The document discusses the English Civil War between King Charles I and Parliament in the 1600s. It led to the king being executed in 1649. Afterwards England went through a period of rule by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell before the monarchy was restored in 1660 with King Charles II. However, tensions continued between kings and Parliament, ultimately leading to the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when William and Mary took the throne and England became a constitutional monarchy with the king's power limited by Parliament and the Bill of Rights.

1. Chapter 4:
the fight for
demoCraCy &
the english
Civil war

3. The Stuarts
• The Stuart dynasty—a succession of rulers from
the same line of descent—occupied the thrones
of Scotland and England during the Renaissance.
• The family originated in Scotland as the Stewarts,
who rose to power after half a century of Scottish
civil war.
• The man who became King Robert II of Scotland
in 1371 was the founder of the dynasty.
• The fortunes of Scotland and England were
joined in 1503 when James IV of Scotland wed
the daughter of King HENRY VII of England.

4. The Tudors
• The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 1485 to
1603.
• The Tudor line failed in 1603 with the death of
Elizabeth I of England, who died without an heir.
• five Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for just
over a century
• issues around the Royal succession (including
marriage, divorce, and the succession rights of
women) became major political themes during the
Tudor era.

5. english soCiety in the
17th Century
• England became a colonizing nation because they
were wealthy and powerful, and by defeating the
Spanish Armada in 1588 they had the freedom to
travel the high seas.
• England built colonies in India, South Africa,North
America, and other parts of the world.
• Trade with the colonies enriched England even
more.

6. The threat of invasion
by Spain loomed
large for much of
Elizabeth I‘s reign,
culminating in the
launch of the Armada
in 1588. The failure of
this attack enhanced
the queen's popularity
with her people, but
did great damage to
the standing of Philip
II.

7. • English population grew rapidly
• English entrepeneurs (merchants, manufactures,
and landholders) found unprecedented
opportunities to become wealthy.
• To the upper class the future looked promising
and the country was ready to become a world
power.

8. Upper Class
• Kings
• Owners of factories & workhouses
• King’s advisors
• Nobility
• Church officials

9. Middle Class
• Soldiers
• Merchants
• Landowners
• Manufacturers
• Military officers
• Professionals
• Teachers

10. Lower CLass
• Cottagers
• Workers
• Peasants
• Unemployed
• Read p. 128-9 and answer questions #1-3 in your
notebook.

11. Role of Religion
• People were still very devoted to the church in the
1700s and attended regularly.
• Most of England was Protestant – any Christian not
belonging to the Roman Catholic or Orthodox
Eastern Church.
• The official church was the Church of England
(Anglican Church) with the king as its head.
• The Church decided how services were to be
conducted in the country, supported by taxes, and
had very elaborate ceremonies and buildings.
• Within the Protestants, there were many different
groups with diff ways of worshipping and diff
interpretations of the Bible.

12. PuRitans
• Very large and powerful group among the
nonconforming Protestants.
• Wore dark clothes, and led very sober lives.
• Disapproved of drinking, gambling, and the theatre
because they believed that life should be devoted to
God.
• Opposed the ceremonies and decoration of the
Anglican Church.
• Puritans were Calvinists and believed that churches
and services should be simple and plain.
• How were they seen by other people in England?

13. Witches
• Witch hunts took place between 15th
& 18th
centuries.
• People, mostly women, were accused of witchcraft
by the Church and political officials – lead to mass
hysteria and panic.
• Thousands were executed across Europe and the
13 Colonies (America).
• The Women put on trial were often social outcasts,
had never married, sold love potions or medicinal
treatments, or simply old women who lived alone.
• It was believed that women were easily tricked by
Satan.

14. Magna Carta
• Magna Carta (Latin for "Great Charter", literally
"Great Paper"), also known as Magna Carta
Libertatum, is an English 1215 charter which
limited the power of English Monarchs,
specifically King John, from absolute rule.
• Magna Carta required the king to renounce
certain rights and respect certain legal
procedures, and to accept that the will of the king
could be bound by law.
• Magna Carta is widely considered to be the first
step in a long historical process leading to the
rule of constitutional law.

15. the eaRly stuaRts
• James VI of Scotland became king when Elizabeth I
died in 1603, and became James I of England.
• James was a Stuart – they disliked the democratic
traditions of England and preferred to rule as
absolute monarchs which was unpopular.
• The idea of the Divine Right of Kings evolved in
Europe during the Middle Ages. The theory claimed
that kings were answerable only to God and it was
therefore sinful for their subjects to resist them.

16. John of England
signs Magna
Carta – fanciful
illustration from
Cassell's History of
England (1902)

17. James I
•James I was born in 1566 to Mary Queen
of Scots and her second husband, Henry
Stewart, Lord Darnley.
•Mary Queen of Scots and Henry Stewart
were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor.
•James ascended the Scottish throne upon
the abdication of his mother in 1567, but
Scotland was ruled by regent until James
reached his majority.
•He married Anne of Denmark in 1589, who
bore him three sons and four daughters:
Henry, Elizabeth, Margaret, Charles,
Robert, Mary and Sophia.
•He was named successor to the English
throne by his cousin, Elizabeth I and
ascended that throne in 1603.
•James died of a stroke in 1625 after ruling
Scotland for 58 years and England for 22

18. James I
• Make a Mindmap from p.130-1 about James I
•What were James’ character and actions while
King of England?

19. “Wee” Charles I

20. Charles I
• Charles was born in Dunfermline, the son of James I and
Anne of Denmark, was born in 1600.
• He was made the Duke of York at the age of five and the
Prince of Wales in 1616.
• When James I died in 1625, he became king.
• Charles married Henrietta Maria, the fifteen-year-old
daughter of Henri IV of France. As Henrietta Maria was a
Roman Catholic, this marriage was not very popular with the
English people.
• The Puritans were particularly unhappy when they heard
that the king had promised that Henrietta Maria would be
allowed to practise her religion freely and would have the
responsibility for the upbringing of their children until they
reached the age of 13.

21. • France At this time King Louis XIII was involved in
a civil war against the Protestants (Huguenots) in
France.
• Parliament wanted to help the Huguenots but
Charles refused as he did not want to upset his
wife or brother-in-law. Eventually it was agreed to
send a fleet of eight ships to.
• However, at the last moment Charles sent orders
that the men should fight for, rather than against,
Louis XIII.
• The captains and crews refused to accept these
orders and fought against the French.

22. • Parliament was very angry with Charles for
supporting Louis XIII. When he asked for taxes of
£1,000,000 they only gave him £150,000.
• They also asked Charles to sack his chief
minister, George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, as
they thought he was guilty of giving the king bad
advice.
• Charles refused and instead dissolved
Parliament.

23. The FIghT WITh
ParlIamenT
• Charles’ real difficulties came about because he
constantly needed money to support his
extravagant lifestyle, which he had to go to
parliament to get it.
• Parliament would only agree to Charles’ request if
he agreed to respect its wishes. – he usually
refused.
• He tried to raise money without parliament:
1. A fee called ship moneyship money –
2. Fees known as tunnage & poundage –
3. Billeted his soldiers –
4. Sold noble titles
5. Used the secret Court of Star Chamber –

24. • Charles recalled parliament in 1628 hoping to get
more money
• Parliament told the king it would grant no money until
he ceased his illegal activities and until he signed a
new charter called the “Petition of Rights”.
• Charles dissolved parliament again, and resolved to
rule without it.
• When the Duke of Buckingham was assassinated,
Charles asked Lord Strafford and Archbishop Laud
for help.
• Why were they unpopular also?

25. CourT oF sTar
Chamber
• The Court evolved from meetings of the king's royal
council, with its roots going back to the medieval
period.
• The court only became unusually powerful during the
reign of Henry VII of England, when in 1487 the
court became a separate judicial body from the
king's council with a mandate to hear petitions of
redress.
• The court was set up to ensure the fair enforcement
of laws against prominent people, those so powerful
that ordinary courts could never convict them of their
crimes and other shenanigans.

26. sTar Chamber under
Charles
• by the time of Charles I of England it had become
synonymous with misuse and abuse of power by the king
and his circle.
• James I of England and his son Charles used the court to
examine cases of sedition, which meant that the court could
be used to suppress opposition to royal policies.
• It came to be used to try nobles too powerful to be brought
to trial in the lower courts.
• Court sessions were held in secret, with no indictments, no
right of appeal, no juries, and no witnesses. Evidence was
presented in writing.
• Charles I used the Court of Star Chamber as a sort of
Parliamentary substitute during the Eleven Years Tyranny
when he refused to call Parliament.

27. WIllIam Prynne
• Led a series of attacks on the church
policies of the government, and on
the lax morals prevalent at Court.
Being, like many Puritans, he
strongly opposed stage plays.
• He was tried in the Star Chamber in
1633 and sentenced to imprisonment
and the removal of part of his ears.
• Many Puritans left the persecution to
the 13 Colonies in America. Ex. The
Mayflower.

28. Prynne on the pillory
• What was he charged
with?
• What was his
punishment?

29. Civil War
• Which two sides were involved in 1642?
• King Charles I and his supporters called “Royalists”
or “Cavaliers”, who came from noble families and
were used to fighting and riding.
• Charles also had experienced commanders, such as
his dashing nephew Prince Rupert, who inspired his
troops.
• Parliament’s troops were local militia – farmers and
townspeople with almost no military experience.
• Parliament controlled the navy, and the richest part
of the country (the south and London).

30. • Unless Charles won the war in the early stages, he
was doomed.
• Parliament made an alliance with the Scots and
began to build a more modern army.
• The leader of the “New Model Army” was Oliver
Cromwell, a Puritan who believed absolutely in
parliament’s cause.
• The New Model Army defeated the Royalists at 2
important battles, Marston Moor and Naseby.
• Charles was forced to flee to Scotland, where he
was made prisoner and handed over to parliament.

31. Execuation of Charles I
"That the king, for the crimes
contained in the charge, should be
carried back to the place from whence
he came, and thence to the place of
execution, where his head should be
severed from his body."
The King was charged with
high treason against the
ealm of England.
At his trial, Charles refuted
he legitimacy of the court
and refused to enter a plea.
Not withstanding the
absence of a plea, the court
endered a verdict of guilty
and a sentence of death
declaring:
• Three days
later, the king
was led to the
scaffold erected
at Whitehall,
London.

32. The Triumph of
parliamenT?
• The execution of Charles I did not make England a
republic.
• Parliament sent an army under him to end the
Royalist threat in Ireland and Scotland.
• Eventually Oliver Cromwell as leader of the army
took control of England because parliament was
unable to govern effectively.
• He became the Lord Protector (military dictator) of
England.
• Cromwell became like the king he helped overthrow.
• Blue Laws outlawed Christmas, sports, and others.

33. The resToraTion
• After Cromwell’s death in 1658, the Long Parliament
was recalled to prevent another civil war.
• General Monk ordered parliament to dissolve and
call an election for a new one.
• The new parliament decided to restore the monarchy
and invited Charles II to become king of England,
which was a very popular decision. Why? (p.150)
• Parliament insisted that the king rule as a
constitutional monarchy, with his powers set out by
parliament.
• How did Charles and the parliament clash?

34. The Glorious
revoluTion
Write the questions on the left and answer them on
the right (Cornell):
1.) Who was Mary & William of Orange?
2.) How did they claim the monarchy of England?
3.) What was the Bill of Rights and what did it do?
4.) What is the legacy of the Glorious Revolution?