body's movement and are used to protect
weaker tissues, such as the brain, lungs and heart.
Btec Level: 3 in Health and Social Care
Unit 5: Anatomy and physiology for Health and Social Care
Assessor: F. Mansell
P2: Outline the structure of

Understanding Development Of Emphysema Through Imaging
Understanding Development of Emphysema through Imaging Started in 2012 when I was accepted to the University of
Maine, in the school of Biology and Ecology. I had envisioned myself as a medical professional or conducting some type
of research that could have an impact on modern society. Taking course after course, learning basic biology, to medical
physiology, and eventually applying those concepts into my own research. Mouse lung tissue is the starting point of my
research. By creating a histological slide of this lung tissue, I was able to have a control for a healthy mouse lung.
Identifying major structures such as, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. My intent for this research is to apply my findings,
and compare them to other imaging techniques used on mouse lungs. With the prime focus on the effects of smoking
with the leading of emphysema. Emphysema is common, yet serious condition that is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. It is so serious because it can enlarge and eventually destroy air spaces within the lungs. This disease
effects millions of people in the United States, and is the third leading cause in the United States. Smoking is the leading
cause of this condition. Understanding how COPD works, it helps to know how the lungs work as well. When you inhale
air, that air is sent down your windpipe, or trachea, into tubes called bronchi. These bronchial tubes then branch into the
lungs by getting smaller, thinner and by the thousands, these are

Level 3 Health and Social Care, Unit 5 P2
Unit 5 P2
Explain what they are, their functions and where they are found. Then go into detail about two organs, with their
functions, what tissues they are made of and where they are found in the body.
Tissues: Tissues are groups of similar cells that have specific functions. In this piece of work I'll talk about these types of
cells:
Epithelial Tissues:
Epithelial are the lining of internal and external surfaces and body cavities, including tubes/channels (ducts) carrying
secretions from glands. Epithelial tissues can be made of several layers of cells (called compound epithelia), or a single
layer known as simple epithelia. The lowest layer of cells is attached to the basement membrane for support and
connection. Part of the basement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The matrix of a tissue can be secreted by the connective tissues within the body. The functions of connective tissues are
to transport materials around the body to give support to the weak areas to protect and support the body.
Body Organs:
The body has different organs that work together and they make up a system such as the
Respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system. These are the main
systems within the body and are made up of individual organs that then work together. For instance, the respiratory
system is made of the nose, lungs, heart and this lets us breathe.
Blood:
Blood is a bodily fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells within the body. Blood has plasma that lets the
different types of blood travel round the body. Plasma contains proteins that have different functions for the blood–
clotting, transporting and defence organisms and osmotic organisations. The plasma carries the red blood cell which has
a elastic membrane so it can fit through the small capillaries within the body. Red blood cells can be also known as
erythrocytes they don't have a nucleus when they are matured which gives a bigger space for oxygen, although as there is
no nuclei the red blood cells can't divide so they only live for around 120 days. Red blood cells gain their colour from
haemoglobin, oxygenated blood which is known as arterial blood which flows through the arteries coming from the heart
and

Outline the Structure of the Main Tissues of the Body.
P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body.
In this assignment I'm going to talk about the structure of the main tissues which are found within the body as well as
what their role is in the terms of two named organs of the body. Tissues are a collection of similar cells that group
together to carry out a specific function within the body. There are four different types of tissue found in the human body
which include; epithelial tissue; connective tissue; muscle tissue and nerve tissue.
The first type of tissue found in the human body is epithelial tissue. These types of tissue are found covering the whole
surface of the body, lining of cavities, hollow organs and tubes. The cells a very closely packed and are arranged in one
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transitional epithelium is also composed of several layers but is constructive of pear shaped cells instead. This type of
tissue is stretchy, meaning it can contract and expand. It is usually found lining the urinary bladder as it allows for
stretching as the bladder fills up.
The second type of tissue found in the body is connective tissue. They lie beneath the epithelial tissue helping to connect
different part of the internal structure, the cells are more widely separated from each other then in epithelial tissue. The
intercellular substance known as the matrix is found in considerably large amounts. Within the matrix there are usually
fibres which may be a jelly like consistency or dense and rigid depending on the type, function and positioning of the
tissue. Theses fibres form a supporting system for cells to attach to. The major functions of connective tissue are to
transport materials, give structural support and protection. The types of connective tissue that will be explained are
blood, bone, cartilage, bone, areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
Blood is made up of straw coloured plasma, the matrix, in which various types of blood are carried. Plasma is mainly
water where substances are carried such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, salts,
enzymes and hormones. Also there is a combination of important proteins which help with blood clotting, transport,

Essay about Basic anatomy and Physiology
Exam one Study Guide: Basic Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy– the study of structure Subdivisions: –Gross
(macroscopic) – visible to the naked eye, such as surface area, regional areas or anatomy systems –Microscopic –
extremely small areas that usually need a microscope to be seen such as cytology (the study of the shape and function of
plant or animal cells) or histology ( the study of the microscopic structure of tissue) –Developmental– compared to the
evolutional study of something such as embryology ( the study of the development of an embryo) Physiology– the study
of function at many different levels I.E. Such as the organ systems Subdivisions: –Is based on where an organ is placed
within the body ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
wrist muscle in forearm) – Also some people have extra pieces in their body (i.e. nerves) – May be asymptomatic (no
problems) or symptomatic (problems) one being people having nerve problems Body Cavities: –Dorsal: Protects nervous
system –Subdivisions: Cranial (brain) & Vertebral (Spinal Cord) –Ventral: Holds internal organs –Subdivisions: Thoracic
(ribcage) & Abdominopelvic (Abdomen and pelvis) Serous Membrane: – Double layered membrane that is separated by
fluid – Parietal: lines body walls –Visceral: lines internal organs Regions: Nine Regions: – Right Hypochondriac Region:
Organs found in this region are

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