The Pequot War (1634-1638) erupted from tensions between colonial settlements and Native American tribes in Connecticut Valley. The Pequot and Mohegan tribes were enemies, with English settlers allying with Mohegans and Dutch with Pequots. An attack by Pequot allies led the Narragansett, convinced by Roger Williams, to join the English against the Pequots. A surprise attack by the English-Mohegan-Narragansett alliance on the Pequot fort at Mystic killed over 700, mostly women and children, virtually wiping out the Pequot tribe.
CHAPTER 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763Figure 4..docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763
Figure 4.1 Isaac Royall and his family, seen here in a 1741 portrait by Robert Feke, moved to Medford, Massachusetts, from the West Indian island of Antigua, bringing their slaves with them. They were an affluent British colonial family, proud of their success and the success of the British Empire. Chapter Outline 4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies 4.2 The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire 4.3 An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution 4.4 Great Awakening and Enlightenment 4.5 Wars for Empire Introduction The eighteenth century witnessed the birth of Great Britain (after the union of England and Scotland in 1707) and the expansion of the British Empire. By the mid-1700s, Great Britain had developed into a commercial and military powerhouse; its economic sway ranged from India, where the British East India Company had gained control over both trade and territory, to the West African coast, where British slave traders predominated, and to the British West Indies, whose lucrative sugar plantations, especially in Barbados and Jamaica, provided windfall profits for British planters. Meanwhile, the population rose dramatically in Britain’s North American colonies. In the early 1700s the population in the colonies had reached 250,000. By 1750, however, over a million British migrants and African slaves had established a near-continuous zone of settlement on the Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia. During this period, the ties between Great Britain and the American colonies only grew stronger. AngloAmerican colonists considered themselves part of the British Empire in all ways: politically, militarily, religiously (as Protestants), intellectually, and racially. The portrait of the Royall family (Figure 4.1) exemplifies the colonial American gentry of the eighteenth century. Successful and well-to-do, they display fashions, hairstyles, and furnishings that all speak to their identity as proud and loyal British subjects.
Chapter 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763 101
4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies
By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Analyze the causes and consequences of the Restoration • Identify the Restoration colonies and their role in the expansion of the Empire
When Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, English subjects on both sides of the Atlantic celebrated the restoration of the English monarchy after a decade of living without a king as a result of the English CivilWars.CharlesIIlostlittletimeinstrengtheningEngland’sglobalpower.Fromthe1660stothe1680s, Charles II added more possessions to England’s North American holdings by establishing the Restoration colonies of New York and New Jersey (taking these areas from the Dutch) as well as Pennsylvania and theCarolinas.InordertoreapthegreatesteconomicbenefitfromEngland’soverseaspossessions,Charles II enacted the mercantilist Navigation Acts, although many colonial merchants i.
Covers the final years of the nineteenth century, focusing on the annexation of Hawaii as well as the annexation of the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, all as a result of American victory in the Spanish-American War.
Covers the outcome of the Homestead Strike, the rise of Eugene V. Debs, the Pullman Strike, the articulation of the Frontier Thesis, and the dispute over the annexation of Hawaii.
Covers key events preceding the Progressive Era, including the passage of the Dawes Act and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, as well as the emergence of the Ghost Dance movement, the massacre at Wounded Knee, the rise of the Pinkerton Agency, and the Homestead Strike.
Covers key events in the rise of the American labor movement, including the establishment of the Knights of Labor, the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Haymarket Riot, and the founding of the American Federation of Labor by Samuel Gompers.
Covers the effects of nineteenth century industrialization and the rise of the "robber barons" including Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan.
Covers the end of the Reconstruction Era, focusing on the Compromise of 1877, the rise of the Democratic Redeemers, the Colfax Massacre, the Battle of Liberty Place, the beginning of Southern segregation under the Jim Crow laws, and the establishment of Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute.
Covers the Grant Administration's problematic response to Native American affairs, focusing on the discovery of the Comstock Lode, the establishment of the transcontinental railroad, the Texas-Indian Wars, the gold rush in South Dakota, the Black Hills War, and the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Covers the rise of nativism during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, focusing on the actions of Tammany Hall, the Know Nothing Party, and the Ku Klux Klan.
Covers the beginning of the Reconstruction Era, focusing on the effects of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 and 1868, the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, the election of Ulysses S. Grant, and the establishment of the Ku Klux Klan.
Covers the events that occurred in the aftermath of the American Civil War, including the readmission of former Confederate States to the Union, the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau and the Black Codes, the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and the debates over the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
Covers the fourth and final year of the American Civil War, focusing on the Chattanooga Campaign, the battles between Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee, General Sherman's March to the Sea, the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Hampton Roads Conference, the fall of Richmond, the end of the war, and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
Covers the third year of the American Civil War, focusing on the consequences of the Emancipation Proclamation, the Vicksburg Campaign, the Battle of Chancellorsville, the Battle of Gettysburg, the New York Draft Riots, the Battle of Chickamauga, and the Gettysburg Address.
Covers the second year of the American Civil War, focusing on the Battle of Hampton Roads, the Peninsula Campaign, the Battle of Shiloh, the capture of New Orleans, the Battle of Seven Pines, the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam, the rise of Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee, and the Emancipation Proclamation.
Covers the first year of the American Civil War, focusing on the secession of four Border States, the formation of Winfield Scott's Anaconda plan, the First Battle of Bull Run, George McClellan's command of the Union Army, the Frémont Emancipation, and the Trent Affair.
Covers key events preceding the American Civil War, including the formation of the Confederate States of America, the election of Jefferson Davis, Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address, and the Battle of Fort Sumter.
Covers key events preceding the American Civil War, including the outbreak of "Bleeding Kansas," the Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, the presidency of James Buchanan, the rise of Abraham Lincoln, the Lincoln-Douglas debates, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, the election of Lincoln, and the secession of South Carolina.
Covers key events preceding the American Civil War, including the Compromise of 1850, the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, the establishment of the underground railroad, the publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the drafting of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Covers significant events that took place in the year 1848, including the end of the Mexican-American War with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the rises to fame of Frederick Douglass and Henry David Thoreau, the Seneca Falls Convention, and the beginning of the California gold rush.
Covers the ascendancy of the Whig Party in the mid-nineteenth century, focusing on the presidencies of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler and the Democrat James K. Polk.
Covers events during the presidency of Martin van Buren, including the Panic of 1837, the consequent economic depression, the diplomatic tensions with Mexico that would erupt into the Mexican-American War, and the fallout from the Amistad case.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. A SURVEY OF
AMERICAN HISTORY
Unit 1: Colonialism and Nationhood
Part 7: War in Colonial New England
2. THE PEQUOT WAR
• Lasted from 1634 to 1638,
concurrent with the Antinomian
Controversy and its aftermath.
• Colonial settlements worsened
Native American tribal conflicts
in the Connecticut River Valley.
The Pequot tribe and the
Mohegan tribe were longtime
enemies. English settlers allied
with the Mohegans while Dutch
settlers allied with the Pequots.
• Because the Narragansett tribe
had lost territory to the Pequots
in 1622, Roger Williams was
able to convince them to join
the English-Mohegan alliance.
3. THE PEQUOT WAR
• In order to discourage the
English from continuing to trade
with the Pequot tribe, allies of
the Narragansett tribe killed a
well-respected English trader.
• The leaders of the Narragansett
tribe convinced the English
settlers that the Pequots were
in fact sheltering the killers.
• Skirmishes and raids broke out
between the English-Mohegan-
Narragansett alliance and the
Dutch-Pequot alliance, and the
belligerents entered into a cycle
of retaliatory violence.
4. THE PEQUOT WAR
• In 1637, the Pequot tribe
planned an attack on the
Hartford settlement in the
Connecticut Colony, believing
that the settlers were in Boston.
• While the Pequot warriors were
heading to Hartford, the
English-Mohegan-Narragansett
alliance launched a surprise
attack on the main Pequot fort
at the village of Mystic.
• Out of about 700 Pequots,
mostly women and children,
there were only seven survivors.
5. THE PEQUOT WAR
• The Mohegan and Narragansett
warriors were horrified by the
violence of the English and left
the site of the Mystic massacre.
• The Pequot warriors who had
gone to Hartford were found at
the village of Sasqua and most
of them were slaughtered.
• The Pequot tribe was virtually
wiped out by the English.
• The neighboring Wampanoag
tribe, under the leadership of
Chief Massasoit, remained
neutral throughout the conflict.
6. INTERREGNUM AND
RESTORATION
• In 1642, the English Civil War
broke out. Royalist supporters
of the English monarchy fought
against Parliamentarian forces
attempting to transform
England into a republic.
• In 1649, the Parliamentarians
executed King Charles I and
sent his son into exile. They
created the Commonwealth of
England as a republican state.
• The Commonwealth lasted until
1653, when Oliver Cromwell
made himself dictator of what
he called the Protectorate.
7. INTERREGNUM AND
RESTORATION
• Cromwell’s dictatorship lasted
until King Charles II, the son of
the previous king, returned to
the throne in 1660.
• The period from the creation of
the Commonwealth to the end
of Cromwell’s dictatorship is
known as the Interregnum.
• The end of the Protectorate and
the return of King Charles II is
known as the Restoration.
• Because the king is also Head
of the Church of England, the
Puritans intensely disliked him.
8. INTERREGNUM AND
RESTORATION
• The end of the English
monarchy resulted in a halt to
Puritan migration to America,
since English Puritans no longer
saw a need to escape from a
church they believed corrupt.
• The colonies of New England
supported the Commonwealth
of England because it abolished
the English monarchy.
• Following the Restoration, the
Puritans of Massachusetts Bay
refused to recognize the
authority of King Charles II.
9. KING PHILIP’S WAR
• Lasted from 1675 to 1677.
• Followed forty years of relative
peace between the settlers of
New England and the
Wampanoag tribe under the
leadership of Chief Massasoit.
• Massasoit died sometime
between 1660 and 1662. At
first he was succeeded by his
son Wamsutta, also known as
Alexander. But when Wamsutta
also died in 1662, tribal
leadership fell to Massasoit’s
second son Metacomet, also
known as Philip.
10. KING PHILIP’S WAR
• Colonial laws prohibited
commercial activity between
the settlers of New England and
the Wampanoag tribe. Josiah
Winslow, governor of the
Plymouth Colony, had arrested
Wamsutta for engaging in
commerce with Roger Williams.
• Winslow appears to have
poisoned Wamsutta.
• The suspicious circumstances
of Wamsutta’s death led
Metacomet to ally the other
local Algonquian tribes against
the settlers of New England.
11. KING PHILIP’S WAR
• The Narragansett tribe and
several others allied with the
Wampanoags under the
leadership of Metacomet.
• The Mohegan tribe and the
remnants of the Pequot tribe
allied with the English settlers.
• Skirmishes and raids on
colonial settlements turned into
full-on attacks against the
colonies. By 1676, Metacomet’s
warriors had reached the
coastal settlements including
the settlement of Plymouth.
12. THE CAPTIVITY OF
MARY ROWLANDSON
• Mary Rowlandson was a
colonial woman captured by the
Narragansetts and their allies.
• She was taken to meet
Metacomet and she bore
witness to acts of great brutality
as well as great charity on the
part of her captors.
• She recorded her experience of
captivity in The Sovereignty and
Goodness of God, which was
probably edited by a man
named Increase Mather.
13. KING PHILIP’S WAR
• Metacomet traveled to New
York to seek an alliance with
the Iroquois. When the Iroquois
refused, Metacomet’s warriors
killed some Mohawk men and
attempted to blame their
deaths on the English. But an
eyewitness revealed the true
perpetrators and, in response,
the Iroquois began attacking
Metacomet’s tribal allies.
• The Narragansett tribe was
defeated soon afterwards.
• Metacomet lost his allies and
was killed in August 1676.
14. KING PHILIP’S WAR
• King Philip’s War essentially
ended with the death of
Metacomet, although conflicts
still broke out into 1677.
• The English settlers defended
themselves without any support
from the English Government.
• The conduct of the war showed
that Native American tribes
could inflict serious damage on
settlers when they were united.
• The decisive defeat of the
Wampanoag left most of New
England open for settlement.
15. A SURVEY OF
AMERICAN HISTORY
Unit 1: Colonialism and Nationhood
Part 7: War in Colonial New England