The product, delivered to the point of consumption, is called potable water if it meets the water quality standards required for human consumption.
The water in the supply network is maintained at positive pressure to ensure that water reaches all parts of the network, that a sufficient flow is available at every take-off point and to ensure that untreated water in the ground cannot enter the network. The water is typically pressurised by pumps that pump water into storage tanks constructed at the highest local point in the network. One network may have several such service reservoirs.
In small domestic systems, the water may be pressurised by a pressure vessel or even by an underground cistern (the latter however does need additional pressurizing). This eliminates the need of a water-tower or any other heightened water reserve to supply the water pressure.
These systems are usually owned and maintained by local governments, such as cities, or other public entities, but are occasionally operated by a commercial enterprise (see water privatization). Water supply networks are part of the master planning of communities, counties, and municipalities. Their planning and design requires the expertise of city planners and civil engineers, who must consider many factors, such as location, current demand, future growth, leakage, pressure, pipe size, pressure loss, fire fighting flows, etc
1. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary connecting pipes, fittings,
control valves and all appurtenances in or adjacent to the structure or premises.
PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :-
SERVICE PIPE :- The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply to the
water distribution system of the building served.
WATER METER :- Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes
through the water service.
DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPE :- A pipe with in the structure or on the premises which
conveys water from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization
2. RISER :- A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey water to branches or
to a group of fixtures.
FIXTURE BRANCH :- The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water
distributing pipe.
FIXTURE SUPPLY :- A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
3. WATER SUPPLY PLUMBING SYSTEMS IN BUILDING AND HOUSES
House Water Connection
5. Pipe Fittings
Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect
straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes
or shapes, to branch or re-direct the piping system and if
necessary to provide a jointing method if 2 dissimilar
piping materials are used in the one system. Fittings for
pipe and tubing are most often made from the same base
material as the pipe or tubing being connected, e.g.,
stainless steel, steel, copper or plastic. However, any
material that is allowed by code may be used, but must be
compatible with the other materials in the system, the fluids
being transported, and the temperatures and pressures
inside and outside of the system. For example, brass-
bodied fittings are common in otherwise copper piping and
plumbing systems. The photographs below show some
common fittings that are used in piping systems.
6. VALVES AND CONTROLS
FUNCTION OF VALVES
Control of the water system
Start or shut down a system
Regulate pressure
Check backflow
Control the direction of water
7. TYPES OF VALVES
GATE VALVE :- The gate valve, also known as
a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round
or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of
the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the
sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are
planar, so gate valves are often used when a straight-
line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired.
8. GLOBE VALVE :- A globe valve different
from ball valve is a type of valve used for
regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of
a movable disk-type element and a
stationary ring seat in a
generally spherical body.
BALL COCK VALVE :-
A ballcock (also ball-tap or float valve) is
a mechanism or machine for filling water
tanks, such as those found in flush toilets,
while avoiding overflow and (in the event
of low water pressure) backflow
9. TYPES OF JOINTS
Bell (Socket) and Spigot Joint :- This is used for both cast iron
and steel pipes. The spigot end of the pipe is pushed into the bell
end, a tarred gasket made of cotton yarn, or jute is packed into the
open space between the bell and spigot. A strap is placed around
the joint and molten lead is poured in and tampered.
Threaded Joints :- There are strong in pipes. A rubber gasket is
used to make the joint water tight. The bell end is threaded on the
inside to fit with an outside threaded ring. This ring presses against
the rubber gasket making the joint water tight.
10. Flexible Joint :- The direction and the slope of pipes
connected by a flexible joint can be varied up to a
maximum of 20o. This joint is especially suitable for
pipes being under water.
Concrete Pipe Joint :- Concrete pipes with bell and
spigot joints. Are generally used with a rubber ring to
make the joints water tight. Such joints are used for
water pipes not under pressure. h)
Asbestos Cement Pipe Joint :- This consist of a steel
or cast iron sleeve which fits over the ends of the pipes,
it is made water tight with two rubber rings placed
between the sleeve and pipes. Sleeves are frequently
constructed of the same material as the pipe
11. Sanitary Drainage System
Waste Pipe :- conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Vent Pipe :- used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Trap :- a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal
which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
Stack :- the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings extending through one or more
stories and extended thru the roof.
Branch :- any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
12. House/Building Drain :- Part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and
conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building.
House/Building Sewer :- extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside
face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of
discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site.
13. Waste Vent
the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary
System Connected to the Main Soil & Waste
Stack
The portion where waste does not travel
through
Continues to the roof; the portion penetrating
the roof is called the Vent Stack Through Roof
(VSTR)
14. TRAP
In plumbing, a trap is a U-, S-Q-, or J-shaped pipe located below or within a plumbing fixture. An
S-shaped trap is also known as the S-bend. The bend is used to prevent sewer gases from
entering buildings. In refinery applications, it also prevents hydrocarbons and other dangerous
gases from escaping outside through drains.
Another shape is X-shaped trap. The most common of these traps in houses is referred to as a P-
trap.
15. NAHANI TRAP/FLOOR TRAP :- This trap is
provided in the floor to collect waste water from
washbasin, shower, sink and bathroom etc. These are
available in cast iron or UPVC material and have
removable grating (JALI) on the top of the trap. The
minimum depth of water seal should be 50 mm.
GULLY TRAP :- These traps are constructed outside
the building to carry waste water discharge from
washbasin, sinks, bathroom etc. and are connected to
the nearest building drain/sewer so that foul gases
from sewer do not come to the house. These are deep
seal traps, the depth of water seal should be 50 mm
minimum. It also prevents the entry of cockroach and
other insects from sewer line to waste pipes carrying
waste water.
16. REQUIREMENTS OF TRAPS :-
Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped with an
approved-type water seal trap.
Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the
vent)
One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinks or laundry tubs or
lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the same room, where their waste out lets are not more
than 0.75m apart.
