British Empire - Introductory chapter
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This document outlines the rise and expansion of several historical empires from 1479 BC to the late 19th century. It then focuses on the beginnings of the British Empire from the late 15th century through the colonial period. Key events included English explorers like Cabot, the establishment of trading companies like the East India Company, early colonies in North America and the Caribbean, and the growth of the triangular slave trade to support profitable crops. The empire expanded through trade, religion, and seeking national glory.
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Brithish empire
The British Empire began establishing overseas colonies in the 16th century and by 1783 had a large empire with colonies in America and the West Indies. However, the American Revolution ended the "first British Empire". In the 19th century, Britain built a "second empire" based on its naval power and conquered many parts of Africa and India. By the early 20th century, the British Empire spanned a quarter of the world's land and population. However, after World War 1 independence movements emerged and most colonies gained independence in the late 1940s-1960s, bringing an end to the British Empire.
British empire
The British Empire expanded dramatically between the 16th and 20th centuries through exploration, trade, and conquest. At its peak in the early 20th century, it was the largest empire in world history, controlling nearly a quarter of the world's land and population. However, nationalist independence movements grew across its colonies in the aftermath of World War 2. Many former colonies, such as India and African nations, achieved independence in the mid-20th century, marking the decline of the British Empire. By 1997, only a few small overseas territories remained under British control.
History of the british empire
The British Empire grew over 400 years from the late 15th century through the late 20th century. Key phases included establishing colonies in Ireland and the Americas in the early modern period, expanding trade and control in India in the 18th-19th centuries, and engaging in the "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century. Decolonization accelerated after World War 2, as most colonies gained independence in the 1960s, marking the symbolic end of the British Empire despite some ongoing territorial control. The empire left a significant political, economic, and cultural legacy worldwide.
The british empire
The British Empire rose to power between 1583 and 1783 through colonization efforts and the East India Company. It reached its peak between 1815 and 1914 during the Imperial Century through expansion in Africa and Asia. However, the empire declined after World War 2 as colonies gained independence, and the empire formally ended in 1997 as the last British overseas territories were handed over.
The British colonial Empire
The document summarizes the rise and growth of the British colonial empire from the 16th century until the late 19th century. It details how England established colonies in North America and exploited the slave trade to develop prosperous plantations. England also came to dominate trade in India, defeating French and Dutch rivals. At its peak, the British Empire spanned the globe and was the largest empire in world history.
The British Empire
This document discusses the extension of British settlement in Australia and the effects of contact between European settlers and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. It notes the colonization of Australia by Britain and the impacts this had, including on indigenous populations. The document provides context around Britain's colonial expansion globally in search of cheap natural resources and labor for plantations, as well as strategic and religious motivations.
British Empire
This document outlines key events in the rise and fall of the British Empire from 1578 to 1997, including Queen Elizabeth granting a patent for overseas exploration in 1578, the Acts of Union uniting Scotland and England in 1707, the establishment of colonies in India and Asia, the golden age of the Empire between World War I and II, and its decline after World War II as Britain lost the ability and will to maintain its colonies, ultimately handing over the last territory to China in 1997.
UK history
1. Britain's history spans over 5,000 years from the Stone Age to modern times and saw successive waves of settlers and invaders including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans.
2. The country experienced major changes through the Industrial Revolution and British Empire which brought great wealth and power but also social problems.
3. Key events included the Magna Carta, English Civil War, Glorious Revolution, Acts of Union, World Wars, and decolonization process in the post-war period.
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Brithish empire
The British Empire began establishing overseas colonies in the 16th century and by 1783 had a large empire with colonies in America and the West Indies. However, the American Revolution ended the "first British Empire". In the 19th century, Britain built a "second empire" based on its naval power and conquered many parts of Africa and India. By the early 20th century, the British Empire spanned a quarter of the world's land and population. However, after World War 1 independence movements emerged and most colonies gained independence in the late 1940s-1960s, bringing an end to the British Empire.
British empire
The British Empire expanded dramatically between the 16th and 20th centuries through exploration, trade, and conquest. At its peak in the early 20th century, it was the largest empire in world history, controlling nearly a quarter of the world's land and population. However, nationalist independence movements grew across its colonies in the aftermath of World War 2. Many former colonies, such as India and African nations, achieved independence in the mid-20th century, marking the decline of the British Empire. By 1997, only a few small overseas territories remained under British control.
History of the british empire
The British Empire grew over 400 years from the late 15th century through the late 20th century. Key phases included establishing colonies in Ireland and the Americas in the early modern period, expanding trade and control in India in the 18th-19th centuries, and engaging in the "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century. Decolonization accelerated after World War 2, as most colonies gained independence in the 1960s, marking the symbolic end of the British Empire despite some ongoing territorial control. The empire left a significant political, economic, and cultural legacy worldwide.
The british empire
The British Empire rose to power between 1583 and 1783 through colonization efforts and the East India Company. It reached its peak between 1815 and 1914 during the Imperial Century through expansion in Africa and Asia. However, the empire declined after World War 2 as colonies gained independence, and the empire formally ended in 1997 as the last British overseas territories were handed over.
The British colonial Empire
The document summarizes the rise and growth of the British colonial empire from the 16th century until the late 19th century. It details how England established colonies in North America and exploited the slave trade to develop prosperous plantations. England also came to dominate trade in India, defeating French and Dutch rivals. At its peak, the British Empire spanned the globe and was the largest empire in world history.
The British Empire
This document discusses the extension of British settlement in Australia and the effects of contact between European settlers and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. It notes the colonization of Australia by Britain and the impacts this had, including on indigenous populations. The document provides context around Britain's colonial expansion globally in search of cheap natural resources and labor for plantations, as well as strategic and religious motivations.
British Empire
This document outlines key events in the rise and fall of the British Empire from 1578 to 1997, including Queen Elizabeth granting a patent for overseas exploration in 1578, the Acts of Union uniting Scotland and England in 1707, the establishment of colonies in India and Asia, the golden age of the Empire between World War I and II, and its decline after World War II as Britain lost the ability and will to maintain its colonies, ultimately handing over the last territory to China in 1997.
UK history
1. Britain's history spans over 5,000 years from the Stone Age to modern times and saw successive waves of settlers and invaders including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans.
2. The country experienced major changes through the Industrial Revolution and British Empire which brought great wealth and power but also social problems.
3. Key events included the Magna Carta, English Civil War, Glorious Revolution, Acts of Union, World Wars, and decolonization process in the post-war period.
Stuarts (1603 1714)
The Stuart monarchs from James I onwards quarreled frequently with Parliament, resulting in civil war. The only English king ever tried and executed was Charles I, a Stuart. This led to a republic led by Oliver Cromwell, which proved unsuccessful. The dead king's son Charles II was invited to return as monarch, but constitutional issues around Parliament's powers continued under James II, leading to the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and William and Mary becoming joint monarchs on the condition they accept Parliamentary supremacy.
Early British Colonies U.S. History
The early British colonies were established for economic reasons, with the first being Jamestown in 1607. Tobacco became a profitable crop in Virginia while indentured servitude provided labor. Self-governance emerged through entities like the Virginia House of Burgesses and Mayflower Compact. Puritans founded colonies like Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay to escape religious persecution in England. The 13 original colonies developed diverse economies while remaining tied to England through the Navigation Acts; however, they gained a growing spirit of self-determination.
1. introduction to the tudors
The document provides an overview of the Tudor royal family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603, listing the names and reign dates of prominent monarchs like Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. It also includes vocabulary related to the monarchy and levels of understanding from basic to advanced. The purpose is to teach about the lineage and time period of the Tudor dynasty.
King Henry VIII
King Henry VIII had six wives over the course of his reign as King of England from 1509 to 1547. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he was married to for over 20 years but divorced after failing to produce a male heir. He then married Anne Boleyn and had Elizabeth I, though had her executed for adultery. His third wife Jane Seymour gave birth to his son Edward VI but died shortly after. His subsequent wives included Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, both of whom he had annulments from, and his final wife Katherine Parr, who outlived Henry.
Charles I
1) Charles I became King of England in 1625 after the death of his father, King James I.
2) Charles I faced opposition from the Puritan party when he became king. The Puritans were more extreme Protestants within the Church of England.
3) The English Civil War broke out as the Puritans wanted more balanced power between the King and Parliament, while Charles I believed in the divine right of kings. The war was fought between the Royalists who supported the King and the Parliamentarians who supported Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell.
King James
King James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne in 1603 upon the death of Queen Elizabeth I, becoming the first monarch of the House of Stuart. He faced tensions between parliament and the monarchy over issues of taxation and divine right. While achieving the Union of the Crowns by uniting the kingdoms of England and Scotland under one monarch, James struggled with financial problems and failed to understand the differences between his two kingdoms. His legacy included the establishment of the first English colony in America at Jamestown, Virginia and the translation of the Bible into English that bears his name.
Age of exploration ppt
The document provides an overview of the Age of Exploration from the 1400s to 1700s. It describes the main motivations for European exploration as gold/money, glory, and spreading Christianity. Technological advances like the caravel ship and new navigation methods enabled long voyages. Portugal was an early leader in exploration under Prince Henry and explorers like Da Gama. Spain also sponsored explorers like Columbus and Magellan. Major European powers established global colonies, increasing their wealth and power. The Age of Exploration thus significantly expanded European political and economic dominance worldwide.
History of great britain
The Tudor period in Great Britain spans from 1485-1603 and was marked by significant events including the rule of Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth helped establish the Church of England while expanding England's global trade and defeating the Spanish Armada. The arts flourished under the Tudors, most notably through William Shakespeare's renowned plays and poems. However, threats to Elizabeth's throne persisted, leading to the execution of her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots who sought to overthrow Protestant rule. Overall, the Tudor period established England as a formidable power on the global stage.
KING CHARLES I
Charles I became King of England in 1625 after the death of his father, James I. Charles believed in the divine right of kings and absolute monarchy, which put him in conflict with Parliament who believed the king's power should be limited. This led Charles to dissolve Parliament in 1629 and begin 11 years of personal rule without Parliament. In 1640, Charles was forced to recall Parliament due to financial problems, but tensions rose and the English Civil Wars broke out in 1642 between royalist and parliamentary forces. Charles was eventually captured and executed for treason in 1649 after the parliamentary forces emerged victorious, establishing England as a republic without a monarch.
History of Britain
Early Britain saw the construction of Stonehenge and Celtic population during the Iron Age. The Romans invaded in 43 AD and built Hadrian's Wall to separate Roman and barbarian tribes. Anglo-Saxons then invaded in the 5th-6th centuries, establishing kingdoms and converting to Christianity under the influence of Celtic and Roman faiths. The Normans conquered England in 1066 under William the Conqueror, establishing French dominance. The Magna Carta limited royal power in 1215 and the Hundred Years' War with France began in 1337. The Tudors rose to power in 1485 and Henry VIII established the Church of England in the 1530s. Civil war erupted in 1642 over disputes
Britain in the 20th century
Queen Victoria's death in 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era. The British Empire reached its peak around 1900 and controlled large portions of Africa, Asia, and other parts of the world. World War 1 began in 1914 due to increasing international tensions and rivalries and ended in 1918 with an Allied victory. The war had devastating impacts on Britain with high casualties. In the inter-war period, Britain struggled with economic depression until rearmament prior to World War 2 helped boost the economy again.
Tudor Dynasty
The Tudor Dynasty in England including King Henry VII, King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, Queen Mary I, and Queen Elizabeth I.
The history of united kingdom
The document provides a history of the formation of the United Kingdom through various political unions between England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland over centuries. It details the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 which brought Wales under English control. The Crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603. The Acts of Union in 1707 united the kingdoms of England and Scotland. In 1801, the Acts united the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Northern Ireland remained part of the UK after Irish independence in 1922.
English civil war
This document summarizes some key events in 17th century English history related to conflicts between monarchs and parliament. It discusses:
1) Growing power of Puritans in the House of Commons and their conflicts with King Charles I over money and dissolving parliament, leading to the English Civil War.
2) Oliver Cromwell taking power as Lord Protector after beheading Charles I and establishing England as a republic, but failing to control parliament.
3) The Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II but continued conflicts over Catholic rights, leading to the Glorious Revolution and William and Mary accepting constitutional monarchy under the English Bill of Rights.
British history
The document outlines major events in British history from 1066 to the present day, including the Norman invasion of 1066, the Black Death of 1347, the English Civil War of the 1600s, the abolition of slavery in 1807, the two World Wars of the 20th century, and Queen Elizabeth II's ascension to the throne in 1953. Key historical figures mentioned include William Shakespeare, Queen Elizabeth I, Queen Victoria, and Captain Cook. Major events such as the Battle of Hastings, the signing of the Magna Carta, and the Industrial Revolution are touched upon.
Transatlantic slave trade
The document summarizes the triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that was central to the Atlantic slave trade. The Henrietta Marie, a slave ship from London, is used to illustrate a typical slave trading voyage. It would carry manufactured goods to Africa to trade for enslaved Africans, transporting them in horrific conditions to the Caribbean on the Middle Passage. There, the slaves were sold and the ship loaded with sugar and other goods to bring back profits to Europe, completing the triangle. The slave trade resulted in the forced migration and deaths of millions of Africans for European economic gain.
The Age of Discovery
The document discusses the Age of Discovery from the 15th to 16th centuries. Key events included Marco Polo's expedition to China, advances in navigation technology like the caravel and compass, and Portuguese discoveries along the coast of Africa. Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored voyages of exploration. Columbus's voyages for Spain beginning in 1492 opened trade routes to the Americas, bringing both opportunities and devastation as European diseases decimated indigenous populations. The globalization process began as goods, people and knowledge were exchanged between connected parts of the world.
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...UNM Continuing Education
Between the long-lasting popularity of the works of Shakespeare to the more recent popularity of T.V. and film dramas about the Tudor and Stuart monarchs of England, the Tudor-Stuart period in English history is one of the most well-known eras in English history. Beginning with the accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor king, in 1485 and ending with the death of Anne, the last Stuart queen, in 1714, this roughly 230-year period in English history includes a number of notable and even infamous events, such as the English Reformation, the attack of the Spanish Armada, the English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the unification of England and Scotland. It was also during this period that England started down the path that would lead to the British Empire, which would encompass lands as far flung as the Americas, Australia, India, China, Africa, and the Middle East. With the creation of the British Empire, English/British culture began to spread out to all these regions of the world, to the ultimate effect that a majority of the modern world still views the English language as a common tongue. We'll focus on the political history of this period as well as the social and cultural aspects of that history, with a particular emphasis on how these important events (and more!) shaped England, the British Empire, and the world. United kingdom
The United Kingdom is located in northwest Europe and consists of four countries - England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. About 60 million people live in the UK, most speaking English, though other regional languages like Welsh and Gaelic are also spoken. London is the capital city. The UK has a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy.
European exploration
The Columbian Exchange resulted in the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres following the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492. This large-scale biological and cultural exchange included crops, livestock, commodities, technologies, cultures, languages and peoples between the Americas and the Old World.
British empire
The British Empire originated in the late 15th century and grew significantly over the following centuries, first through exploration and colonization in the 16th-18th centuries and then through further territorial expansion in Asia and Africa in the 19th century. It reached its peak during the Victorian era in the late 19th century but began declining in the early 20th century as nationalism increased in the colonies and as the costs of war weakened Britain.
British exploration, colonization, & independence
Lieutenant James Cook explored Australia's east coast in 1770 and claimed it for Britain. Due to overcrowded prisons, Britain established the first penal colony in Australia in 1788. Over time, British settlers took land from Aboriginal people, spreading disease and conflict. The British assimilation policies devastated Aboriginal culture and population. By 1901, Australia became a self-governing British dominion, gaining full independence over time.
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Stuarts (1603 1714)
The Stuart monarchs from James I onwards quarreled frequently with Parliament, resulting in civil war. The only English king ever tried and executed was Charles I, a Stuart. This led to a republic led by Oliver Cromwell, which proved unsuccessful. The dead king's son Charles II was invited to return as monarch, but constitutional issues around Parliament's powers continued under James II, leading to the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and William and Mary becoming joint monarchs on the condition they accept Parliamentary supremacy.
Early British Colonies U.S. History
The early British colonies were established for economic reasons, with the first being Jamestown in 1607. Tobacco became a profitable crop in Virginia while indentured servitude provided labor. Self-governance emerged through entities like the Virginia House of Burgesses and Mayflower Compact. Puritans founded colonies like Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay to escape religious persecution in England. The 13 original colonies developed diverse economies while remaining tied to England through the Navigation Acts; however, they gained a growing spirit of self-determination.
1. introduction to the tudors
The document provides an overview of the Tudor royal family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603, listing the names and reign dates of prominent monarchs like Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. It also includes vocabulary related to the monarchy and levels of understanding from basic to advanced. The purpose is to teach about the lineage and time period of the Tudor dynasty.
King Henry VIII
King Henry VIII had six wives over the course of his reign as King of England from 1509 to 1547. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he was married to for over 20 years but divorced after failing to produce a male heir. He then married Anne Boleyn and had Elizabeth I, though had her executed for adultery. His third wife Jane Seymour gave birth to his son Edward VI but died shortly after. His subsequent wives included Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, both of whom he had annulments from, and his final wife Katherine Parr, who outlived Henry.
Charles I
1) Charles I became King of England in 1625 after the death of his father, King James I.
2) Charles I faced opposition from the Puritan party when he became king. The Puritans were more extreme Protestants within the Church of England.
3) The English Civil War broke out as the Puritans wanted more balanced power between the King and Parliament, while Charles I believed in the divine right of kings. The war was fought between the Royalists who supported the King and the Parliamentarians who supported Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell.
King James
King James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne in 1603 upon the death of Queen Elizabeth I, becoming the first monarch of the House of Stuart. He faced tensions between parliament and the monarchy over issues of taxation and divine right. While achieving the Union of the Crowns by uniting the kingdoms of England and Scotland under one monarch, James struggled with financial problems and failed to understand the differences between his two kingdoms. His legacy included the establishment of the first English colony in America at Jamestown, Virginia and the translation of the Bible into English that bears his name.
Age of exploration ppt
The document provides an overview of the Age of Exploration from the 1400s to 1700s. It describes the main motivations for European exploration as gold/money, glory, and spreading Christianity. Technological advances like the caravel ship and new navigation methods enabled long voyages. Portugal was an early leader in exploration under Prince Henry and explorers like Da Gama. Spain also sponsored explorers like Columbus and Magellan. Major European powers established global colonies, increasing their wealth and power. The Age of Exploration thus significantly expanded European political and economic dominance worldwide.
History of great britain
The Tudor period in Great Britain spans from 1485-1603 and was marked by significant events including the rule of Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth helped establish the Church of England while expanding England's global trade and defeating the Spanish Armada. The arts flourished under the Tudors, most notably through William Shakespeare's renowned plays and poems. However, threats to Elizabeth's throne persisted, leading to the execution of her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots who sought to overthrow Protestant rule. Overall, the Tudor period established England as a formidable power on the global stage.
KING CHARLES I
Charles I became King of England in 1625 after the death of his father, James I. Charles believed in the divine right of kings and absolute monarchy, which put him in conflict with Parliament who believed the king's power should be limited. This led Charles to dissolve Parliament in 1629 and begin 11 years of personal rule without Parliament. In 1640, Charles was forced to recall Parliament due to financial problems, but tensions rose and the English Civil Wars broke out in 1642 between royalist and parliamentary forces. Charles was eventually captured and executed for treason in 1649 after the parliamentary forces emerged victorious, establishing England as a republic without a monarch.
History of Britain
Early Britain saw the construction of Stonehenge and Celtic population during the Iron Age. The Romans invaded in 43 AD and built Hadrian's Wall to separate Roman and barbarian tribes. Anglo-Saxons then invaded in the 5th-6th centuries, establishing kingdoms and converting to Christianity under the influence of Celtic and Roman faiths. The Normans conquered England in 1066 under William the Conqueror, establishing French dominance. The Magna Carta limited royal power in 1215 and the Hundred Years' War with France began in 1337. The Tudors rose to power in 1485 and Henry VIII established the Church of England in the 1530s. Civil war erupted in 1642 over disputes
Britain in the 20th century
Queen Victoria's death in 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era. The British Empire reached its peak around 1900 and controlled large portions of Africa, Asia, and other parts of the world. World War 1 began in 1914 due to increasing international tensions and rivalries and ended in 1918 with an Allied victory. The war had devastating impacts on Britain with high casualties. In the inter-war period, Britain struggled with economic depression until rearmament prior to World War 2 helped boost the economy again.
Tudor Dynasty
The Tudor Dynasty in England including King Henry VII, King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, Queen Mary I, and Queen Elizabeth I.
The history of united kingdom
The document provides a history of the formation of the United Kingdom through various political unions between England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland over centuries. It details the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 which brought Wales under English control. The Crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603. The Acts of Union in 1707 united the kingdoms of England and Scotland. In 1801, the Acts united the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Northern Ireland remained part of the UK after Irish independence in 1922.
English civil war
This document summarizes some key events in 17th century English history related to conflicts between monarchs and parliament. It discusses:
1) Growing power of Puritans in the House of Commons and their conflicts with King Charles I over money and dissolving parliament, leading to the English Civil War.
2) Oliver Cromwell taking power as Lord Protector after beheading Charles I and establishing England as a republic, but failing to control parliament.
3) The Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II but continued conflicts over Catholic rights, leading to the Glorious Revolution and William and Mary accepting constitutional monarchy under the English Bill of Rights.
British history
The document outlines major events in British history from 1066 to the present day, including the Norman invasion of 1066, the Black Death of 1347, the English Civil War of the 1600s, the abolition of slavery in 1807, the two World Wars of the 20th century, and Queen Elizabeth II's ascension to the throne in 1953. Key historical figures mentioned include William Shakespeare, Queen Elizabeth I, Queen Victoria, and Captain Cook. Major events such as the Battle of Hastings, the signing of the Magna Carta, and the Industrial Revolution are touched upon.
Transatlantic slave trade
The document summarizes the triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that was central to the Atlantic slave trade. The Henrietta Marie, a slave ship from London, is used to illustrate a typical slave trading voyage. It would carry manufactured goods to Africa to trade for enslaved Africans, transporting them in horrific conditions to the Caribbean on the Middle Passage. There, the slaves were sold and the ship loaded with sugar and other goods to bring back profits to Europe, completing the triangle. The slave trade resulted in the forced migration and deaths of millions of Africans for European economic gain.
The Age of Discovery
The document discusses the Age of Discovery from the 15th to 16th centuries. Key events included Marco Polo's expedition to China, advances in navigation technology like the caravel and compass, and Portuguese discoveries along the coast of Africa. Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored voyages of exploration. Columbus's voyages for Spain beginning in 1492 opened trade routes to the Americas, bringing both opportunities and devastation as European diseases decimated indigenous populations. The globalization process began as goods, people and knowledge were exchanged between connected parts of the world.
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...UNM Continuing Education
Between the long-lasting popularity of the works of Shakespeare to the more recent popularity of T.V. and film dramas about the Tudor and Stuart monarchs of England, the Tudor-Stuart period in English history is one of the most well-known eras in English history. Beginning with the accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor king, in 1485 and ending with the death of Anne, the last Stuart queen, in 1714, this roughly 230-year period in English history includes a number of notable and even infamous events, such as the English Reformation, the attack of the Spanish Armada, the English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the unification of England and Scotland. It was also during this period that England started down the path that would lead to the British Empire, which would encompass lands as far flung as the Americas, Australia, India, China, Africa, and the Middle East. With the creation of the British Empire, English/British culture began to spread out to all these regions of the world, to the ultimate effect that a majority of the modern world still views the English language as a common tongue. We'll focus on the political history of this period as well as the social and cultural aspects of that history, with a particular emphasis on how these important events (and more!) shaped England, the British Empire, and the world. United kingdom
The United Kingdom is located in northwest Europe and consists of four countries - England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. About 60 million people live in the UK, most speaking English, though other regional languages like Welsh and Gaelic are also spoken. London is the capital city. The UK has a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy.
European exploration
The Columbian Exchange resulted in the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres following the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492. This large-scale biological and cultural exchange included crops, livestock, commodities, technologies, cultures, languages and peoples between the Americas and the Old World.
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Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...
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British empire
The British Empire originated in the late 15th century and grew significantly over the following centuries, first through exploration and colonization in the 16th-18th centuries and then through further territorial expansion in Asia and Africa in the 19th century. It reached its peak during the Victorian era in the late 19th century but began declining in the early 20th century as nationalism increased in the colonies and as the costs of war weakened Britain.
British exploration, colonization, & independence
Lieutenant James Cook explored Australia's east coast in 1770 and claimed it for Britain. Due to overcrowded prisons, Britain established the first penal colony in Australia in 1788. Over time, British settlers took land from Aboriginal people, spreading disease and conflict. The British assimilation policies devastated Aboriginal culture and population. By 1901, Australia became a self-governing British dominion, gaining full independence over time.
American History - Revolution Ideology
This document discusses revolutionary ideology that led to American independence from Britain. It summarizes key ideas from John Locke on natural rights and colonial perceptions of liberty. It also examines how the French and Indian War threatened colonial liberty by increasing British debt and control over the colonies. This change in thinking among colonists led to three opinions that drove independence: a desire for representation in government, a view that the British Constitution failed to protect colonial rights, and a belief that Parliament had no authority over the colonies.
Sea power 2 session 10-decline and fall of the French Empire
1) Pitt, the British Prime Minister, died in January 1806 after sacrificing his health to lead Britain against Napoleon. His death left a void, as his opponent Fox recognized.
2) Fox became Foreign Secretary and initiated peace talks with France, but Napoleon's increasing control over Europe and hostility towards Britain ended any chances for peace. Fox died six months later, realizing the depths of Napoleon's opposition.
3) At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon and the Russian Czar Alexander agreed to divide influence in Europe between France and Russia, with other countries expected to align with them. This threatened to give Napoleon control of naval forces that could challenge British sea power.
Syllabus for BRITISH CULTURE AND EMPIRE
In this course we will examine ways in which British art and literature of the "high imperial" period (1870-1914) expressed and shaped the national discourse on imperialism in England. Content includes paintings, sculpture, photography, advertising and newspaper cartoons of colonial subjects (e.g., landscapes, battles, portraits, harems, ethnography) by Victorian painters, newspaper illustrators and photographers (Hunt, Lear, Lewis, Cameron, Leighton, Prior, Deen Dayal); visual culture in international exhibitions; travel literature (Burton, Kingsley); and novels and poems (Tennyson, Kipling, Conrad). This material will be coordinated with histories and theories of colonialism and postcolonialism (Said, Bhabha, Pratt) to explore the role of culture in imperial politics and in the formation of modern notions about race, gender, and national identity. Students will be able to pursue visual and literary interests and the course will focus on the British Empire in India, which consideration given to the empire in Africa and the Middle East.
The popularity of the english language
English is an official language in many international organizations and is recognized as a state language in countries around the world. It is the primary language in Great Britain (97% of the population), the United States (80% of the population), Canada (nearly 70% of the population), Australia (80% of the population), and New Zealand (more than 96% of the population). These countries have a long history with Britain and were formerly British colonies, which is how English became so prevalent.
India before the british raj
India before the British Raj was divided into many small states and kingdoms. Alexander the Great tried to unite India under one rule in the 4th century BCE but was unsuccessful. In the 4th-3rd century BCE, Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire that controlled most of India through a centralized bureaucracy and large army. During the reign of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, the empire adopted Buddhism and promoted tolerance. However, the empire fragmented after Ashoka's death. Several empires rose and fell over subsequent centuries, and northern India saw invasions and rule by the Huns, Arabs, and the Mughals, with the country again dividing into many states by the time of
Ireland
Ireland gained independence from Great Britain in 1922 after years of conflict, forming the Irish Free State. During this time of transition and war, Ireland suffered greatly from famine and disease that killed over one million Irish and caused another 1.5 million to emigrate. A civil war then erupted over the establishment of the new Irish Free State government and its relationship with Britain.
The United Kingdom - A Timeline
The document provides an overview of British history from the Norman Conquest in 1066 through the premiership of Margaret Thatcher, covering major dynasties, monarchs, political developments, and military conflicts. Key events mentioned include the Glorious Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, World Wars I and II, and the Falklands War. Biographical information is also given for several important political figures like Oliver Cromwell, William Gladstone, Winston Churchill, and Clement Atlee.
The british isles
The document provides information about the countries that make up the British Isles - England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. It describes several famous landmarks and sites in these countries, including Stonehenge in England, castles in Wales and Ireland, and Newgrange in Ireland. The document also mentions symbols and activities important to the cultures of these countries, such as guards at Buckingham Palace, bagpipe music in Scotland, and rugby in Ireland.
The British Isles
The document discusses the location and constituent countries of the British Isles. The British Isles are a group of islands located off the northwest coast of Europe surrounded by several bodies of water. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland. The United Kingdom is composed of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, each with their own capital and flag. The Republic of Ireland is an independent country that shares the island of Ireland with Northern Ireland.
The British Isles
The document provides information about the geography, history, politics and culture of the British Isles. It describes the various countries that make up the region - England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It outlines the differences between the terms Britain, United Kingdom and British Isles. Key facts about the royal family, religion, economy and famous sites are also summarized.
British Empire
When did the British Empire happen?
In the 16th century, England started to conquer territories and started to become powerful. After the Second World War, England lost almost all of the territories that they had and as part of a larger de colonization movement by European powers, most of the territories of the British Empire were granted independence, ending with the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997. 14 territories remain under British sovereignty, the British Overseas Territories. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states. 16 Commonwealth Nations share their head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, as Commonwealth realms.
Britain was a little country with a big idea: to expand and become really powerful.
How big was the British Empire?
At first the growth of the British Empire was for the competition for resources and markets which existed over a period of centuries between England and it continental rivals (Spain, France and Holland). After the wars against Dutch, French, and Spanish countries they managed to conquered eastern coast of North America, Caribbean and Africa. The excuse they used to conquer Africa was based in Darwin’s theory of the evolution, they thought black people were less important and with less rights than the white people so they could use them as slaves, it was a racist ideal.
Then, they claim Canada, the Caribbean and most importantly, the East Coast of America. After a while, the Americans declared the independence, they discovered Australia, they claimed it and also decided to claim India too, and India and the Caribbean were the countries that Britain was more interested to conquer.
The British Empire started to be weak after lose one of the most important battles, the Japanese saw that weakness and they attack them, the British Empire lost against Japan and most of the territories get their independence, so the British Empire was nearly disappeared.
Curiosities
When the British Empire was powerful, it was said that “the sun never sets on the British Empire”. That was because the British Empire was extended all across the world and the sun was always shining on, at least one of the territories.
Tea is from India
Sugar is from the Caribbean
Cotton was picked by slaves in America.
British isles
The document provides information about the countries that make up the British Isles. It notes that the United Kingdom is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, while Ireland is a separate country with Northern Ireland being the only part that belongs to the UK. It gives brief descriptions of each country, including their capital cities and the languages spoken. It also provides a short definition of castles and lists some typical parts of a castle like dungeons, towers, and moats.
Air Masses Affecting the British Isles
The British Isles experiences variable weather brought about by air masses originating from different source regions. As the air masses move over land and sea, they are modified before reaching the British Isles and influencing local weather conditions. The document then provides a table summarizing the key characteristics of the six main air masses that affect the weather in the British Isles, including their typical temperature, humidity, stability, and impact on visibility and weather patterns.
ROLE OF ENGLISH IN THE COLONIZATION OF INDIA
1) English was introduced to India during British colonization and became established as the language of administration and education.
2) The British implemented policies promoting English while also utilizing local languages to varying degrees for practical purposes.
3) This shifted the power and roles of existing languages in India and ultimately led to a decline in some local languages while establishing English as a prominent and influential language.
Colonialism, Imperialism and the Spread of English
The document discusses the history of the English language from 1763-present. It covers:
1) How British colonial expansion led to English being established in North America, the Caribbean, India, Australia, New Zealand, and other parts of Asia and Africa between 1763-1800s.
2) How English became the language of administration and education under British rule in India, influencing the emergence of new dialects.
3) How English continued spreading globally in the 19th-20th centuries even as the British Empire declined, establishing itself as a global lingua franca through technology, economies, and politics.
Brief History of Britain
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
National symbols
The document describes the key symbols and emblems of the countries that make up the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It outlines each country's flag, patron saint, national flowers, royal coat of arms, motto and national anthem. The Union Jack represents the United Kingdom as a whole.
Expansion British Empire & Spread of English
The document summarizes the expansion of the British Empire from the 16th century to the 20th century and how this led to the spread of the English language. It describes how the British established colonies in Ireland, the United States, the Caribbean, Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and parts of Africa. As the empire grew to occupy a quarter of the earth's surface, English was imposed in the colonies and became the dominant language in their administration and education. The spread of English through the British colonial expansion resulted in the language being established as official or semi-official in many former colonies and a global English-speaking world today.
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Lection 3
Europeans began exploring overseas in search of new trade routes to Asia in order to gain wealth and power. Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492 while seeking a western route to Asia, beginning European colonization of the region. The first English colonies in North America were established at Jamestown in 1607 and Plymouth in 1620 by the Virginia Company and Pilgrims respectively. Tensions arose between European powers as they competed for territory and resources in North America, culminating in the French and Indian War which began in 1754.
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The document summarizes the colonial history of Virginia and Maryland from the initial English settlement of Jamestown in 1607 through the 1700s. It describes the struggles of the early Jamestown colony, the transition to tobacco agriculture and development of the plantation system, the growing importation and use of African slaves, conflicts with Native Americans, and the founding of Maryland as a colony with religious toleration. Regional economic and social differences emerged between the Southern colonies, which relied on plantation agriculture and slavery, and the smaller family farms of North Carolina.
Eurpean Exploration And Empire Building
1) In the 1400s, European countries began extensively exploring the world in search of wealth and resources, expanding their knowledge and control.
2) Portugal was a leader in exploration, sending voyages down the west African coast and around the tip of Africa, opening the way for later colonization.
3) Spain, England, and France also engaged in exploration and established colonies in the Americas in the 1400s-1500s, with Spain forming a huge empire spanning North and South America and the Caribbean.
The golden Age of Spain and Portugal
Portugal and Spain first rose to economic prominence through worldwide trading activity starting in the 15th century. They were motivated by spreading Christianity ("God"), gaining fame and wealth ("glory and gold"). Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator established a navigation school and sponsored voyages down the west African coast. Bartolomeu Dias was the first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487. Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498, establishing Portugal as a colonial power. Spain sponsored Columbus' voyages westward beginning in 1492, leading to Spanish conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires and colonization of the Americas. This established Spain and Portugal as the first global colonial empires, controlling
explorationandcolonizationpowerpoint-121126072114-phpapp02 (2).pdf
1) Europeans began exploring and colonizing the New World following Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492. They were motivated by desires for economic and religious reasons, including finding riches and converting people to Christianity.
2) Major European powers like Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands established colonies in North America and other parts of the Americas over the next centuries. This led to conflicts between the colonizing powers and encounters with indigenous peoples.
3) The establishment of colonies and trade networks resulted in the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and other biological and cultural materials between the connected hemispheres, known as the Columbian Exchange, which profoundly impacted societies globally.
European Exploration and Empire Building
1. In the 1400s, European powers like Portugal, Spain, England and France began exploring the world in search of wealth and resources, expanding their knowledge and control.
2. Portugal was a leader in exploration, sending voyages down the west African coast and around the Cape of Good Hope, paving the way for later involvement in the slave trade.
3. Spain sponsored Christopher Columbus' voyages seeking a route to Asia, leading to the Columbian Exchange and Spain building a huge American empire in the 1500s-1600s through conquest and colonization.
Exploration & Colonization Presentation
European exploration began in the 15th century as European powers sought new trade routes to Asia to access valuable spices and other goods. This document provides background on why Western European nations like Portugal, Spain, England, and France established overseas colonies starting in this era. It explores their motivations, including accessing Asian trade, spreading Christianity, finding natural resources, and gaining economic and geopolitical advantages over rivals. New technologies like the compass and caravel ships enabled explorers like da Gama, Columbus, and Magellan to discover new lands and establish European colonial empires across Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
European exploration-and-colonization-2014
The document discusses the reasons for European exploration beginning in the 15th century. It summarizes the motivations and activities of the major exploring powers of Portugal, Spain, England, and France. Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator established a school of navigation and sponsored voyages down the coast of Africa. Spain sent Columbus to find a route to Asia, leading to Spanish conquests in the Americas. England and France sought riches, gold, silver and furs, leading to the establishment of global empires, with England eventually controlling a quarter of the world's population and land area.
Chapter 17 early explorations
Europeans explored the world in the 15th-16th centuries seeking new trade routes to Asia and its riches. Portugal pioneered exploration down the coast of Africa. Under Spain, Columbus landed in the Caribbean in 1492 thinking he reached Asia. Magellan proved in 1522 that the world was round by circumnavigating it and establishing no direct western route to Asia existed. Portugal dominated trade in Africa and India, while Spain sought wealth and conversion in the Americas, conquering the Aztecs and Incas. The Atlantic slave trade developed to support colonial economies through a trade triangle of Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The Columbian Exchange resulted in new global trade and the spread of crops, diseases, and ideas worldwide
European Exploration
European countries explored the world for three main reasons: to spread Christianity, gain new territory, and acquire wealth. Portugal was well-suited for exploration due to its coastal location and navigational advances led by Prince Henry. Their explorations resulted in establishing trade routes throughout Asia and colonizing parts of Africa and discovering Brazil. Spain's empire expanded through conquistadors like Pizarro who conquered the Incan Empire, and through Columbus' initial contact with North America which sparked further European colonization of the region.
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The document discusses how European powers explored eastward in the Age of Exploration to find a direct sea route to Asia for trade opportunities and profits. Portugal was first to venture into the Atlantic, proving Africa could be sailed around. Spain joined Portugal's efforts under Ferdinand and Isabella, with Columbus landing in the Caribbean thinking he reached India. Magellan proved in 1522 that the world was round and larger than thought, and no feasible trade route existed west. Portugal focused on trade over colonization, dominating Africa and India. Spain sought wealth and conversion to Christianity, conquering Aztec and Inca civilizations and controlling America and West Indies by 1600. Disease and mistreatment reduced native populations, replaced by African slaves.
Week 6 day 4-unit 2- guided notes-exploration maps
The three main motivations for European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries were religion (spreading Christianity), trade (accessing goods and wealth), and glory (becoming famous explorers). While all European powers engaged in exploration to some degree, Spain and Portugal had the biggest impacts. Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator established the first navigation school and sent expeditions down the west African coast. Spain sought gold, silver and spices in the Americas, leading to huge colonial empires for both countries across multiple continents for over 300 years. England and France also established global colonial empires driven by trade and religion.
Explorationandcolonizationofeurope
The document summarizes the major European powers' motivations and activities in exploring and colonizing other parts of the world from the 15th to 18th centuries. The three main motivations were gold, the spread of Christianity ("God"), and national glory. Portugal led exploration down the west coast of Africa under Prince Henry the Navigator. Spain sought new trade routes and found the Americas under Columbus. England established colonies in North America and Australia. France also built colonial empires globally during this time period.
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The document discusses the impact of European exploration and colonization between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It drove technological advances in navigation, as well as the spread of Christianity. Major European powers like Portugal, Spain, England, and France established vast global empires through exploration, hoping to find riches like gold, silver, and spices. By the early 20th century, the British Empire spanned a quarter of the Earth's land and population, while France and other nations also built extensive colonial holdings on multiple continents.
AgeOfExploration.ppt
Europeans explored distant lands between 1400-1800 motivated by profit and religion. Portuguese led the way in exploring Africa's coast and reaching India, establishing trading posts. Other European powers like the Dutch and English later challenged Portuguese control of Asian trade. Spain's exploration led to the colonization of the Americas, where crops and animals were exchanged between the hemispheres while diseases devastated native populations. Demand for American goods led to the growth of the transatlantic slave trade to supply labor.
Exploration PowerPoint
The document discusses the rise of European exploration beginning in the 15th century. It summarizes the key motivations as seeking new trade routes (God, Glory, Gold), escaping Muslim control of existing routes, and hopes of converting natives to Christianity. It then outlines some of the major explorers including Portugal's Prince Henry and Bartolomew Diaz, followed by Vasco de Gama who found the sea route to India. Christopher Columbus's voyages seeking a western route to Asia inadvertently led to the European discovery and later colonization of the Americas.
Unit 2 age of exploration- guided notes
The document provides information about the motivations and goals of European exploration in the 15th-16th centuries. The main motivations were to spread Christianity (God), engage in trade to acquire goods like gold and spices (Goods), and for explorers to gain fame and glory. It then discusses the key European powers that engaged in exploration - Portugal, Spain, England, and France - and some of their main explorations and accomplishments that expanded their global empires.
Apush review packet pdf.
This document provides an overview of the discovery and settlement of the New World between 1492-1650. It discusses the motivations for European exploration, including wealth, religion, knowledge, and glory. Key explorers and their voyages are outlined, such as Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro and others. Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas are described. The establishment of the English colonies of Jamestown and Plymouth are summarized. The founding of other colonies like Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, the Carolinas and others are briefly mentioned. Differences between the New England and Chesapeake colonies are contrasted. The document also touches on issues like cultural exchange with Native Americans and disease impacts.
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The document discusses the Age of Exploration, including key events and motivations. It summarizes that three main countries - France, England, and Spain - sponsored early explorers. The major motivations for exploration were gold, glory, and spreading Christianity (the "three G's"). New technologies like the caravel ship, compass, and cartography enabled more advanced explorations and helped open up the Americas and trade routes to Asia.
Exploration and colonization updated 11 12
Exploration and colonization had a major impact on Europe in the 15th-16th centuries. Portugal was an early leader in exploration, sending expeditions down the coast of Africa. Spain sought new trade routes and sent Columbus to find Asia, resulting in European contact with the Americas. England, France, and other powers soon followed, establishing global empires and spreading Christianity and European influence around the world through colonization. By the 17th century, European powers had divided much of the world between them.
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British Empire - Introductory chapter
- 1. God, Gold, & Glory An Introduction to Empire Building
- 2. Egyptian Empire 1479 BC
- 3. Greek Empire 323 BC
- 4. Roman Empire 271 AD
- 5. Muslim Empire 622 - 650
- 7. What Motivates Empires The 3 G’s God religious fervor converting natives Gold expand trade profit Glory adventure power national pride
- 8. The 1st British Empire 1763
- 11. English Explorers 1497-Henry VIII commissions Italian John Cabot to explore the coast of Newfoundland Giving English the claim to the Americas
- 12. English Colonial Expansion Beginnings of the British Empire John Cabot 1497-98
- 13. Sea Dogs (Elizabethan Pirates) English sea captains under Queen Elizabeth I explorers & adventurers Sir Francis Drake Sir Walter Raleigh
- 14. Piracy 1500’s English sea captains harass the Portuguese and Spanish—become Privateers or Pirates 1580’s Francis Drake-1st Englishman to circumnavigate the globe was also a pirate 1550-1850 the English crown gave permits for pirates to operate on high seas.
- 15. Sea dogs Elizabeth I commissioned Drake to sail into the Caribbean and raid all of the Spanish settlements along the coastline
- 16. The Spanish Armada was assembled by Spain to end British piracy but failed. Pirates were celebrated as heroes the Spanish Armada considered as an instrument of Catholic repression.
- 17. Territories Beginnings of the British Empire Begins in 1600s (17th century) English navy becomes a major force England becomes leader in world trade English Colonial Expansion
- 18. Early settlements in America 1606- The Virginia Co. of London—sent expeditions to America to search for gold and silver The following year the Co. founded the 1st permanent English settlement- Jamestown A group of religious dissenters -Pilgrims founded a second colony Plymouth— present day Massachusetts
- 19. The British in America England was slow to establish colonies in America. English Colonial Expansion Jamestown 1607
- 20. English Colonial Expansion Plymouth 1620
- 21. British East India Company 1600-1708 • English company created in 1600 to exploit trade with East and Southeast Asia and India. •Started as a monopolistic trading body • Became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India
- 22. English Colonial Expansion Settled on the island of Jamaica (1655) Bahamas (1648), and Barbados (1627) 1640-English introduce sugarcane plantations to the island Worked by slave labor Made 3x’s more profit than tobacco
- 23. Slave Trade In the 1600’s the colonies of the America’s based their economies on agricultural products that required intensive labor Sugar, tobacco, coffee, and mining
- 24. Triangular Trade Ships sailed in the triangle formed by Europe, Africa, and the Americas In European ports ships carried: manufactured goods (knives, swords, guns, clothes, rum) West Africa: traded enslaved Africans bought from local rulers America: Enslaved Africans sold and money used to purchase sugar, cotton, and tobacco Ships returned to Europe to sell goods- completing the triangle
- 26. Sugar • In colonies, British soon discovered furs, tobacco, fish and potatoes and mainly SUGAR • Sugar made colonisation worthwhile. • However, it required labor: Slaves.
- 27. An Empire of Trade British now drank tea with sugar. Tea brought from China by the East India Company, who paid for it with opium grown in India. Sugar grown in the British West Indies and Southern States of America on plantations owned by British emigrants and worked by slaves Slaves bought by British merchants in Africa and paid for with British manufactured products – such as cooking pots, or guns.
- 28. In 1686 alone British colonies shipped goods worth over £1 million to London. Exports to the colonies consisted mainly of woollen textiles; Imports included sugar, and other addictive products such as tobacco and coffee.
- 29. Coming next Mercantilism Regulations Colonists’ Resistance Independance war