The document discusses Earth as a closed system composed of interconnected components, emphasizing its uniqueness in supporting life within the solar system. It outlines the Earth's layers, including the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere, detailing their characteristics and the processes that govern them. Major themes include energy sources, cycles, and the various scales of processes impacting Earth.

1. LECTURE 2:
EARTH AND EARTH
SYSTEMS

2. Earth as a SYSTEM
SYSTEM
 A set of interconnected
components that are
interacting to form a unified
whole.

3. EARTH
ACTIVITY #2:
THE EARTH I KNOW

4. OBJECTIVES
In this chapter, you must be able to:
1. recognize the uniqueness of earth being
only planet in the solar system with
properties necessary to support life;
2. identify the layers of the Earth; and
3. differentiate the layers of the Earth

5. EARTH
The Earth System is essentially
a CLOSED SYSTEM.
A CLOSED SYSTEM is a system in
which there is only an exchange of
heat or energy and no exchange of
matter.

6. 6
We are
here

7. 7

8. EARTH
The Earth receives
energy from the sun
and returns some of
this energy to space.

9. EARTH SCIENCE
also known as GEOSCIENCE
includes all sciences related to
geology, meteorology,
oceanography etc.

10. Major Themes
 Scale
 Energy
 Cycle

11.  SCALE
 processes in the Earth system:
• length scales (microns to
thousands of kilometers)
• time scales (milliseconds to
millions of years)

12.  ENERGY
 External Source: SUN
 Internal Sources:
• Radioactive decay
• Gravitational energy

13.  CYCLES
 material in the Earth system is
continually recycled in numerous
overlapping cycles.

14. Carbon Cycle

15. Rock Cycle

16. Water Cycle

17. Earth Systems

19. BIOSPHERE
 it includes all life forms on Earth
 it covers all ecosystems—from the
soil to the rainforest, from mangroves
to coral reefs, and from the plankton-
rich ocean surface to the deep sea.

20. BIOSPHERE
James Lovelock used the
"Daisy World Model" to
illustrate how the
biosphere is capable of
regulating its
environment.
The Albedo Effect …

21. HYDROSPHERE
 Dynamic mass of water that is
continuously on the move
1. About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid water
(hydrosphere) and much of it is in the form of ocean water.
2. Only 3% of Earth's water is fresh: two-thirds are in the form
of ice, and the remaining one-third is present in streams,
lakes, and groundwater.

22. Condensation, Precipitation, Evaporation,
Transpiration, Infiltration, Surface Runoff.

23. ATMOSPHERE
 is the thin gaseous layer that
envelopes the lithosphere.
The present atmosphere is composed of:
78% nitrogen (N), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.9%
argon, and trace amount of other gases.

24. One of the most important
processes by which the heat
on the Earth's surface is
redistributed is through
atmospheric circulation.

25. GEOSPHERE
 The Solid Earth
 extends from
the surface to
the center

26. LITHOSPHER
E

27. Layers of the Earth
CRUST (continental & oceanic)
MANTLE (upper & lower)
CORE (outer & inner)

28. Earth’s
Layers:
Composition
and
Mechanical
Characteristics

30. CRUST
 It’s the light and very thin outer
skin of the Earth.
 The outermost layer where energy
and mineral resources are derived.

31. DIFFERENT ELEMENTS THAT COMPOSE THE EARTH’S CRUST
 Oxygen
46.60
 Silicon
27.72
 Aluminium 8.13
 Iron 5.00
 Calcium 3.63
2.83
 Potassium
2.59
 Magnesium
2.09
 Titanium 0.40
 Hydrogen

32. MANTLE
 Less dense layer
 Made up of silicate rocks, mostly
made of the elements silicon,
oxygen, iron and magnesium.

33. CORE
 Denser layer
 the Earth’s magnetic field
strengthens the idea that the
Earth’s outer core is molten/liquid.