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Water supply final
1. WATER SUPPLY AND
WASTE MANAGEMENT
PRESENTATION BY:
BHUMIKA LAMBA
PALAK KALRA
RIYA BAGCHI
II YEAR ‘B’
VASTU KALA ACADEMY
SESSION 2013-18
2. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with
appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.
Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply
water from its source to the point of usage.
3. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places
with sufficient pressure head.
It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water
during fire fighting.
The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water
supply, during the repair of any section of the system.
All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one metre away or
above the sewer lines.
It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the
minimum.
4. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
URBAN DISTRIBUTION
A sustainable urban water supply network covers all the activities
related to provision of potable water. Sustainable development is of
increasing importance for the water supply to urban areas.
To achieve a sustainable water supply network, new sources of
water are needed to be developed. A sustainable water supply
network must monitor the freshwater consumption rate and the
waste-water generation rate.
Many of the urban water supply networks in developing countries
face problems related to population increase, and environmental
pollution.
5. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
WITHIN A BUILDING
The system of water supply in which water is fed directly either from
municipal main or through hydro-pneumatic system is called “upfeed
system”.
In this system, water is allowed to be drawn by individual consumers
from rising mains and the amount of water which goes into the
overhead tank is the residual water after draw off by the various
occupants at different floors.
6. STORAGE AND PRESSURE
STORAGE of water becomes essential when:
After complete purification of water, water has to be stored in big
underground reservoirs.
In case of intermittent supply, water is always stored in homes for
use dat the time of non-supply hours.
Water closets, urinals, are also not flushed through the water
distribution system directly, but through storages made in the form of
flushing tanks of definite capacities.
Water may be stored for flushing of the sewer lines.
For high-rise buildings, separate pumps are provided to pump water
from ground storage to overhead storage tanks, which controls the
suppliers to the various stories of the building.
Important for fire-fighting.
7. For efficient distribution system adequate water pressure required at
various points.
Depending upon the level of source, topography of the area and
other local conditions the water may be forced into distribution
system by following ways –
Gravity system
Pumping system
Combined gravity and pumping system
8. GRAVITY SYSTEM
Suitable when source of supply is
at sufficient height.
Most reliable and economical
distribution system.
The water head available at the
consumer is just minimum
required.
The remaining head is consumed
in the frictional and other losses.
9. PUMPING SYSTEM
Treated water is directly pumped in to the distribution main with out
storing.
Also called pumping without storage system.
High lifts pumps are required.
If power supply fails, complete stoppage of water supply.
This method is not generally used.
10. COMBINED GRAVITY AND PUMPING SYSTEMS
Most common system.
Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir.
Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity.
The excess water during low demand periods get stored in reservoir and get
supplied during high demand period.
Economical, efficient and reliable system.
11. SUPPLY SYSTEM
LAYOUTS OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements,
and as such their layouts generally follow the layouts of roads.
There are, in general, four different types of pipe networks; any one
of which either singly or in combinations, can be used for a particular
place.
They are:
Dead End System
Radial System
Grid Iron System
Ring System
12. DEAD END SYSTEM
It is suitable for old towns and
cities having no definite
pattern of roads.
ADVANTAGE
Relatively cheap.
Determination of discharges
and pressure easier due to
less number of valves.
DISADVANTAGE
Due to many dead ends,
stagnation of water occurs in
pipes.
13. RADIAL SYSTEM
The area is divided into different zones.
The water is pumped into the distribution reservoir kept in the middle
of each zone.
The supply pipes are laid radially ending towards the periphery.
ADVANTAGES
It gives quick
service.
Calculation of pipe
sizes is easy.
14. GRID IRON SYSTEM
It is suitable for cities with
rectangular layout, where the
water mains and branches are
laid in rectangles
ADVANTAGES
Water is kept in good
circulation due
to the absence of dead ends.
In the cases of a breakdown in
some section, water is
available from some other
direction.
DISADVANTAGE
Exact calculation of sizes of
pipes is not possible due to
provision of valves on all
branches.
15. RING SYSTEM
The supply main is laid all along
the peripheral roads and sub
mains branch out from the mains.
This system also follows the grid
iron system with the flow pattern
similar in character to that of dead
end system.
So, determination of the size of
pipes is easy.
ADVANTAGE
Water can be supplied to any
point from at least two directions.
16. PIPING AND METERING
SERVICE CONNECTION
It is primarily a distribution system from the distributor to the consumer.
A consumer may be a single house, an apartment house, a planned
block development or a water district buying water wholesale. A
connection for a single house will normally involve tapping the main
while it is under pressure and installing a corporation clock.
17. COMPONENTS OF
DOMESTIC SERVICE
CONNECTIONS ARE:
Brass or Bronze ferrule: For a
typical service connection, a
ferrule is inserted in the main,
most usually an under
pressure, which can be
inserted without shutting down
the main.
Goose Neck: It prevents the
breaking of the main service
pipe due to movement that
takes place between the water
main and the service pipe,
thus providing flexibility at the
junction. The curved piece of
flexible pipe is 40-50cm long
and made of brass, copper or
lead.
Stop Cock or Curb Valve:
Used to close down the
supply, for repair purposes of
the plumbing systems.
Main Service Pipe: Its
Diameter can vary from 12mm
to 40mm
Water Meter: It measures the
quantity of water used by
consumer
18. METERING
Water meters are normally used
for measuring flows to
domestic buildings.
CHARACTERISTICS:
It should accurately measure
and register all kinds of flow.
It should be easy to maintain
and repair
It should have a good capacity
It should be capable of
working at all pressures
efficiently.
It should be durable
It should be rugged
It should prevent back flow
19. WATER
METERS
INFERENTIAL/
VELOCITY
METERS
POSITIVE OR
DISPLACEMENT
METERS
INFERENTIAL METERS are
used for high flows. These
measure the velocity of flow
across a cross-section whose
area is known. E.g. rotary and
turbine meters
DISPLACEMENT METERS
are used for relatively low
flows, as for the residential
buildings. The quantity of
water actually passing through
it is measured by filling and
emptying the chamber of
known capacity.
20. WATER CONSUMPTION
RESIDENTIAL INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
OFFICE BUILDINGS
BUILDINGS WITH FLOATING
POPULATIONS
WATER
REQUIREMENTS
FOR BUILDINGS
For residential buildings, a minimum supply of 200 litres per head per
day is to be assured for a full flushing system. Out of 200 litres, 45 is
meant for flushing requirements and the remaining for other domestic
purposes.
Where buildings are meant for low income group, the water supply
may be reduced to 135 litres per head per day.
22. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Water Supply and Sanitary Installation- AC panchdhari
Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering- Gurcharan Singh
Water Supply- B.C. Punmiya
en.wikipedia.org
