European migrations to the Americas in the 17th century were driven by promises of land and rights as English subjects. The Jamestown colony struggled at first due to disease, lack of food, and gold seeking instead of farming. Tobacco eventually made the colony prosperous. Indentured servitude and headrights were used to attract laborers, while slavery gradually replaced indentured servants and the slave trade grew dramatically. Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 exposed class tensions between elites and landless colonists.
AP U.S. History Presentation for students at the Media Arts Collaborative Charter School.
Based on a presentation created by Susan Pojer of Horace Greeley High School.
AP U.S. History Presentation for students at the Media Arts Collaborative Charter School.
Based on a presentation created by Susan Pojer of Horace Greeley High School.
A look at the settlement of Jamestown and its hardships with a focus on the acts of cannibalism that have been brought to light recently. It has been adapted from another previous presentation.
Early American history and the importance of Tobacco to the colony of Virginia as well as England. Covers history of Jamestown, Yorktown, Charles City, Gloucester, Lancaster and other areas. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for more incredible content.
A look at the settlement of Jamestown and its hardships with a focus on the acts of cannibalism that have been brought to light recently. It has been adapted from another previous presentation.
Early American history and the importance of Tobacco to the colony of Virginia as well as England. Covers history of Jamestown, Yorktown, Charles City, Gloucester, Lancaster and other areas. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for more incredible content.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. English Colonization
The Charter of the Virginia Company:
Guaranteed to
colonists the same
rights as Englishmen
as if they had stayed
in England.
This provision was
incorporated into
future colonists’
documents.
Colonists felt that, even in the
Americas, they had the rights of
Englishmen!
3. England Plants the
Jamestown “Seedling”
Late 1606 VA Co. sends out 3 ships
Spring 1607 land at mouth of
Chesapeake Bay.
Attacked by Indians and move on.
May 24, 1607 about 100 colonists [all
men] land at Jamestown, along banks of
James River
Easily defended, but swarming with
disease-causing mosquitoes.
10. The Jamestown Nightmare
1606-1607 40 people died on the
voyage to the New World.
1609 another ship from England lost
its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck
off Bermuda.
Settlers died by the dozens!
―Gentlemen‖ colonists would not work
themselves.
Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.
Settlers wasted time looking for gold
instead of hunting or farming.
11. Captain John Smith:
The Right Man for the Job??
There was no talk…but dig gold, wash
gold, refine gold, load gold…
15. River Settlement
Pattern
Large plantations [>100 acres].
Widely spread apart [>5 miles].
Social/Economic
PROBLEMS???
16. High Mortality Rates
The ―Starving Time‖:
1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000
immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%
17. Chief Powhatan
Powhatan Confederacy
Powhatan dominated a
few dozen small tribes
in the James River
area when the English
arrived.
The English called all
Indians in the area
Powhatans.
Powhatan probably saw
the English as allies in his struggles to
control other Indian tribes in the region.
18. Culture Clash in the
Chesapeake
Relations between Indians & settlers
grew worse.
General mistrust because of different
cultures & languages.
English raided Indian food supplies
during the starving times.
1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War
De La Warr had orders to make war on
the Indians.
Raided villages, burned houses, took
supplies, burned cornfields.
22. Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of
its colonists in an Indian attack,
Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces
500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces
1,500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
23. Indentured
Servitude
Headright
System
Indentured Contract, 1746
24. Indentured Servitude
Headright System:
Each Virginian got 50 acres for
each person whose passage they
paid.
Indenture Contract:
5-7 years.
Promised ―freedom dues‖ [land, £]
Forbidden to marry.
1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their
indentured contracts!
25. Richard Frethorne’s
1623 Letter
In-Class Activity:
1. Describe the life of the indentured
servant as presented in this letter.
2. What are some of the problems he and
the other servants experienced?
3. What are their biggest fears?
4. What does a historian learn about life
in the 17c Chesapeake colony?
26. Why was 1619 a pivotal year
for the Chesapeake
settlement?
28. Growing Political Power
The House of Burgesses established
in 1619 & began to assume the role of
the House of Commons in England
Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17c, H of B was able
to initiate legislation.
A Council appointed by royal governor
Mainly leading planters.
Functions like House of Lords.
High death rates ensured rapid
turnover of members.
29. Virginia Becomes a Royal
Colony
James I grew hostile to Virginia
He hated tobacco.
He distrusted the House of
Burgesses which he called a seminary
of sedition.
1624 he revoked the charter of
the bankrupt VA Company.
Thus, VA became a royal
colony, under the king’s direct
control!
30. English Tobacco Label
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in
1619.
Their status was not clear perhaps
slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until the end of
the 17c.
31. 17c Population
in the Chesapeake
100000
80000
60000
White
40000
Black
20000
0
1607 1630 1650 1670 1690
WHY this large increase in black popul.??
39. Colonial Slavery
As the number of slaves
increased, white colonists reacted to
put down perceived racial threat.
Slavery transformed from economic
to economic and racial institution.
Early 1600s differences between
slave and servant were unclear.
By the mid-1680s, black slaves
outnumbered white indentured
servants.
40. Colonial Slavery
Beginning in 1662 ―Slave Codes‖
Made blacks [and their children]
property, or chattel for life of white
masters.
In some colonies, it was a crime to teach
a slave to read or write.
Conversion to
Christianity did
not qualify the
slave for
freedom.
41. Frustrated Freemen
Late 1600s large numbers of
young, poor, discontented men in the
Chesapeake area.
Little access to land or women for
marriage.
1670 The Virginia Assembly
disenfranchised most landless men!
42. Nathaniel Bacon’s
Rebellion: 1676
Led 1,000 Virginians in
a rebellion against
Governor Berkeley
Rebels resented
Berkeley’s close
relations with Indians.
Nathaniel
Bacon Berkeley monopolized
the fur trade with
the Indians in the
area.
Governor Berkley refused to
William retaliate for Indian
Berkeley attacks on frontier
settlements.
43. Bacon’s Rebellion
Rebels attacked Indians, whether
they were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from
Jamestown.
They burned the capital.
Rebels went on a rampage of
plundering.
Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion
and hanged 20 rebels.
44. Results of Bacon’s
Rebellion
It exposed resentments between
inland frontiersmen and landless
former servants against gentry on
coastal plantations.
Socio-economic class
differences/clashes between rural and
urban communities would continue
throughout American history.
Upper class planters searched for
laborers less likely to rebel BLACK
SLAVES!!
45.
46. Bacon’s Rebellion
• Black slaves, white indentured servants
unite against elite
– Bacon dies before rebellion can occur
• Elite realize danger of freed, white
indentured servants
– Planters switch to enslaved black labor force
• Whites freedom, prosperity rest on
denying blacks freedom
• Master class
– Slaveholders
47. England’s American Empire Takes Shape: Monarchy
Restored and Navigation Controlled
• The 1660 Navigation Act shaped British
colonial commerce for generations:
– Trade could not be conducted to or from English
colonies in foreign-owned ships.
– Foreign products (salt, wine, oil) could be
transported only in English ships or ships with
mainly English crews.
– “Enumerated articles” could not be shipped directly
from colonies to a foreign land – had to go to
England first (included tobacco and cotton)
48. England’s American Empire Takes Shape: Monarchy
Restored and Navigation Controlled
• Other measures, such as the Navigation Act of
1663 and the Plantation Duty Act of
1673, further tightened England’s control over
colonial trade .
• English customs officers sent to the colonies to
oversee trade activity and enforce rules
• Profits from English North America great -
allowed for the reconstruction of London into a
most “fashionable” city after devastating 1666
fire
49. England’s American Empire Takes Shape: Dutch New
Netherland Becomes New York
• English Navigation Acts negatively impacted
Dutch trade activity, sparked series of conflicts
known as Anglo-Dutch Wars
• Peace of Westminster in 1674 awarded England
gains in Africa and America
• One lasting consequence was English access to
slave trade of Africa – reshaped American
colonies at enormous cost in human life
50.
51. Salem’s Wartime Witch Hunt
• Occurred in Essex County, Massachusetts in
1692
• Europe experienced wide-spread witch hunt, but
only number of isolated cases in New England in
1600s
• Three-fourths of those accused (and even more
of those executed) were women
• Hallucinogenic actions and violent behaviors of
young women in Salem Village raised fears of
Satan.
52. Salem’s Wartime Witch Hunt
• False accusations and confessions abound
• Hysteria ensued – convictions based on “spectral
evidence” presented in court
• 200 people accused and twenty put to death
through public executions
• Economic disparities between accusers and
accused
• No central authority in place to control situation