The document discusses the initial events of the Civil War, highlighting the secession of four states in response to President Lincoln's call for militia volunteers. It also details the military strategies and key figures during this period, including the First Battle of Bull Run and the responses of Harriet Jacobs and Harriet Tubman. Moreover, it covers important incidents like the Frémont Emancipation and the Trent Affair, which illustrate the complexities and tensions involved in maintaining the Union.

1. A SURVEY OF
AMERICAN HISTORY
Unit 2: Westward Expansion and Civil War
Part 17: The Civil War (I)

2. FOUR MORE
STATES SECEDE
• Abraham Lincoln responded to
the loss of Fort Sumter by
immediately calling for 75,000
volunteers to serve for three
months in a federal militia.
• This call for a militia had
unintended consequences,
particularly in the states known
as the Border States.
• The Border States were the
states that still allowed slavery
but had not seceded from the
Union: Arkansas, Tennessee,
North Carolina, and Virginia,
plus Delaware, Kentucky,
Maryland, and Missouri.

3. FOUR MORE
STATES SECEDE
• In response to Lincoln’s call for
a militia, Arkansas, Tennessee,
North Carolina, and Virginia
seceded from the Union and
joined the Confederate States.
• Their argument was that Lincoln
was preparing to act too
aggressively towards the states
that had already seceded,
rather than pursuing peace by
diplomatic means.
• By May 23, 1861, the CSA
consisted of eleven states.

4. THE CREATION OF
WEST VIRGINIA
In Virginia, however, fifty counties
in the northwest of the state
refused to secede. Instead, they
seceded from Virginia itself and
formed the state of West Virginia.

5. THE FIVE
BORDER STATES
The five Border States — Missouri,
Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and
the newly-formed West Virginia —
remained part of the Union while
also retaining slavery. Lincoln could
not afford to lose their support.

6. HARRIET JACOBS
• Born into slavery on a North
Carolina plantation in 1813.
• Published Incidents in the Life of
a Slave Girl, a sensational
autobiography, in 1861.
• Wrote frankly about how her
master, James Norcom, sexually
abused her and threatened to
sell her children if she refused
his sexual advances.
• Escaped slavery in 1835, hiding
in her grandmother’s attic for the
next seven years. Reached
freedom in Philadelphia in 1842.

7. HARRIET TUBMAN
• Born into slavery on a Maryland
plantation in 1822.
• Published an authorized
biography in 1869, detailing her
Civil War experiences.
• Moved to Port Royal, South
Carolina, when the Civil War
broke out in 1861, to help
runaway slaves reach freedom.
• Convinced David Hunter, a
United States Army General at
Port Royal, to emancipate all
the slaves in the district, long
before all slaves were set free.

8. WINFIELD SCOTT
• Served as Commanding
General of the United States
Army for twenty years.
• Commanded forces in the War
of 1812, the Mexican-American
War, and the Second Seminole
War. Became military governor
of Mexico City after the
American conquest of Mexico.
• Nominated as the Whig Party’s
candidate for the Presidency in
1852, even though the
incumbent Millard Fillmore was
already a Whig President.

9. WINFIELD SCOTT
• Seventy-four years old,
extremely overweight, and
suffering from various ailments
when the Civil War broke out.
• Came up with a plan to end the
rebellion in the Confederate
States without using the Army
to crush the rebels.
• Advocated a blockade of
Southern ports, cutting off trade
between the Confederacy and
the rest of the world, and then
using the Mississippi River to
cleave the Confederacy in half.

11. MEANWHILE,
ON THE GROUND...
• Following Virginia’s entry into
the Confederate States, the city
of Richmond became the
capital of the Confederacy.
• This placed the Confederate
capital only one hundred miles
from the Union capital of
Washington, DC, and the
border of the United States.
• Public opinion in the North was
overwhelmingly in favor of a
full-scale attack on the South
and an advance on Richmond.

12. THE FIRST BATTLE
OF BULL RUN
• A little less than 20,000
Confederate forces were
camped at Manassas Junction,
Virginia, an important point on
the train lines of the South.
• About the same number of
Union forces advanced on
Manassas, crossing the river of
Bull Run, launching a surprise
attack on the Confederates.
• At first, the Union forces had
the advantage and the
Confederates struggled to fight
back. But then...

13. THE FIRST BATTLE
OF BULL RUN
• ...Confederate reinforcements
arrived via the railway running
through the Shenandoah Valley.
• These reinforcements
overwhelmed the Union forces,
sending them into disarray. The
Union forces retreated and
broke ranks, leaving the
Confederates to conquer them.
• The Confederate brigadier
general Thomas J. Jackson
received the nickname
‘Stonewall’ for successfully
commanding his men to not
flee from Union advances.

14. GEORGE B.
McCLELLAN
• Appointed as Major General of
the Union Army at age thirty-
four, making him the second-
most powerful man in the armed
forces after Winfield Scott.
• Achieved military successes in
defending the Virginian counties
that became West Virginia.
• Summoned to Washington, DC,
by Abraham Lincoln, directly
after the Union loss at Bull Run.
• Became commander of the Army
of the Potomac, responsible for
defending Washington, DC, in
the summer of 1861.

15. THE FRÉMONT
EMANCIPATION
• Roughly concurrent with
McClellan’s promotion, Major
General John C. Frémont was
placed in command of the
Department of the West.
• In August 1861, he placed the
state of Missouri under martial
law and proclaimed that he would
confiscate the property of anyone
in armed rebellion against the
United States. This property
included slaves, who he said he
would declare free.
• Lincoln ordered the repeal of the
proclamation in September,
largely because he had to keep
the Border States on his side.

16. THE TRENT AFFAIR
• In November 1861, a United
States ship intercepted a British
mail ship called the RMS Trent
to remove two Confederate
diplomats onboard.
• The diplomats were bound for
Europe to ask Great Britain and
France to recognize the
independence and sovereignty
of the Confederate States.
• The incident led Britain to
threaten war with the United
States. To avoid a second war,
Lincoln ordered the release of
the diplomats and allowed them
to resume their journey.

17. A SURVEY OF
AMERICAN HISTORY
Unit 2: Westward Expansion and Civil War
Part 17: The Civil War (I)